Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
83
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
83-95
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
This article describes the properties of the degradation of the surfaces of brittle and plastic-brittle
materials belonging to marble, the characteristics of a crushing div, parameters of accelerated loading,
and effects associated with the external environment in which grinding is performed. When applying to
marble aggregates in mosaic coatings, primarily abrasive erosion occurs, and a large number of surfaces of
cemented abrasive grains are removed through grinding binders, ie, the process of microscratching.
K
EYWORDS
Abrasive wear, marble, microcracks, filler, microhardness, restoration methods, research.
I
NTRODUCTION
We can see mosaic floors mainly in industrial
buildings, shopping centers, offices, medical and
educational institutions, service stations, car
washes and other buildings[1-2].
Unlike conventional concrete floors, mosaic floors
are architecturally attractive, impact-resistant,
moisture-resistant, environmentally friendly and
hygienic (Fig. 1 a, b).
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
RESEARCH ON METHODS TO REDUCE THE MICROHARDNESS
OF MARBLE AGGREGATES IN THE INSTALLATION OF MOSAIC
FLOORS
Submission Date:
November 05, 2023,
Accepted Date:
November 10, 2023,
Published Date:
November 15, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-11-15
Iroda Nazarbaevna Salimova
Phd At Tashkent University Of Architecture And Construction, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Khamza Yusupov
Phd At Tashkent University Of Architecture And Construction, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
84
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
83-95
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
Another important point is that there is no risk of
sparking on marble tile floors, which means they
also meet fire safety requirements. For mosaic
flooring, more crushed marble chips are used.
a
b
Figure 1. Marble fragments: a-large gray, b-small yellowish-white.
Fully crystalline marble and marbleized
limestone are used in the construction. Marbled
limestones are polished and are transitional rocks
from limestone to true marble.
There are dozens of marble quarries in
Uzbekistan and other places, from which marble
blocks with a crushing strength limit of 6 to 12
kPa are obtained for construction. Mineral
calcium is considered as the main rock in marble,
and its content varies from 85 to 89.8%.
Four marble quarries were used as raw materials
in the study of marble grinding, from which
marble lumps were supplied mainly to
construction organizations. The physical and
mechanical properties of marbles from the
mentioned deposits are presented in Table 1. The
data in this table are based on the average values
of the test results of five samples taken from each
mine. The experiment was conducted mainly
using marble from the Almalyk mine. Data on
other deposits were obtained based on analysis
from various technical literature (Table 1) [3].
Table 1
The main physico-mechanical properties of the studied marble rocks and
decorative features
No
t / b
Mining site
Rock color
Density
, g / cm
3
_ _
Bulk
density,
g/cm
3
Mus -
strength
limit in
Micro-
hard - lik,
N / mm
2
Porosity,
%
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
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Pages:
83-95
SJIF
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)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
crushing ,
kPa
1.
Almalik ( Uzbek.Resp
.)
White with a
yellow tint
2.7
2.64
6.47
149.2
1.7
2.
Koelgin (Urals)
White color
2.71
2.68
6.53
144.3
1.1
3.
Navoi village.
Gozgon marble mine
Blonde-ok
2.72
2.63
6.51
141.2
1.6
4.
Samarkand region
Zarband marble mine
There are gray
dark streak
spots
2.75
2.68
6.46
147.3
1.5
5.
Tashkent city.
Aksokota marble
mine
White-yellow
bump-shaped
2.69
2.62
6.56
146.5
1.2
6.
Ufaley (Chelyabinsk)
Blue-brown
2.75
2.7
10.79
159.7
1.72
The analysis of technical literature data in this field and specially conducted experimental studies made
it possible to obtain the preliminary evidence needed to evaluate the speed of the grinding process of
marbles bonded with abrasives (Table 2). Based on the obtained data, it was determined that the speed
of the marble grinding process depends on their microhardness, the description of abrasive elements
and other parameters:
,
)
/
(
76
,
1
2
1
м
a
м
H
q
V
К
К
Q
=
here
- grinding time, minutes;
−
м
Q
depth of engraving, mm;
K
1
–
coefficient depending on the type of marble;
K
2
;
_
- coefficients depending on the description of abrasive elements.
K
2
;
1
2
max
2
1
Z
в
C
h
S
S
=
,
2
=
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
83-95
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
- tube cutting speed, mm
min;
q
a
–
relative pressure of abrasive elements on the marble surface, N
mm
2
;
h
m
- micro thickness of marble , N
mm
2
;
S
1
–
the working area of the abrasive element of the sili q lashing machine, mm
2
;
S
2 is the cross-
sectional area of the traverse in one revolution , mm
2
;
H
max
- maximum height of roughness of abrasive grains, mm;
S - the number of abrasive grains on the surface of the abrasive element , grain
mm
2
;
в
, -
parameters of
the base curve q
в
=
1
;
6
;
2
5
,
0
=
Z - the number of abrasive elements, pieces;
K
1
, K
2
and - coefficients
maintain constant values for a certain type of marble and type of abrasive
element was confirmed by comparing the theoretical and experimental data obtained in grinding marbles
(Fig. 2) .
Can be seen from the formula that polishing and
hardness decrease with increasing polishing rate
and relative pressure and increase with
increasing marble microhardness [4-8].
But when increasing the speed and relative
pressure, the energy consumption increases
dramatically. The most appropriate way to
reduce the microhardness of marble in the pre-
fracture zone is that the current device does not
increase the energy costs of the grinding process.
Table 2
Microhardness of the marble grinding process speed preliminary data for evaluation
The name of the values
Calculation formula or
symbol
Unit of
measure
Reminder
1
2
3
4
The ratio of the depth to the
width of the abrasive element
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
87
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(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
83-95
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
that leaves a single grain in
the marble
K
1
-
6
5
,
4
1
=
К
depending on the micro-
hardness of the marble
The average length of the
corridor
R
R
ўрт
2
03
,
7
=
=
mm
12
,
1
=
ўрт
R - the radius of the grinding
machine, mm
The maximum depth of the
corridor
2
max
2
2
max
)
(
h
bH
q
t
м
a
=
mm
b ,
- t a yanch curvature
parameters;
=0.5
2; b =1
6
h
max
is the maximum height of
the abrasive grain
The working area of the
abrasive element of the
grinding machine
S
1
mm
2
-
The number of revolutions of
the traverses of the machine
N
min
_
-
Smoothing speed
mm
min
=
n
R
grains on the surface of the
abrasive element s oni
C
piece
mm
2
According to literary sources
The number of abrasive
elements
Z
piece
-
Relative shearing of marble
during polishing
n
C
S
t
l
К
Q
у
=
1
2
max
1
4
1
mm
3
min
-
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
88
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(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
83-95
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
Cutting depth per minute
г
у
м
Q
Q
Q
=
mm
min
S
2
is the grinding area of the
traverse in one rotation, mm
2
S
2
−
−
=
2
2
2
d
R
R
Conditional diameter of the
abrasive element
D
mm
-
Figure 2. Experience in the speed of grinding marbles and results of comparison of theoretical
data.
The lines in the drawing are the zone of theoretical calculations;
points in the drawing are KCh-40-S
1
-B type abrasive elements
used experimental data.
1- microhardness marble that is N
m
=
172.8 N
mm
2
;
2- microhardness marble that is N
m
=
142.0 N
mm
2
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
89
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(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
83-95
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
A study of possible methods of reducing the
microhardness of marble filler in grinding
showed that the highest efficiency is achieved in
the presence of surfactants (PS).
R
ESULT
On the basis of the initial scientific and research
work, it was possible to develop an improved
method and technology for polishing mosaic floor
covering with surface-active substances.
To determine the polishing time of the mosaic
coating, the marble samples were first sanded to
create a uniform roughness before testing. Table
3 shows the results of the measured value of the
time for grinding marbles from different quarries
depending on the thickness of the layer to be
removed.
Table 3. Marble grinding time, in minutes
Marble quarry
site
The total thickness of the obtained layers, mm
0.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
German
(Uzb. Respub.)
99.3
198.0 395.6 594.3
792.5
989.6
1187.3
1386.1
Koelgin
(Ural)
80.1
160.6 319.8 479.1
541.3
701.5
859.1
1019.4
Navoi village.
Gozgon marble
mine
150.2 298.9 601.3 900.6 1201.3 1509.1 1812.0
2103.5
Samarkand
region
Zarband marble
mine
88.1
170.6 419.8 679.1
541.3
701.5
859.1
1019.4
Tashkent city.
Aksokota marble
mine
106.3 178.7 376.6 594.3
792.5
867.6
1217.3
1386.1
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
83-95
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
From the analysis of the data in Table 3, it can be
seen that if marble is polished in a layer of 7 mm
thickness, it is polished 2.5 - 4.5 times slower than
cement stone in 14 days. In addition, marbles
from different quarries are polished differently.
Marble from the Koelgin mine is the easiest to
grind, and although the value of the limit of
crushing strength is higher than the marble from
the Almalyk mine, it was found to have a lower
hardness.
This situation can be explained in such a way that
the strength of marble depends not only on its
mineralogical composition (percentage of calcite)
and structure, but also on the presence of
microcracks in different layers of the marble
div, which affect their grinding to a lesser
extent.
Grindability of mosaic coverings was studied with
one mass part of gray portland cement and three
mass parts of marble with fractions of 2.5
–
5 mm,
5
–
10 mm and 10
–
15 mm.
Only marble from the Almalik mine was used for
the experiment. The information on the marble
mines obtained by Q is taken from the technical
literature.
Marble chips were obtained by grinding the
boards studied in marble grinding . For each
series of tests, three sample boards were
prepared and stored under the same conditions
as the cement stone samples.
The samples were tested after every 5 and 14
days of curing period. In order to determine the
state of change of the results between the
specified storage periods, samples from the
marble blocks of the Almalyk mine were tested
for a period of 7 days.
Figure 3 shows the curve graphs of the grinding
speed of the mosaic pavement constructed from
marble chips from different quarries. In this case,
graphs are constructed based on the average
values of three samples. As can be seen from the
graphs, the position of the curves is similar to the
change during grinding of cement stone. The
surface layer of the mosaic coating is removed
faster than the main one, because this layer is
mainly composed of cement stone.
The smoothness of the coating largely depends on
the age of the cement stone.
The graphs in Figure 4 show the curves of the
time of removal of the 7 mm layer of the marble
mosaic covering and the cement stone taken from
the Almalyk mine. Here, the dependence on the
duration of endurance of samples under standard
conditions is taken into account. The
characteristics of the curves show that increasing
the age of the mosaic coating from 5 to 14 days
results in a sharp increase in its polishing time.
When the coating is stored for more than 14 days,
the time consumption increases significantly,
because the future compressive strength and
hardness of the cement stone increases much
more slowly compared to the initial period.
Comparing the grinding time of the mosaic floor
at different ages with the grinding time of cement
stone and marble from different quarries, a very
interesting result is revealed [9].
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83-95
SJIF
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(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
It turns out that the time required to obtain a 7
mm thick mosaic coating, that is, when there is an
average saturation level of 60-70% of the marble
surface, is relatively less time spent in obtaining a
layer of such a thickness of marble. It was almost
15 times less for a 5-day floor covering, 6 times
less for a 7-day floor covering, and 3 times less for
a 14-day floor covering compared to a marble
surface .
In order to determine the reason for this
situation, profilograms were taken from the
surfaces polished to a thickness of 3-5 mm from
the mosaic coating samples aged 5, 7 and 14 days.
Profilograms
were
obtained
using
the
profilograph-profilometer
"Kalibr
-
VEI"
according to the following methodology. On the
surface of the samples, a conditional straight line
of 3-5 cm is marked at the beginning and end
(notched line), which passes along the grain of the
filler and the cement stone.
Figure 3. Polishing of marble floor tiles from various quarries:
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5.636
)
(2023:
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)
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–
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a
–
5-day floors; b
–
7- and 14-day floors.
1
–
Koelgin marble pieces from the (Ural) mine ;
2
–
Marble blocks taken from Olmali mine (Uzbekistan) ;
3
–
Ufaley (Chelyabinsk) marble pieces taken from mine ;
4
–
Stepnokert Marble pieces taken from (Armenia) mine .
Figure 4. There were pieces of marble taken from the Almalyk mine it is similar to the age of
mosaic tiles and cement stones the relationship between tuberculosis and cancer.
1 - cement stone; 2 - Mosaic tile floor with marble
pieces from the Almali quarry.
Note: the thickness of the removable sanding
layer is assumed to be 7 mm.
A steel ruler is placed on the grooved line, and a
needle probe slides along its edge. The needle can
copy the surface of the sample, and its cross-
section (profile) is automatically recorded on a
special tape with a vertical magnification of 1000
times and a horizontal magnification of 20 times.
Figures 5a, b and c show the most significant parts
of the profilograms at the boundary between
marble and cement stone.
D
ISCUSSION
Analysis of the profilograms shows that the
profile characteristics of the mosaic coatings at 5,
7 and 14 days are similar.
The surface of the marble filler protrudes from
the surface of the cement stone. The difference in
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
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VOLUME
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Pages:
83-95
SJIF
I
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)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
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surface levels varies within 30-40 microns.
Consequently, it can be assumed that during the
grinding process, the cement stone wears faster
and exposes the protruding grain of the filler. In
this case, the abrasive stone directly contacts the
surface of the filler particles and presses the
crushed powdery product (slurry) into the
grooves formed in the div of the cement stone.
The formation of grooves causes a sharp increase
in the relative pressure on the marble fillers and
eases the grinding process. As a result of this,
rapid corrosion of marble occurs.
At this time, the slurry helps the cement stone to
crumble. Abrasive stone is the slurry in the
grooves, which in turn is abrasive to the cement
stone as a fine particle of marble. All these
phenomena lead to the fact that the time required
for polishing mosaic tiles is much lower than for
polishing marble.
It is known that the analysis of profilograms
shows that the surface of the aggregate grain is
raised by 30-40 microns from the surface of the
cement stone. This means that when grinding, the
relative pressure from the abrasive elements of
the grinding machines affects practically only the
marble filler, and not the entire area of the mosaic
coating placed under the elements, as in the case
of grinding homogeneous objects. This creates
increased pressure on the filler grains and
dramatically increases the speed of obtaining the
mosaic coating. In this case, the cement stone is
polished with a free abrasive. This abrasive role is
performed by crushed grains of marble, cement
stone and abrasive elements, and their mixture
with water is called slurry.
The direction of future research in the direction
of studying the influence of various technological
factors on the speed of the marble grinding
process related to the determined characteristics
of the mosaic coating process and the special case
of abrasives was determined.
In particular, the filler (marble) has the main
effect on the rapid removal of the coating to start
grinding the cement stone with a reasonable
consistency (hardness).
a)
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SJIF
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)
(2022:
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)
(2023:
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)
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–
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Fig. 5 a, b and c. Profilograms of a mosaic coating at the boundary between marble and cement
stone.
a - 5 days; b - 7 days; c
–
14 days.
C
ONCLUSION
The surface damage characteristics of brittle and
plastic-brittle materials related to marble may
vary depending on the characteristics of the div
to be polished, loading-acceleration parameters,
and the external environment in which the
grinding is carried out.
In mosaic coatings, abrasive wear occurs first
when applied to a marble filler. Therefore,
grinding with the help of binders is seen as a
process of microscratches on the surface of a
large number of cemented abrasive grains.
The smoothness of the mosaic coating mainly
depends on the hardness of the marble filler. The
time of grinding the coating in 4-5 days is
determined by the time of grinding the marble.
Therefore, finding ways to speed up the marble
grinding process is a major practical issue.
R
EFERENCES
1.
Narov, R., Rashidov, J., & Yusupov, K.
(2023). Influence of compound additive on
concrete in hot and dry climate. In E3S
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SJIF
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MPACT
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(2022:
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)
(2023:
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–
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Bozorboev N., Salimova I. Some problems
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Danilov N.N. "Technology stroitelnogo
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