Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
348
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
348-359
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
The article expresses the opinion that the positive and high share of entrepreneurship in uzbekistan’s gdp
is due, first of all, to the activation of the market for goods and services through entrepreneurship, its
organization on the basis of supply and demand, and the correct structure of the economy. The market
mechanism, as well as small businesses, and the main reason for the leading position of entrepreneurship
is well-developed economic (home-based entrepreneurship) connections, the stable development of farms
and peasant farms.
K
EYWORDS
Regulatory and legal acts, financial business, entrepreneurship, family entrepreneurship, household, goods
production, service.
I
NTRODUCTION
Uzbekistan, special attention is paid to the
development of women's entrepreneurship, in
particular home economics. This can be seen
against the background of the works sent from
the first years of independence. “...great
importance is attached to the development of the
household industry, created on the basis of
cooperation with manufacturing enterprises”
[1;22].
Recently, the growing interest of women in
entrepreneurship shows their special place in this
Journal
Website:
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m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
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4.0 licence.
Research Article
DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITY IN WOMEN IN
UZBEKISTAN
Submission Date:
November 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
November 25, 2023,
Published Date:
November 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-11-57
Kanoatova Feruza Bobokulovna
Associate Professor Of The Department Of Humanities Shakhrisabz Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
349
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
348-359
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
field. In fact, despite significant increases in labor
market
participation,
women
are
still
underrepresented as entrepreneurs.
Women have traditionally faced significant
barriers to becoming entrepreneurs. In response
to these challenges, national strategies and efforts
have been developed to support the development
of women's entrepreneurship as well as women
homeworkers.
Thus,
entrepreneurship
is
supported through scientific and practical
various activities that help women overcome
obstacles and provide advice on how to better
enter into business.
According to the decree of the President of
Uzbekistan dated January 5, 2006 “On measures
to stimulate the expansion of cooperation
between large industrial enterprises with
production and services based on the
development of the domestic economy” [3;4],
attention was drawn to the fact that the
development of family entrepreneurship and the
increase in the services provided to them is a vital
necessity for our country. Because every citizen of
our country today has the right to live happily,
and our state must create the appropriate
conditions for this. The law of our country “On
Family Entrepreneurship” states: “The exis
tence
and development of family entrepreneurship is
associated with the centuries-old professional
traditions of our ancestors, business potential,
crafts, household and other types of business
activities.” [2;327].
Research methodology. In the field of
entrepreneurship, the views of a number of
scientists are presented on the topic of ways to
develop and increase the efficiency of family and
home-based entrepreneurship. One of the
famous representatives of the classical school of
political economy of the 18th century, the father
of economics, the English economist A. Smith,
analyzed in his work “The Nature and Causes of
the Origin of Income of the Population”. In this
work, Adam Smith gave consistent instructions
about the consequences of economic freedom. At
the same time, he discussed the principle of
laissez-faire, the role of selfishness, the division of
labor, market functions and the international
concept of a free economy. He founded the theory
of personal income and free enterprise. Smith's
intellectual system revealed the working
mechanism of the free market, and Smith says:
“...if a man acts for his own benefit, he unwittingly
begins to serve the good of society.”[9;332]. The
most interesting thing is that a person does not
think that “I am enriching society with this.” But
the “invisible hand” in this process leads to results
that are not included in his seven dreams, which
benefit not only the selfish person, but also the
entire society. “All men,” says Adam Smith, “have
one desire, and that is an indelible desire to
improve the conditions of their lives.” This desire
will eliminate all the damage and confusion
caused by the extravagance of some governments
and the mistakes of some administrators, and will
continue to improve life day by day." [9;391]. The
entrepreneur argues that the main condition for
achieving such results is the requirement that all
business entities implement and guarantee basic
economic freedoms: freedom to choose the field
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)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
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of activity, freedom to make decisions, freedom of
competition and freedom of trade.
Hazrat Navoi, the great Uzbek poet-thinker, also
subscribed to this idea, but his interpretation is
slightly different: if your ego is good for people,
perhaps your ego is good for yourself[10;18].
Household Economics - scientific research on
home economics is based on the ideas of J. M.
Keynes, J. Schumpeter, F. Engels. N.V. Zvereva,
A.V. Chayanov, V.I. Vidyapin, G.P. Zhuravleva, V.
Uzun, L. Baeva, V. Bagdanovsky, N.M. It can be
found in the works of Barkhatova, M.
Baryshnikov, A. Volkov, V. Zerebin, R.
Kapelyushnikov, I.I.Razumnova and others.
Academic
S.S.Gulomov,
R.Kh.Khusanov,
T.Mamadvaliev,
A.Ulmasov,
Ya.A.Abdullaev,
M.K.Pardaev, G.Kh.Kudratov, U.H.Khudayberiev,
T.S.Malikov , A.Vakhabov, Shodieva G.M.Kh.
Gurbanov Z.N., Gasanov I., Eminov A., Kuvandikov
S.O., Abdusamedov A., Khasanov A., Khasanov A.A.
Mamatova and other uzbek economists also
managed to publish a number of publications.
[8;332].
In the works of these scientists, issues of family
business are covered in general terms. However,
the problems of developing family businesses in
the service sector are not sufficiently covered.
Some of our scientists A. Ulmasov, A. Vakhobov,
G.Kh. Kudratov, M.K. Pard [17; 40] are limited to
studying one or another aspect of this issue in a
general sense.
Analysis and results. If we look at the history of
the emergence and development of domestic
breeding, then in our country there have been
various forms of it since ancient times.Supplying
livestock and horticultural products as raw
materials to the farms of large landowners,
spinning kalawa yarn, weaving carpets,
processing cattle hides, processing sheep wool,
cutting and sewing clothes, silk production,
drying fruits, blacksmithing, jewelry making,
carving and others Such work was carried out by
mutual agreement. In this case, responsibility lay
primarily with the landlord and he could not
make excessive demands on the employer.
Solidarity, mutual trust, respect, pride in one’s
family and one’s family, and raising followers
have become a tradition and have become one of
the main forms of Uzbek life.
According to research, the first forms of
associations in household crafts began to emerge
in the late Middle Ages as the first manifestations
of the modern household. This meant, first of all,
the specialization of craftsmen in a certain area.
The legend about the origin of a particular craft
was recorded in Risola [11;14] (shop Charter).
“Risola” contained many of the dogmas of the
craft and the commandments of the corporation;
it established the relationship between the
master (usto), his assistants and students. The
apprenticeship lasted a very long time - 10-15
years. Elevation to the rank of master was
accompanied by a solemn ceremony, when a
crowded feast was held, a “permissive” prayer
was said, and a special belt was put on. They
reflect the procedure, rules and norms of its legal
registration of home craft workshops.
Thanks to the development in cities of such a form
of entrepreneurship as home crafts, residents are
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SJIF
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(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
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1368736135
located in city neighborhoods depending on their
profession. For example, in the middle of the
Middle Ages, in the cities of Bukhara, Tashkent,
Termez, Khodjakent, Nurota, Kokand, the quarter
was formed by Taqachi (shoemaker), Degrez
(boiler maker), Sozangaron (porter), Kosagaron
(porcelain), Sovungaron (soap maker), Buyrabon
(carpet maker)[11;18].
And in the Russian Empire in the 19th century,
the prevailing type of business transactions was
characterized by clear personal relationships
between the parties and strong family-tribal
(merchant) ties, ethnocultural and religious
homogeneity (the presence of a common set,
values), the dominance of family-type firms, the
interdependence of the functions of the owner
and manager.
Under these conditions, transaction costs were
relatively low, and behaviors such as honesty,
integrity, and maintaining a high reputation
brought real benefits within the strict framework
of the private profit maximization model. [12;1].
Under these conditions, transaction costs were
relatively low, and behaviors such as honesty,
integrity, and maintaining a high reputation
brought real benefits within the strict framework
of the private profit maximization model.
The economic structure, based on the
organization of labor based on the long-standing
household economy, weakened significantly
during the period of the former Soviet Union. It
was considered a harmful activity and became a
foreign sphere.
However, modern market conditions require the
choice of alternative ways to reduce the cost of
goods and services produced. One of these
alternative ways is to organize work at home on a
household basis.
In general, many significant works are carried out
based on the local development of crafts
historically inherited from our ancestors in family
businesses.
For example, the adoption of the Law “On
Employment”
became
more
significant;
According to him, today working from home is
becoming an additional source of employment
and increasing family budget income.
At the same time, this industry is acquiring
significant social significance for attracting
unemployed citizens into production activities,
especially women, especially those with many
children, disabled people in need of assistance,
and other persons with limited ability to work.
[1;22].
The positive and high level of entrepreneurship in
the gross domestic product is due primarily to the
fact that the market for goods and services
becomes more active due to entrepreneurship, it
is organized on the basis of supply and demand,
and the market mechanism is well structure.
Also, the main reason for the leading position of
small businesses and entrepreneurship is the
good development of household services (home
entrepreneurship).
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SJIF
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5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
Home-based entrepreneurship (household -
English housework, kasanachilik - Uzbek) - the
work of artisans hired on the basis of employment
contracts at home, production or service at the
place of residence. This could be a particular
family or another type of group of people.
Home-based entrepreneurship in the United
States appeared at the end of the 19th century in
the context of the progressive reform movement.
Organizers of the housing movement were
educated women and men who lamented the
problems of urban overcrowding, child labor,
malnutrition, immigration, and lack of education;
however, they believed that the application of
scientific knowledge could improve people's daily
lives and the policies of government agencies and
employers. Home economics has become a key
factor in women's entry into public higher
education institutions. They organized courses on
nutrition
improvement
and
resource
management in public schools and local
organizations in Boston and New York[21]. They
launched campaigns to correct the corrupt
behavior of landlords, employers and businesses.
They advocated a responsible "urban economy"
in which the government improves living
conditions and citizens participate in public
administration.The household is the basic unit of
analysis in many social, microeconomic and
government models. Orders are carried out on the
basis of contracts and by mutual agreement with
special organizations and enterprises of the
household industry. Effective use of society's
labor resources, additional income, flexible work
schedules, no need for special buildings, etc.
ensures the economic efficiency of the household.
In developed countries, domestic work is widely
regulated. In 2000, the number of homeworkers
in the United States exceeded 5 million [22]. In
Japan, it is widely used even in industries such as
electrical engineering, electronics and tourism.
Housework is a part-time job.
Housekeeping is very convenient for those who
do not have the opportunity to work in
enterprises, organizations, as well as for those
who need additional income in addition to
housework and family work. Housekeeping
requires special organization. Delivery of raw
materials, materials, export of finished products,
payment within the specified time frame is a
necessary condition.
It is important to organize home work, especially
in rural areas, for women engaged in housework,
raising children in the family and in need of
additional income. At the same time, people with
disabilities can also be involved in this. This is
useful for developing crafts and attracting young
people in the family to apprenticeships.
In the context of world integration and
globalization, the organization of innovative and
modern approaches to the development of active
entrepreneurship in our country based on
advanced
technologies
and
management
methods has become a necessary and pressing
issue.
Uzbekistan's transition to a market economy in
the post - Soviet period had a strong impact on the
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
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SJIF
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(2021:
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)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
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situation of women. The economic difficulties that
accompanied the transition period led to limited
educational
opportunities,
reductions
in
assistance provided to individuals and families,
i.e. what in the Soviet era formed the basis of
women’s desire to get an education and realize
their professional opportunities. It is becoming
increasingly important to pay more attention to
ensuring employment of the population based on
the broad involvement of the population,
especially women, in entrepreneurial activities.
In 2006 - 2007 and subsequent periods, local
authorities have provided specific measures to
popularize home-based farming in programs to
ensure employment, support and development of
entrepreneurship and competition. At the same
time, new and most favorable opportunities have
opened up for ensuring employment of the
working-age population. However, it should be
noted that each enterprise must now try to once
again monitor its activities in order to determine
how far the household industry can be developed
based on its capabilities. However, it should be
noted that each enterprise must now try to once
again monitor its activities in order to determine
how far the household industry can be developed
based on its capabilities. Today it is very
important for them to determine which areas of
the cottage industry can be developed, what
measures should be taken to organize it, how and
from what sources their expenses should be
covered. Thus, the development of the household
together with the private sector creates the
opportunity to further increase the number of
family businesses. “In 2005, small business
objects increased by 31.5 thousand, and their
number increased from 310 thousand. If, in
addition, starting from 2006, homestead farming
develops at a rapid pace, then the family’s well
-
being will inevitably increase even more. In order
to attract to produce the unemployed part of the
population, increase the income of the family
budget, master the home production of
components and some types of finished products
using home labor, as well as organize the
provision of some services, increase the
production efficiency of large industrial
enterprises, a number of activities are planned»
[19;2].
Decrees of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan “On the Action Strategy for the further
development of the Republic of Uzbekistan for
2017-
2021”, “On measures to improve and
increase the efficiency of work to ensure
employment of the population”, as well as “On the
development strategy of the new Uzbekistan for
2022-
2026 ” are aimed at developing family
entrepreneurship and providing employment to
the population [4;].
In Uzbekistan, labor resources, the structure of
the family economy, and the state of the means of
production ensure the development of the
economy. Handicrafts, sewing, embroidery,
furniture making, and housekeeping are
especially convenient. In Uzbekistan, the Mahalla
Foundation and the Republican Chamber of
Commodity Production and Entrepreneurs are
implementing programs for the development of
home economics in microdistricts. That is, as a
result of the introduction of an important type of
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
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(ISSN
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VOLUME
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Pages:
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SJIF
I
MPACT
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(2021:
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)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
family business in the republic - the farmstead
(tomorqa) - the following acquired significance:
1) Solve the important task of increasing family
budget income;
2) Reduces the size of the employed population
and allows its active part to be involved in
production;
3) The period of activity of the householder is
taken into account (even if he is an individual
householder), length of service and he is given the
right to receive pension and social benefits;
4) A housewife uses time effectively in her home,
as in a family contract;
5) Housewives (especially women) will be able to
engage in production at home, as well as raise
children [21;44].
In recent years, additional powers have been
granted in this regard. Opportunities have
emerged for the rapid development of family
businesses in the republic, in particular, the
agricultural industry, which is its main direction.
This is a confirmation of our opinion that in 2016
more than 4.5 million families in our republic
have their own agricultural land, and they have at
their disposal more than 412 thousand hectares
of land [23;47].
In New Uzbekistan, within the framework of the
state program, a wide path has been opened for
household development. Based on the decision of
the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated
May 24, 2017 No. PQ-2996, the Limited Liability
Company of the Republic “Consortium for
Household Support” was created. The list of types
of households that will be created in exchange for
loans provided by this society is as follows:
1.
Production of textiles and knitwear.
2.
Production of haberdashery products.
3.
Production of confectionery and bakery
products.
4.
Production of furniture products.
5.
Repair and maintenance of electrical
products.
6.
Gardening and landscape design services [11].
At this stage, special attention should be paid to
increasing the activity of women in family
entrepreneurship, folk crafts and home
economics. The role of women in family business
is important, firstly, some women face the
problem of unemployment in remote villages, and
secondly, most women prefer crafts and
housework. According to historical data, by 2021
the number of women entrepreneurs in our
country has reached 45 thousand.
According to the research, among women aged 18
to 55, respondents who expressed a desire to
engage in family business accounted for 45.4% of
the total number of women. They are not so
interested in improving their professional career
in the future, but they are more interested in
economic interests based on entrepreneurship.
Urban women are more interested in improving
their professional qualifications, position and
level in the future, this is 52.1%, rural women are
less aware of this - 44.2%, this figure is 57.9%
among women 20-24, 24-29 - among one-year-
old women it is 59.7%, and among unmarried
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SJIF
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(2021:
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)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
women this figure is 60.9%. This idea is shared by
60.0% of medical workers, 70.6% of management
personnel and 60.% of business women[22;47].
In recent years, family entrepreneurs have been
given additional powers to develop family
businesses, households and crafts. The republic
has opportunities for the rapid development of
family businesses, in particular the agro-
industrial complex, which is its main focus. This is
a confirmation of our opinion that in 2016 more
than 4.5 million families in our republic have their
own agricultural land, and they have at their
disposal more than 412 thousand hectares of
land[].
In this study, we analyzed the current state of
family business, especially traditional crafts and
households, using the example of the regions of
the republic.
Based on the characteristics of each region, we
divided them into seven regions and analyzed
them based on the following ethno-regional
characteristics.
Fergana, Andijan and Namangan regions: -
production of satin, adras and silk fabrics, jewelry
(city of Margilan), - pottery (Rishton district), -
knife, hat production (Chust district) - jewelry
making (cities of Andijan, Namangan, Fergana ),
wood carving (cities of Kokan, Kosonsoy,
Namangan, Andijan)
Tashkent city: - hat production, fabric production,
carpentry, woodworking, blacksmithing, knitting,
jewelry, confectionery, etc.
Tashkent region: - production of knitwear,
woodworking,
furniture
production,
blacksmithing, spinning (Bostonlik, Parkent,
Bekobad district)
Jizzakh and Syrdarya regions: wool, weaving,
carpet weaving, jewelry, thread spinning
(Bakhmal, Forish, Gallaorol, Zomin districts and
the city of Jizzakh)
Bukhara, Samarkand and Navoi regions: mainly
carpet weaving, jewelry production, knitwear
production, fabric weaving, hat making, wool
weaving, black leather products, jewelry making,
thread spinning (Bukhara, Karakol, Olot, Nurata,
Karman
,
Urgut,
Koshrabot
districts)
woodworking,
furniture
manufacturing,
preparation of poultry products, confectionery,
etc.;
Surkhandarya and Kashkadarya regions: -
mainly the manufacture of cradles, the
manufacture of chests, jewelry, patchwork,
embroidery,
porcelain
tableware,
the
manufacture
of
woolen
products,
the
manufacture of yarn, jewelry, carpets, carpets,
felt, etc., confectionery (cooking novvota, kholvy,
sugar, nishol) Boysun, Jarkurgan, Muzrabotsky,
Uzunsky, Sariosiysky, Chirakinsky, Kitabsky,
Yakkabogsky,
Shakhrisabz
districts
of
Kashkadarya region, Surkhandarya region).
Republic of Karakalpakstan and Khorezm
region: - production of woolen products, carpet
weaving, leather production (desert and steppe-
Adyr regions of the Moinak, Kungirot, Kyzylkum
deserts, Ustyurt plateau).
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SJIF
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(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
Today in the republic there are many
entrepreneurs who are engaged in family and
home entrepreneurship and export products
produced by their labor to local and world
markets.
Today, especially locally, support for the
entrepreneurial initiative of each family has given
impetus to the implementation of the “Every
Family is an Entrepreneur” program and the
development of private property interests.
This is undoubtedly due to the increase in the
number of workers in this area. Of course, it
should be emphasized that in recent years, more
positive changes in results in this regard have
begun to be observed in New Uzbekistan.
In particular, as a result of the implementation of
regional
programs
aimed
at
providing
employment,
supporting
and
developing
entrepreneurship, 3.8 million new jobs were
created. Of these, more than 74% belong to small
businesses and private entrepreneurship [23;47].
Government services began to be provided to
business entities on January 1, 2016 [23;44]. This
has
created
great
opportunities
for
entrepreneurs, including those running family
businesses. A clear confirmation of this is that by
the end of 2018, thanks to the further activation
of the Single Window system in the field of doing
business and investment in the country,
significant growth trends in the free activity of
small businesses emerged. In particular, in every
district and city of our country a special program
is being implemented aimed at further improving
the lifestyle of the population and raising the
standard of living, especially in regions remote
from the center and with harsh natural and
climatic conditions.
Since 2019, the work of the system has been
consistently continued in order to provide
practical assistance to citizens; 7.2 trillion soums
have been allocated to financially support the
tasks provided for in it. For example, as a result of
preferential loans in the amount of 358 billion
350 million soums by banks to 21,543 citizens of
the Andijan region alone, so many households
received a stable source of income [23;47].
Until March 2022, the authorities studied 6
million 900 thousand households and divided
them into 4 categories. 11% of households were
low-income, 47% - in need of additional income,
6% - in need of social protection and 36% - self-
sufficient families [22;44].
“Home work is a good employment opportunity
for women, girls and people with disabilities,” the
President said, “entrepreneurs who hire
housekeepers will be financially encouraged.
Entrepreneurs who hire workers will receive 500
billion soums from the family entrepreneurship
program. In addition, such entrepreneurs will be
able to receive a guarantee from the
Entrepreneurship Fund in the amount of 75
percent of the loan cost and more than 10 percent
of compensation "[23;47].
Homeworkers pay social tax only as self-
employed citizens. The state covers the salary for
the first month of work in remote areas from its
own funds.
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(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
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1368736135
In accordance with the decision of the President
of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 04/21/2022
No. 214 “On additional measures to ensure
employment of the population based on the
development of domestic industry” through the
development of domestic industry, supporting
employment of the population, the unemployed
population, especially women, from July 1, 2022,
household organization is allowed on the basis of
civil law contracts on the performance of work,
production of goods or provision of services,
including contracts along with an employment
contract.
In this regard: from January 1, 2023, a procedure
will be introduced for training unemployed
citizens in home economics in non-state
educational institutions on the basis of a state
order.
C
ONCLUSION AND PROPOSAL
In a word, during the historical period under
study, the main task was to create a favorable
business environment for the widespread
development of small businesses and private
entrepreneurship among women in Uzbekistan.
Housekeeping is very convenient for those who
do not have the opportunity to work in
enterprises, organizations, as well as for those
who need additional income in addition to
housework and family work. Home work requires
special organization; delivery of raw materials,
removal of finished products, payment within the
specified time frame is a necessary condition.
Women are the fastest growing entrepreneurs in
the world. However, according to Mon, self-
employment and entrepreneurship rates among
women are much lower than among men.
Because women are a unique group with their
own motivations, expectations, and challenges,
they have traditionally faced significant
challenges in becoming entrepreneurs.
It should be noted separately that the large-scale
work that has been carried out to develop
women's entrepreneurship, to create a favorable
environment for doing business, and to protect
their legal interests, has been carried out in
women's entrepreneurship, especially family
entrepreneurship of needy families in remote
areas. demands that it be done.
Therefore, in our opinion, it is necessary to pay
attention to the implementation of the following
in the development of the activities of
homemakers;
-
It is necessary to adopt the Law "On
Household";
-
creation of leasing and additional financial
resources for women homemakers in rural
areas;
-
further development of the production of
export products by women entrepreneurs
and family entrepreneurs.
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03
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