Volume 05 Issue 04-2025
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
04
Pages:
30-36
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
This article discusses forms of address and how they are reflected in translations into Hindi. It analyzes the
rendering of address forms in the Hindi translations of Pirimqul Qodirov’s "Yulduzli tunlar" (Starry Nights)
and Odil Yoqubov’s "Ulug‘bek xazinasi" (Ulug‘bek's Treasure). Special attention is paid to the strategies
used by the translator and the methods applied in conveying these culturally specific elements. The article
also cites the opinions of various scholars on how to approach the translation of historically archaic
vocabulary in literary works. For the purposes of this study, the Hindi translations of the aforementioned
works by Sudhir Kumar Mathur were selected and analyzed. The strengths and shortcomings of these
translations are discussed in detail.
K
EYWORDS
Translation, Hindi language, transliteration, equivalence, original text, historical color, forms of address.
I
NTRODUCTION
As is well known, the primary function of language is communication, which is impossible without forms
of address. Address is a socio-logical phenomenon, and its forms emerge through the use of linguistic units
in speech. Many core functions of language are in one way or another connected to address. This concept
is broad and may be studied from linguistic, translational, and other perspectives.
Journal
Website:
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Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
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Research Article
Lexical and Semantic Features of Forms of Address in The
Translation of Historical Works
Submission Date:
February 16,
2025,
Accepted Date:
March 15, 2025,
Published Date:
April 14, 2025
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-05-04-05
Tursunbayeva Zuhra Ro‘zimat qizi
Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies Doctoral student at the Graduate School of Translation
Studies, Linguistics and International Journalism, Uzbekistan
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30-36
OCLC
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1368736135
Among Uzbek linguists who have explored this topic are Sh. Iskandarova, N. Ahmedova, Z. Akbarova, S.
Mo‘minov, while notable researchers in the fields of Hindi and Urdu linguistics include Z.M. Dimshits, T.E.
Katenina, K. Guru, and Safarmo Tolibi [9, p.105].
In her dissertation titled "A Comparative Study of Forms of Address in Korean and Uzbek Discourse", D.Sh.
Ashirbayeva offers a comprehensive analysis of the communicative and functional features of address
forms in Korean and Uzbek, highlighting their semantic and pragmatic aspects through various examples
[3, p.7].
M.A. Umarova, in her dissertation "The Expression of National Color in the Urdu Translations of 20th
Century Uzbek Prose Works", also touches upon forms of address. In the chapter titled "The Expression of
National Color in Literary Translations through Curses, Blessings, Praise, and Forms of Address", she
discusses the complexity and distinctiveness of translating these units.
In Z.A. Akbarova’s dissertation "Forms of Address in the Uzbek Lan
guage and Their Linguistic Study",
address forms are categorized into specific groups and their psycholinguistic functions are examined in
detail with numerous examples. Similarly, N.Sh. Ahmedova, in her work "A Semantic-Connotative Study of
Forms of Address in the Uzbek Language", offers a thorough scientific analysis of the connotative meanings
and functions of address forms, emphasizing that in both everyday speech and literary texts, such forms
may refer not only to people but also to animate or inanimate entities.
Forms of address also possess unique features in translation. In the book “Untranslatability in Translation”
by Vlakhov and Florin, a section is devoted to forms of address, where they are classified as follows:
1.
Polite, neutral forms: tovarishch
–
comrade, molodoy chelovek
–
young man, madam, sir, gospodin
–
mister.
2.
Based on social position/status: tovarishch-voditel
–
comrade driver, doctor, general, pasha, afandi,
your grace, count, maestro, pane.
3.
Kinship or close relationships: mother, mommy, father, cousin, namesake, compatriot.
4.
Usual expressions: sudar, janob, dear sir.
5.
Emotionally expressive: my daughter, darling, dear, my friend.
6.
Calls or exclamations, including animal calls: hello, hey, kiska, pussy.
Regarding the translation of address-
related terms, the following point must be emphasized: “Words
related to address may emdiv national color and thus constitute genuine realia. In such cases, they must
Volume 05 Issue 04-2025
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
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VOLUME
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OCLC
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1368736135
be preserved through transliteration. When such expressions do not carry national coloring but are
traditionally used in certain contexts, they are considered ‘false realia’ and can be translated using
functional equivalents or analogs” [1, p.224].
In this article, we explore the representation in translation of various types of address forms: those tied to
polite norms, social rank or societal status, kinship and intimacy, as well as emotional-expressive contexts.
In both novels, respectful address forms such as xonim xazrat, hazrat begim, mulla, otaxon, movlono, taqsir,
hazrat, mirzam, janob are used appropriately and reflected in translation as follows: Movlono [6.541]
–
मौलाना [
16.568], janob [6.80]
–
janab [6.90], hazrat xonim [6.143]
–
वाललदा माललका साहिबा [
16.165], mulla
[6.83]
–
सािीब [
16.94].
In the article, it was revealed that the word taqsir was translated in three different ways: In the first
sentence, taqsir was translated as
अब्बाजान
, in the second sentence
–
इज़्ज़तदार
, and in the third
–
ख़्वा़ा.
If we consider the dictionary meanings of these words:
अब्बाजान [
5.112] means "to address a senior person
with respect",
इज़्ज़तदार [
4.226] means "respected", and
ख़्वा़ा [
5.434] means "sir, master".
These terms are contextually appropriate for taqsir, which [13.145] refers to a respectful form of address
to officials, wealthy individuals, and religious scholars.
At this point, we recall the views of Sh. Sirojiddinov and G. Odilova regarding the translation of address
forms: “One word may be used in different forms in various contexts. For example, the Uzbek word ona
can
be translated into English as mother, into German as Mutter, into Russian as мама, and into Turkish as
anne. However, translating the word volida as mother, Mutter, mama, or anne would diminish the solemn
tone and profound respect embedded in it. In historical films, a palace doorkeeper would announce the
arrival of a shah's mother by loudly proclaiming: ‘Podshohi olam! Volidangiz tashrif buyurdilar!’ (O King of
the World! Your mother has arrived!). If instead he said, ‘Podshohim, onangiz keldilar!’ (My
king, your
mother has come), the core meaning may remain, but the level of reverence toward the queen mother and
the shah is diminished in the audience’s perception. Such unwritten moral and ethical nuances cannot be
conveyed with precision in translation
s across languages.” [7.82–
83]
Address forms according to social status and professional role
During communication, the speaker often addresses the listener by their profession, rank, or title. In
linguistics, such forms of address referring to a person’s
profession, position, or function are known as
identificative nomination [3.87].
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In the novels Yulduzli tunlar and Ulug‘bek xazinasi, we encounter address terms indicating one's
profession, position, or duty such as: a’lohazrat, davlatpanoh, amirim, janob
tabib, janob memor, janob bek,
janob dorug‘a.
Example:
Mavlono Muhiddin og
‘
ir xasta emish, davlatpanoh! [10.13]
“
मौलाना मुहिद्दीन को बुलवाने िरकारा भेज हदया
?” “
िरकारे लौट आये िैं
,
शिंशाि।” “क्या किते िैं
?” “
मालूम पडा कक मौलाना मुहिद्दीन की तबीयत बिुत ख़राब
िै
,
शिंशाि।” [
15.18] In this sentence, the word davlatpanoh is translated as
शिंशाि
, used as a form of address
to the king, Mirzo Ulug‘bek.
Another example: Nechuk gungday qotib qolding? So‘zla! –
A’lohazratlari avf etsinlar. Siz shahriyori falak
-
iqtidorni xushnud qiladurg
‘
on xabar keltirmadim. [10.21]
“
क्यों पडे िुए िो उठो!”
Husayn knelt down calmly.
“
किने की हिम्मत निी िोती
,
िु़ूर.... ख़बर बुरी िै...” [
15.21]
Here, shahriyori falak-
iqtidor refers to Mirzo Ulug‘bek and is explained in the original as
ulug‘ shoh (great
king). In translation, it appears as
िु़ूर.
While
िु़ूर [
5.814] in Hindi conveys general respect and not just
for a king, Hindi offers more specific royal forms such as
आलम-पनाि
,
जनाब-आली.
The term A
’
lohazratlari
was omitted in translation.
Another example: Shavkatli amirim! Siz men faqirga ishonmaysiz. Bilamen. [10.224]
“
मेरे खुदावंद अमीर मैं
जानता िूूँ कक आपको अपने वफादार गुलाम पर एतबार निीं िै।” [
15.230]
Here, shavkatli amirim is translated as
मेरे खुदावंद अमीर.
Shavkatli [13.930] in Uzbek conveys "highly respected, dignified", while
खुदावंद [
4.427] in Hindi means
"master, sir, respected". So the translation is accurate and contextually appropriate.
Additional address terms referring to profession or title include: janob tabib [6.130]
–
िककम सहिब
[
16.149], janob me
’
mor [6.16]
–
माहिरे तामीरात [
16.19], janob dorug
‘
a [6.16]
–
िु़ूर [
16.22], bek [6.80]
–
बेग
,
वजजरे आ़म [
16.96].
Forms of Address Based on Kinship and Close Relationships
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In the historical novel, address forms related to this group such as volidam, onajon, jiyan, tog‘oyim, inim,
egachim, ota, enajon, etc., have been rendered into Hindi as follows:
Tog
‘
a [6.296]
–
मामूंजान [
16.311], Egachim [6.261]
–
सगी बिन [
6.273], Ota [6.539]
–
मेरे वाललद [
16.566],
Jiyan [6.295]
–
मामूजान [
16.311], Enajon [10.28]
–
मां [
15.33], Ona [6.85]
–
वाललदा साहिबा [
16.96], Bobojon
[5.74]
–
दादा [
16.541]
In Uzbek discourse, ota is a widely used form of address. Additionally, one can observe that even older,
familiar individuals may be addressed as ota. In historical novels, terms such as valine’mat, padari
buzrukvor, and ota are used to refer to fathers.
“
Humoyun, I have not heard you call me
‘
father
’
yet.
”
Humoyun:
“
Padari buzrukvor!
” [6.539]
िुमायूं
,
आपने
अरसे से मुझे अता किकर निीं पुकारा [
16.566]
In this sentence, Humoyun addresses his father as padari buzrukvor. In the translation, the word
अता
is
transliterated, with a footnote explaining it as
मेरे वाललद.
Princes and princesses raised in royal courts
address their fathers as Your Majesty, My Lord, Padari buzrukvorim, etc. In the translation, these are
rendered as
िु़ूर आली
,
अ़ीम शाि
,
वाललद
, respectively. Since the prince is addressing his royal father, the
translator has appropriately selected these forms. In contrast, a commoner addressing his father uses the
term
आब्बा [
15.282], which is borrowed from Arabic and means
“
father.
”
In Uzbek, the words ona, ena, oyi, buvi, acha, opa, volida a
re used to mean “the woman who gave birth to
me.” Among these, ona is predominant in literary language, while the others belong to various dialects. For
example: In Tashkent
–
opa, oyi, In Jizzakh
–
aya, In Samarkand
–
opa, biy, In Fergana
–
buva, aya [3.69]
“Don’t rush, my lord. First, let us gain the blessing of my respected mother.” [6.85]
This sentence
’
s onam hazratlari (my respected mother) is translated into Hindi as
वाललदा साहिबा [
16.96].
Since the reference is to Babur
’
s mother, a queen, the translator has rightfully avoided the simpler
मां
,
opting for a more dignified term.
In other instances, such as in Ulughbek’s Treasure, when Ali Qushchi is speaking with his mother and
affectionately calls her enajon, the translator uses
मां.
Through this, the translator effectively demonstrates
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the difference in forms of address for queens and commoners’ mothers, reflecting the variation in address
norms among royal figures and ordinary citizens.
Emotionally Expressive Forms of Address
Emotionally charged terms
of address such as qizim, bo‘talog‘im, azizim, shunqorlarim, begim, bekam are
translated as follows: Qizim [10.248]
–
बेटी [
15.282], Bo
‘
talog
‘
im [10.28]
–
लाडले [
15.33], Shunqorlarim
[6.240]
–
मेरे उकािो [
16.249], Begim [6.260]
–
बेगम [
16.273], Bekam [10.228]
–
खानुम [
15.270], Xonim
[6.29]
–
खानम [
10.248]
In Ulughbek’s Treasure, Ali Qushchi’s mother calls her son bo‘talog‘im (my little darling) as a term of
endearment. This word is translated into Hindi as
लाडले
, which means
“
my beloved, my cherished one.
”
Since both historical novels revolve around the reigns of Babur and Ulughbek, it is only natural that forms
of address directed toward monarchs and rulers frequently appear. Here, the authors’ linguistic richness
plays a vital role. Both Pirimqul Qodirov and Odil Yoqubov effectively employ royal forms of address such
as valine’mat, davlatpanoh, olampanoh, amirzodam, shahriyori falak
-iqtidor, amirim, oliy hazratlari,
hazratim, mirzam.
C
ONCLUSION
This article examined the rendering of address terms in translation. We analyzed how terms of address
used according to politeness level, social status, and interpersonal relationships were translated into Hindi.
In some cases, we observed that single address words in Uzbek were translated using two or three words
or compound expressions. Furthermore, the use of synonymous expressions in translation added to the
realism of the text. Such translation strategies, which account for cultural and linguistic differences
between the two nations, help preserve the aesthetic and emotional value of the original work.
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