Asian Studies

The article is devoted to the main idea of the story “The Eminent woman”, which is propagating equality of rights, resisting despotic ideology, developing intelligence of the people, distinction of traditional novel and information about Lo Pu writer, which has not been studied previously in our region.

The works of Abdullah Kadiri, who have attracted the attention of local and foreign readers interested in Uzbek literature for nearly hundred years, have been translated into dozens of world languages, including Turkish. This article analyzes the Turkish translation of the novel “Days gone by” (“O‘tkan Kunlar” – “Ötgen Künler (Geçmiş Günler)”). It deals with the degree of recreation of the national identity of the original in translation. From the point of view of comparison, the author also turns to the Russian translation of the novel “Days gone by”. In the article, the author gives his assessment of the work of the Turkish translator, who had to deeply understand the subtleties of the meaning of each word of the original, the culture and national identity of the Uzbek people. The author’s proposals and conclusions made during the study show not only the achievements of the translator, but also indicate some controversial points in the translation of the novel by an outstanding Uzbek writer. As it is known, in translation studies there are a lot of questions related to the transfer of elements reflecting the national indentity of the original in literary translation. When translating the novel “Days gone by”, which can be called with confidence the gallery of Uzbek national specific words, the translator should have the same talent and abilities as the author. However, its achieving is not an easy task. This can be seen in the example of translations of national specifications that reflect the national identity, culture and social life, traditions and customs, spirituality and worldview of the Uzbek people. After all, the translation of national specific words requires a special approach from the translator. It is impossible to single out such words among thousands of words and simply translate into another language. However, the fact that the Uzbek and Turkish languages belong to the same language family, and that many words have the same form and meaning in both languages, allowed the translator to translate the text without difficulty. However, despite this, the Turkish translator had to pay special attention to the fact that such words were not false equivalents, and had to study in depth the etymology of such words. This article emphasizes this aspect of the question.

The  article  highlights  social  and  economical  life  of  Bukharian  people  by analyzing waqf documents at the end of 13  th   – in the first half 14 th  centuries, studying date of these documents shows social strata, taxes which were paid by Bukharian people and its names, policy of Mongols in the region in Chaghatay period. Furthmore, for full illuminating of the issue it was justified waqf documents which were explained status of agriculture and used terminology on farming.

Rashod Nuri Gunthekin is an internationally renowned Turkish writer. Many of his stories and novels have been translated into Uzbek. An article about the life and work of Rashod Nuri Guntekin. His role in the history of Turkish novels, the essence of the content of his novels are discussed and some of his novels are analyzed. The entry of the author into the world of literature provides information about his published works. The article is based on the analysis of the novels "The Mysterious Hand", "Cholikushi", "Tamga", "Khazonrezgi", "Achinish", "Green Night", "Night of Fire", "Evening Sun". shown. The uniqueness of Rashod Nuri Guntekin as a writer reveals the content of social problems raised in his works. It is appropriate to cite the opinions of other writers about the work of Rashod Nuri (for example, the words of the Azerbaijani writer Ismail Shikhli), and you can also find out the influence of the work of R. Nuri Guntekin  on  other  artists.  In  general,  the  article  contains  the  necessary  information  that  Rashod  Nuri Guntekin is a great writer, his novels have been translated into Uzbek.

This article explores the work of Rashid al-Din Watwat “Gardens of Magic in the intricacies of poetry” as a classic poetic source. This topic is covered in scientific articles,  dissertations  in  Russian  and  scientific  literature  in  Persian.  Decree  of  the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated May 24, 2017 No. PP-2995 “On measures to  further  improve  the  system  of  preservation,  research  and  popularization  of  ancient written sources” opens up great opportunities for studying many manuscript sources that have not yet been studied. The article contains interesting facts about the work of Rashiduddin Vatvat “Gardens of Magic in the intricacies of poetry”, the importance of the work from the XII century to the present, as well as literary works and examples. This work served as a source for all scientists who were engaged in "bade' science". The work has not lost its scientific and literary value to this day, and in this article from a literary point of view only a small number of copies are considered. As the main issue, the role and significance of the work in the source studies, in particular, the contribution of this work to the theory of literary and their using in various translations and studies are analyzed.

This  article  explains  Tabotaboi's  approach  to  modern  philosophical theology and contemporary western philosophy. The views of contemporary western and eastern philosophers have also been analyzed.

The article is devoted to the quantitative analysis, i.e. learning statistical data using computational techniques of the main dimensions of the cooperation between the Republic of Uzbekistan and Fifth Republic of France. The author chose unusual for social sciences quantitative method to clarify the modern conditions and both progressive and  regressive  development  dynamics,  perspectives  of  Uzbek-French  relations  to enlighten  areas  need  to  be  developed,  to  realize  the  hidden  potential  of  bilateral cooperation and to answer to one of the main questions – is France the necessary partner for  Uzbekistan  or  the  bilateral  relations  between  two  countries  have  a  symbolic  status due  to  their  regional  importance.  Analysis  of  the  quantitative  indicators  will  show  the real state of Uzbek-French cooperation better than other methods of scientific research.  In  the  article  there  is  given  introductory  part  about  state  and  modern  conditions  of Uzbek-French  relations,  clarified  the  main  aim,  functions  and  analysis  methods  of  the research,  as  well  as  complex  analysis  of  political,  economic  and  socio-cultural  and educational  vectors of bilateral partnership. The author identifies two frames for analysis. First  one  is  the  examination  of  the  interests  of  the  parts  in  multilateral  dialogue  and cooperation.  The  second  frame  is  the  finding  the  dynamics  of  multi  dimensional  bilateral relations,  where  the  qualitative  changes  in  Uzbek-French  relations  are  disclosed  by  using quantitative-comparative  methods.  The  research  results  lead  to  the  conclusion,  that  in  the near future terms, socio-economic issues will take the place of socio-humanitarian ones in the cooperation between Uzbekistan and France, and the partnership will continue to develop in bilateral frame rather than multilateral or regional one.

Maqolada qaraqalpoq xalqining ijtimoiy-madaniy hayotida sufiylik ta'limoti a ’nanalarining tarqalishi va rivojlanish jarayonlari so ‘z eliladi.

The topical issues, considered at the Summit of Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which was held on June 9–10, 2018 in Qingdao are analyzed in this article. The author also outlines the role and importance of decisions taken in the sphere of security, cultural and humanitarian cooperation, including the protection of the interests of young people.

This article gives new information about  the life and scientific activities of qadi Ixtiyar that lived at the end of the reign of the Timurds in Herat. Cadi Ixtiyar worked as a cadi and a chief of cadies. While working as a qadi, he wrote a guide ‘Mukhtar al-ixtiyar’ for qadies. In addition, the author of this article gives also the information about this work.

This article is devoted to translations and research into world languages of Liao Jai's works of miracles. They were written by the great Chinese storyteller Pu Songling, who wrote under the pseudonym Liao Jai, who laid the foundation for the development of the magic novella and the creator of a unique school of  folklore  writing.  It  examines  some  issues,  in  particular  the  translations  of  short  stories  and  their publications. Three centuries ago, he created Liao Jai's "Stories of Miracles". According to some reports, Pu Songling wrote about 500 short stories. However, some of his stories have not reached us. Throughout his life, the writer collected stories about extraordinary events and magical things, as well as folk anecdotes. No Chinese writer would know so many different forms of stories other than Pu Songling. In Chinese literature, the term story refers to the processing of folk tales and legends, sometimes parables or anecdotes, and in some cases - ancient stories or short stories. As a result of research and observation during this writing, it became known that from the 18th century to the present, Liao Jai's Strange Miracle Stories has been translated into more than twenty languages. The translations were into English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Danish, Czech, Greek, Polish, Hungarian, Russian, Irish, Latvian, Uzbek, Tajik, Kyrgyz, Russian, Ukrainian, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Mongolian and other languages. In the course of this study, it was found that among the Chinese classical literature, there are very few works translated into such a number of languages. No historical work can detail the landscape of the past in as much detail as fiction. In this sense, Pu Songling's work is a reflection of the life of the Chinese people, an integral part of cultural heritage, a source of information that allows one to reflect on the life and uniqueness of different strata of Chinese society.

The  article  is  devoted  to  the  emergence  and  evolution  of  people's diplomacy in international relations. It focuses on the interpretation of international and interethnic friendly relations, the analysis of their stages of development. People's dip-lomacy is one of the important aspects in the development of international relations of each  state.  The  term  people's  diplomacy  has  historically  been  a  mechanism  for developing friendly relations between nations and states from the time of its formation to the present. The first period of formation of the term people's diplomacy originated in the East,  and  in  the  60s  of  the  ХХth  century,  the  term  began  to  be  widely  used  in international relations in the West. At  the  same  time,  the  role  of  people's  diplomacy  is  expanding  and  playing  an important  role  in  the  development  of  international  relations.  People's  diplomacy  is  an important part of foreign policy, ensuring the improvement of relations between nations, the promotion of the country's interests in the international arena and the creation of its positive image. People's diplomacy is also a way to influence the thoughts and behavior of the population of foreign countries. Today,  people's  diplomacy  is  clearly  reflected  in  the  lives  of  all  developing  countries. However,  there  are  a  number  of  problems  related  to  the  extent  and  purpose  of  their implementation,  the  level  of  ensuring  friendly  relations  between  peoples.  Therefore,  the article also discusses the issue of people's diplomacy in international relations, its formation and stages of development, its role in the international community. The attention paid to the development of people's diplomacy in the international arena in recent years, in particular, and the analysis of the work being done in this direction are also mentioned. The  article  also  reveals  the  importance  of  people's  diplomacy  and  its  equal development of friendly relations between peoples.

The article examines the development and formation of the Chinese medieval novella, the emergence and formation of the "bitszi" genre and the role of the anecdote in this process.  It  also  analyzes  the  creative  work  of  the  writer  (sorting  out  and  selection  of anecdotes for subsequent literary processing), the transformation of an oral text into written literature.  In  this  genre,  one  can  see  an  attempt  to  strengthen  the  characterization  of  the character by increasing the number of cases in a single context, to give this characterization greater completeness and completeness. The folklore characterization of the character, which did not imply any individualization, freely allowed the characters of various anecdotes to be contaminated into one image. In the cyclization of anecdotes, one can see an attempt by the authors of collections of short stories to strengthen the characterization of the character by increasing  the  number  of  situations,  in  one  context  to  give  a  short  information  about  the character, to give the character’s characterization greater completeness and completeness, which, of course, cannot be in an oral impromptu. Novels by Pu Songlin are distinguished by the author's interest in the storyline of the character. Especially when it has to do with their personalities and how the characters behave in certain situations. In addition to describing an event, the psychological factors of human behavior are also important for a writer. The protagonist  of  such  stories,  albeit  with  a  predetermined  character,  appears  in  a  specific episode that is largely unrelated to her previous life. It is concluded that the anecdote as the simplest form of the plot was used as a ready-made source material for the creation of works of novelistic architectonics.

This article is devoted to the study of semantic features of proverbs, sayings and phraseological  units  based  on  animal  names  in  Uzbek  and  Turkish.  Proverbs  and phraseological units based on eshek (donkey) lexeme are analized in it. Moreover, the rhythm and rhyme of phroseological units in Uzbek and Turkish are been talked in the article.

The authors reveal the prospects of participation of Uzbekistan in Chinese projects the "One Belt One Road" - Chinese initiative to create a global transport and infrastructure investment, which unites two projects - the “Silk Road Economic Belt” and “21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The subject of the study is the balanced position of the Republic of Uzbekistan regarding the implementation of the “Belt and Road” initiative. The  great  importance  of  the  “Belt  and  Road”  initiative  for  the  development  of the transport  infrastructure  of  Uzbekistan  is  revealed,  which  meets  the  objectives  of Uzbekistan’s Development Strategy for 2017-2021. The analysis shows that the "One Belt One Road" Initiative, despite various estimates, has firmly entered into the everyday life of  politicians,  diplomats  and  experts  in  the  field  of  international  economic  relations. Attractive and strong point of this giant scale initiative is China's willingness to bear the burden of financing the multibillion-dollar projects in the Eurasian space. The analysis showed Uzbekistan’s interest in participation and implementation of the OBOR project, provided the initiative is filled with specific projects, which will meet the interests of both sides  and  contribute  to  the  deepening  of  economic  integration,  liberalization  of international economic relations, more full use of factors of globalization and openness of the world economy. Such cooperation will promote the formation of a qualitatively new model of international economic relations.

In  this  article  it  is  revelead  one  of  the  methods  of  the  formation  of  the expressions in Arabic language – qasr (limitation). Here the author examines the components and  types  of  the  qasr  from  the  point  of  the  views  of  schoalrs  worked  on  the  doctrine  – balagat..

The article is devoted to the analysis of the works of one of the greatest Chinese writers of the XXI century − Bi Shumin. The basis of Bi Shumin's works is the problems of every society. In the article the author analyzed the stories of Bi Shumin “Even the dog has a purpose in life" and "Positive qualities − 0". They refer to didactic stories, the purpose of which is to show exemplary behavior for the youth, aimlessly wasting their lives.

In Iranian studies,  the  scientific  description  of the  Dari language  mainly notes  its  differences  from  the  modern  Persian  language.  In  the  word-formation  of  the Dari  language,  special  attention is  paid  to  the  affixational  word-formation  of parts  of speech. In recent years, the comprehensive development of the Dari language has become noticeable, during which time there have been tangible changes in all its fields. In this regard, the study of the questions of the ways of forming, developing and improving the Dari language, substantiating the reasons, regularities and possibilities of this process, as  well  as  determining  the  principles  of  word-formation,  is  becoming  increasingly essential.  This,  in  turn,  points  to  the  need  for  a  separate  study  of  the  Dari  language directly based on its materials. The  article  studies  affixal  and  semi-affixal  word-formation  and  the  problems  of compounding in the Dari language within the framework of genetically related languages. The  derivational  affix  in  the  Dari  language,  also  in  Persian,  produces  a  word  that belongs to a certain lexical-grammatical category: in derived words, derivational features are simultaneously categorical. The leading role in replenishing the vocabulary of the modern Dari language belongs to word-formation through semi-affixes. In the Dari language, words in which the second part is expressed by a verb (the stem of simple verbs of the present tense, their variants with the suffix -i or the particle of negation, the form of the imperative mood) make up the majority of word-formation. The stems of prefix and compound verbs of the present tense are much less common here. Due to a large number of verbal word morphemes, semi-affixation,  as  well  as  affixation  and  compounding,  is  the  most  productive  way  in  the system of word-formation. Semi-suffixes are used mainly in the formation of new socio-political and scientific-technical terms. In word-formation, an indicator of the method of lexicalization, i.e. the transformation of combinations  with  conjunction  into  complex  words  is  high  enough.  The  process  of lexicalization of word-combinations in the Dari language is still at the stage of formation, which gives reason to assert the complexity of the distinction between a complex word and a word-combination.  Among  the  phonetic,  grammatical  and  semantic  features  that  make  it possible  to  distinguish  a  complex  word  from  a  word-combination,  the  main  one  is  the grammatical feature.

The article provides a highly detalized examination of the field of human resource provision and the tasks in this area. In particular, after Uzbekistan gained its independence, it became evident that specialists with unique specialties are needed, and from the very first days of independence, the system of higher education along with the public education system itself was reformed. In the early 1990s, the Ministry of Higher and  Secondary  Specialized  Education  of  the  Republic  of  Uzbekistan  developed  the “Higher Education Reform” program. The article focused on Soviet practice in this area in order to explain an acute need for diplomatic personnel in the 1990s. In particular, it is noted that despite the fact that the the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Uzbekistan was established by the corresponding law of the Soviet Union on providing Soviet republics with powers in the field of foreign relations in 1944, it had very limited responsibilities, and often these ministries have fulfilled protocol tasks. As a result, there was a unilateral approach to diplomacy, and the number of employees in the MFA was low.

The  entry  of  the  Republic  of  Uzbekistan  into  the  world  market,  the expansion of  international  relations  necessitate  the  formation of  a  language  culture  of students in foreign languages, especially world ones, which include the Russian language. This  article  reveals  the  issues  of  teaching  Russian  as  a  foreign  language.  Factors affecting  the  effectiveness  of  training  are  considered,  among  which  are:  a  concrete definition of the goals and objectives of training; taking into account the native language, the level of basic knowledge, the stages of education; selection and presentation of lexical and grammatical material; visibility; selection of textbooks and teaching aids, etc. The author highlights the difficulties encountered in learning a foreign language, due to  several  factors.  Among  them,  differences  in  the  systems  of  the  native  and  Russian languages are indicated: the absence of certain grammatical categories, the mismatch of their functions, various ways of expressing certain grammatical meanings, as well as the irregularity  of  a  number  of  linguistic  phenomena  in  the  Russian  language  itself.  The author separately dwells on the categories of gender, case, time and species. Particular attention is paid to innovative teaching methods and technologies. Based on examples, the possibilities of their use in the teaching process are revealed.

The study of the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people began in the last quarter of the XIX century. In the twentieth century, many scientific researches have been conducted in this field. After the independence of Uzbekistan, the study of this topic has become a topical issue. In addition to ethnographic, archeological, anthropological, linguistic researches, the problems have been studied in the field of source studies. In the first years of independence, various scientific approaches to study ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people emerged. Researchers have abandoned the ideological stereotypes that prevailed in the Soviet era and conducted scientific research. The writing of historical works changed theoretically and methodologically, and began to write the history of the people objectively. The theoretical and methodological approach that emerged during the Soviet era and the use of published literature also continued. Source studies made researchs in the field of the history of the Turkic peoples, their historical formation, geographical location, ethnic
processes, the role of the Turkic peoples in public administration, socio-economic relations of
the Turkic peoples in the Middle Ages. Much attention was paid to highlighting the place of
the Turkic peoples in history. Ancient Arabic-Persian sources explored ethnic and ethno-
political processes in the Central Asian region. During the years of independence, the study
of ancient Chinese sources developed. In the ancient Chinese sources it has collected
information about the peoples of Central Asia. The names and location of the unknown Turkish tribes have been clarified. The literature published by the source scholar Ablat Khodjaev provided with new information on the history of the peoples of Central Asia in ancient Chinese sources. Researcher X.M.Mamadaliev studied the peoples of the region, ethnic processes in Central Asia in the IX-XII centuries, in particular, the formation of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people, the processes of statehood on the basis of Arabic sources. In recent years, Shamsiddin Kamoliddin interpreted the terms “Uzbek” and “Uzbekistan” in ancient Arabic-Persian sources. There are also articles about Uzbek tribes. During the years of independence, as a result of source studies, a number of scientific works, a small number of dissertations, many articles on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people were published. A number of issues on the subject remained open. The article provides a systematic analysis of the study of this problem in source studies. The views and scientific approaches of source scholars on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people are also covered. 

This article deals with analysis of philosophical thinking and influence of this process to the development of personality and society.

In the article it is information about the meaning of the term of “Sufism” and the cause and the stages of its shaping process which was used in the literature of Central Asia. Here the author introduced readers with initial results of learning the problem of classification and illustrating the term of “Sufism” in dictionaries by basing on the examples which were taken from the work of Alisher Navai, named “Nasaim ul-Mukhabbat”.

Phraseology is the figurative type of fixed expressions that shows the linguist's perceptions  about  the  world  and  events  in  a  particular  way.  Phraseological  expressions always reflect the worldview of people, the social structure and ideology of their time. As F. Buslayev argues, phraseology is like a peculiar small world with short, wise expressions of moral rules and truths inherited by ancestors. Phraseological units are translated from one language to another in four ways. First, the translator can make use of a target language phraseological unit which is identical to the source language phraseological unit in all five aspects of its semantics. Second, the source language  phraseological  unit  can  be  translated  by  a  target  language  phraseological  unit which  has  the  same  figurative  meaning,  preserves  the  same  emotive  and  stylistic characteristics  but  is  based  on  a  different  image,  that  is,  has  a  different  literal  meaning. Third,  the source  language  phraseological  unit  can   be translated by  reproducing  its form word-for-word  in  target  language.  Fourth,  instead  of  translating  the  source  language phraseological  unit,  the  translator  may  try  to  explicate  its  figurative  meaning,  so  as  to preserve at least the main element of its semantics.  Phraseological units do not allow for word-for-word translation: they require searching for the phraseological equivalent of another language, because the phraseology unit comes with an emotional meaning and stylistic expression. The article analyzed the use of four ways of translation of phraseological units from one language to another using examples from the book “Anthology of Modern Korean Prose”. The similarities  between  the  phrases  in  different  languages  are  often  explained  by  the commonality of the living conditions, customs, and logical considerations of those peoples. Consequently,  the  Korean  and  Uzbek  language,  coming  from  one  language  family,  share common mentality, and have some similarity in living conditions. Thus, it has contributed to the  formation of  many  common phrases  in  their  words.  Such common  phrases,  which  are equivalent in translation, are almost certainly not a problem. It is natural for every linguistic community to represent the world in a particular way. From this point of view, phrases in a particular linguistic community may not be culturally specific,  have  no equivalent  or  alternative  in  another language.  In  this  case,  a  descriptive translation or a calque is used.

One of the most important international problems of the 19th century was the issue of "Central Asia". As a result, throughout the whole century Central Asia has been the subject of contention between En gland and Russia. Afghanistan was a "gateway" to Central Asia. This article describes the activities of the British Empire in Afghanistan during the first half of the 19th century. In this article describes of British ambassadors and missions sent to Afghanistan in the 19 th  century, their geopolitical objectives in the region, the state structure of Afghanistan,  its  relationship with neighboring  countries,  the topography of Afghanistan, the economic political and social status, customs, traditions, way of life, diversity of nations, characteristic of this period. Reports in publishing by ambassadors and expedition of representatives reports, news, informations, about work of memoirs educates. The historical roots of trade, economic and political relations between Russia and Afghanistan will be explored.