Asian Studies

This article provides information on the concept of numbers in Chinese. The fact that the number is known to be used in various tasks both in science and in everyday life, and the variety of mathematical quantities is also directly related to numbers is reflected in the article from the ancient Chinese example. At the same time, the ancient Chinese prophetic notes were also written about the "writing of the nest". In the article, the scientific research of many Russian and World Scientists on the number has been studied and examples of their views are given.

This article discusses the reforms carried out in China in the last quarter of the twentieth century, population growth, strong economic growth, and other factors that have made China one of the leading countries in the world and has a say in world politics. Naturally, all this has a serious impact on culture, spirituality, art and literature. A
generation of writers of the 1970s entered the world of literature. Also during this period, the
relatively older generation continued their creative activity. With regard to literature in
general, women's literature has undergone great qualitative changes. Now writers have begun to write about false ideals, reforms, class interests, and their impact on the fate of humanity. One of the most famous representatives of women's literature of the 21st century is the talented writer Tiao Ye. 

This article is devoted to the modern level of development of linguistics and the multidimensional study of phraseology in a comparative sense, which reflect the intercultural exchange of the mother tongue and the studied foreign language when translating various kinds of literature. There are a number of definitions of phraseological units in science, however, taken separately they cannot give an exhaustive description of this phenomenon. The article gives examples from the works of several scientists who at one time tried all the outside to study the phraseology of several languages.

Developing the idea of the Arab world or region, Egyptian researchers R. Al-Bustani and F. Fargus, analyzing regional processes, starting with the formation of modern states, do not use the term Middle East, but they  write  about  the  Arab  world,  Arab states,  North Africa,  East  Africa  ,  "The  Fertile Crescent" as a part of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, the Arabian Peninsula. Another Egyptian scholar, M. Muallim, notes that the Middle East is a region from Iran in the east to Libya in the west, and from Turkey in the north to the southern borders of the Arabian Peninsula and in Africa to the southern borders of Sudan. Such a Middle East is a political concept, and, in his opinion, it is better to use the term “Asian-African region”, which includes all the specifics of territories, starting with the geographical location at  the  junction  of  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  ending  with  energy  resources.  Some  scientists  compare  the excesses of the “Arab spring” and its consequences with such powerful historical disasters as the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of national Arab entities after the First World War. In the current situation, the diplomacy of Uzbekistan should assist in resolving conflicts and positive political and economic transformation of the Middle East and have a solid analytical foundation. The article pursues a study of the situation  in  the  Middle  East  in  the  light  of  the  changes  in  regimes  and  changes  in  the  geopolitical configuration of the region. The article also analyzes the features of the formation and implementation of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) in the Middle East (Iraq, Turkey, the Syrian-Lebanese-Palestinian zone, Egypt, the Persian Gulf countries, Yemen) in the context of the transformation of forms and methods of implementing Washington’s strategy on “systemic containment” Iran. Particular attention is paid to identifying the potential of Iran as one of the leaders in the Middle East region. Therefore, the article widely discusses the main directions of the foreign policy of the countries of the Middle East and gives us assessments of the Middle East situation.

This article reviews the issues of cooperation between South Eastern Asian countries and China. Emphasizing attention on economic contribution of these countries, and also perspectives of coloboration development. The main stress is made on analysis of external policy of China and Asian Pasific region after “Cold War”. The key point of research is to study diversified cooperation on the issues of safety in the region on the platform of Association of South East Asian countries.

Today China tries to enhance its strategic positing in the international arena where  it  is  persisting  a  severe  rivalry  among  great  powers  for  influence.  From  this perspective, this article analyzes the importance of Central Asian region for Chinese foreign policy.  Xi  Jinping’s  presidency  has  given  a  new  impetus  to  the  revitalization  of  relations between Central Asian States and China. First of all, it is related to China’s new strategy known as “One Belt, One Road” where Central Asia is considered as an important region.

In Uzbek poetry of the independence period, which is a legitimate part of world literature, special attention is paid to the generalization of scientific theoretical views on the creative worldview and creative philosophy of the socio historical period, the artistic perception of reality in poetry and the study of artistic realization. The intensification of the desire for the deep artistic development of the human spiritual world in the poetry of the independence period is associated with the renewal of the period, the historical environment and the artistic thinking of the creators themselves. The harmony of poetry and literary-aesthetic views is a direct result of the synthesis of the principles of creative phenomenon, personality, perception of the world, which is reflected in the author's "I". Image poetics plays an important role in revealing the creative concept and uniting it into a common denominator. The perfection of the product of artistic thinking as a synthesized system is determined by the level of creative thinking and talent. The work of Amir Khudoiberdi is one of such events in the history of national artistic thought, and in the works of the poet created in different genres, he expresses the life, dreams and will of the people in different socio-historical periods. The poet's tendency to create a holistic artistic history of the Uzbek people in the twentieth century is explained by the vast opportunities provided by independence, the end of ideological monopoly, the restoration of national values, the renewal of literary and aesthetic views, the translation of world literature into Uzbek. The transition from the depiction of things to the depiction of ideas has changed the content of artistic creation, while enriching the formal, semantic scale of artistic research.

Close acquaintance with world poetry has long served as one of the important factors in the renewal of our national literature, separated from its spiritual sources- religious and mystical literature, classical and modern literature. The content of the themes of emotional literature is characterized by a focus on the person, not directly on reality. The synthesis of world literary traditions can be seen in the works of Fakhriyor, Ulugbek Hamdam, Bahrom Ruzimuhammad, Farida Afroz, Nodira Afokova, Zebo Mirzaeva, Khosiyat Rustamova, Gozal Begim. Amir Khudoiberdi is also one of the poets of this literary generation who has his own creative credo and works in various genres. Any national literature manifests itself as a systematic, evolving stable phenomenon only in the harmony of different ideologies, styles, views, approaches, ideas, and even contradictions. Only then can it be a true metaphorical representation of being. Amir Khudoiberdi is one of the new generation of artists who lived in a complex and controversial period and saw and understood the subjective approaches to the literature of the Soviet era. A comprehensive scientific study of the creative style, individuality and mastery in the poetry of the independence period on the example of the work of a poet, the generalization of scientific and theoretical views on the poetry of this period gives important conclusions, this scientific research is the product of such a necessary need. In Uzbek literature, the works of Amir Khudoiberdi have not yet been comprehensively studied. The study of the poet’s work is also important in determining the influence, position, and place of local artists in literature. Also, the issue of art and literature, which is one of the means of spiritual and educational environment, education and their formation in our country, has always been in the forefront. Therefore, as the President of Uzbekistan Sh.M.Mirziyoev said: “...attention to literature and art, culture is first of all attention to our people, attention to our future, as our great poet Cholpon said, we have no right to forget that literature, culture and nation can live ”. This fact also determines the relevance of the topic.

Accordingly, this study is based on the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 7, 2017 No. PF-4947 "On the Strategy for further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan", dated September 13, 2017 No. PQ- 3271 "Development of the system of publishing and distribution of books. to a certain extent in the implementation of the tasks set out in the Resolution "On a comprehensive program of measures to improve and promote the culture of reading and reading" and other regulations related to this activity.

There exist numerous resources about the history and culture of Uzbekistan in the libraries and archives of Turkey. This work is about a letter from the Ottoman archives. Documents related to the history of Uzbekistan in the Ottoman archives began to be seen especially in the middle of 16 th  century and continued to increase permanently. As a result of the relations, there are many documents in the Ottoman archives. In return, it is known that a great number of documents about Turkish history and culture are saved in the libraries and archives of Uzbekistan. Scientific works on these documents should be increased and brought to the scientific world. The letter that we work on, was dated 6 April 1706 and sent by Ubeydullah Khan II of Bukhara khanate to the Ottoman Padishah Ahmet III. The letter is saved in the Ottoman Archives operating under the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Department of State Archives. The letter gives essential information about wording, style of language, diplomatic features and historical events in that period. The reason for writing this letter was to declare the accession of Ubeydullah Khan II and to celebrate the accession of Sultan Ahmet. In addition, the work done by Ubeydullah Khan and the importance of the relations between the two countries were mentioned and good wishes were made for their development. The letter was written in old Uzbek (Turkic) language. It is an eloquent and advanced level text in which a number of Arabic and Persian words were used. One of the writing features of the period is the absence of punctuation marks. Another feature of the letter's wording and style is to include several quotations in the same sentence while expressing the idea in order to support and prove the idea. These issues make it difficult to determine the starting and ending places of the sentences as well as making it hard to understand. The quotations included to support and prove ideas and thoughts also reveal the cultural and religious features and levels of the period. The quotations in question are largely verses and hadiths from the Qur'an. This work relies on the first-hand resource and brings in some information to the scientific world about Turkish-Uzbek relations, Uzbek language, history and culture in the late 17 th  and early 18 th  centuries.

The Jewish community of Iran is today the largest in the Middle East. Many other Jewish communities in this region finished their life being, for centuries, a symbol of  the  co-existence between Muslims  and  Jews.  However,  the  Jewish  presence  in  the Islamic  Republic  of  Iran  did not complete and  now  numbers,  according  to  various estimates, 16-18 thousand persons. Even before the Islamization of the Middle East, Iran became  one  of  the  most  important  centers  of  Jewish  life.  During  the Islam era,  the situation  of  non-Muslim  minorities  began  to  be  determined  by  general  Muslim  legal norms.  A  significant aggravation in  the  situation  of  Iranian  Jews  was opened with  the declaration  of  Shiism  as  the  state  religion  of  Iran  in  the period of  the  Safavids  (1502-1736).  In  the  era  of  the  Kajar  rule  (1796–1925),  religious  and  social  restrictions remained a daily reality. The 20th century turned out to be truly revolutionary for Iranian Jews.  Constitutionalist  Revolution  of  1905-1911  proclaimed  the  equality  of  all  faiths, including  Jews,  who  received  the  right  to  representation  in Iranian  parliament.  The policy of Iranian nationalism in 1930-1970. was welcomed by most of the Jews, who felt themselves as a part of the cultural heritage of the country and its ancient history.  But despite the apparent conformity of the bulk of Iranian Jews, it soon became clear that  it  would  be  difficult  for  Iranian  Jews  to  fit  into  the  new  conditions  that  were governed by the country's ongoing policy of total  Islamization of Iranian society, and a radical  restructuring  of  all  spheres  of  life.  The  policy  of  the  Islamic  regime  in  the country towards the Jewish religious minority proceeds from the following postulate: a clear differentiation is made between Jews, on the one hand, and Israel and Zionism, on the other. However, the declarations of the Islamic leaders of IRI show that they identify Iranian  Jews  with  Israel  and  Zionism,  sometimes  wrapping  it  in  sophisticated  verbal forms from which primitive anti-Semitism is appearing.

This  article  is  devoted  to  the  matter  of  expression  of  vowel  sounds  in transcription of the texts of poems in Alisher Navoi’s “Xamsa”. As well based on views of E. Fazilov, K. Yudakhin,  E. Umarov,  Y. Eckman,  A. Rustamov,  A. Kuranbekov,  phonetic systems bend to Aruz and expressed in texts of Navoi’s works are reflected in the article.

The article is dedicated to the literary figure Ihara Saikaku, who was widely recognized as the founder of the “school of modern realistic literature (“ukiyooshi”) in Japanese literature of the 17th century, and to the literary analysis of his collection of short stories “Nihon eitaigura” (“Eternal Storehouse of Japan”). From the point of view of poetics, the collection of short stories"Nihon eitaigura" is considered as one of the best works of the writer in the genre of “choninmono” didactic short stories  for townsmen. Exactly, in this collection the peculiar style of Ihara Saikaku clearly reaches its highest zenith  as  a  writer.  The  analysis  of  the  poetic  and  literary  characteristics  of  the  short stories  collection  "Nihon  eitaigura"  and  its  role  in  Japanese  medieval  literature  as  a literary source is considered to be the aim of the article. Revealing the main theme and the  idea  put  forward  by  the  writer,  as  well  as  defining  the  structure  of  plot  and composition, the system of characters in the “Nihon eitaigura” through the example of the  short  stories  included  in  it,  is  the  research’s  main  task.  Cultural  and  historical, comparative historical methods of analysis are used to achieve the goals and accomplish the tasks mentioned above. At the beginning of the article, author gives information about the studies related to the works of a prominent representative of Japanese 17 th  century prose, Ihara Saikaku, and about the conditions of creating the collection of short stories “Nihon  eitaigura”  that  belongs  to  him.  The  structure  and  theme  of  the  collection  are revealed  by  examples  given  from  the  short  stories  that  included  in  it.  Then,  through analysis,  a  system  of  characters  and  its  characteristic  features  existing  in  the  didactic short stories of the writer for the townspeople is characterized. Relying on selected short stories from “Nihon eitaigura, the idea put forward by the writer and the ideals to which he sought, are clarified. Along with, in the article, reflection is given on the style of the writer and the characteristic features existing in it, thanks to which he was able to show the life of the medieval city and customs of his era with amazing skill of the artist, as well as express much about the human dignity of a simple townsmen.

As  it’s  well  known,  there  is  a  single  manuscript  of  “Dоwвn  Luрвt  at-Turk” (“Collection  of  the  Turkic  Words”)  by  Makhmud  Kashgary  is  remained  to  nowadays.  This manuscript with Turkic example systematically bear diacritical marks (signs). Эt is significant that in most cases in one letter at the same time inserted either the signs of fatḥa and kеsra or ẓamma and  kesra  or  over  the  letters  of  fatḥa  and ẓamma. In this article, these are characterized by discord spelling and thier phonological aspects.

The  article  gives  a  comparative  analysis  of  the  Charter  of  terminological organizations in the Persian and Uzbek languages, as well as its principles. It is well known that in accordance with theoretical and scientific views, as well as the recommendations  of  the  world  terminology  of  Vienna,  Prague  and  Russian  terminology schools,  an  international  standard  has  been  established,  which  is  an  instruction  for  all languages in general linguistics. Prior to this, a number of standardization associations were created,  including  in  1926  the  ISA  (International  Association  for  Standardization)  -  the "International  Association  for  Standardization",  in  1931  in  Europe  the  British  Standard Institution  -  the  British  Institute  of  Standardization,  and  in  1946  the  ISO  (  International Organization for Standardization). And in Iran at different periods were established three language academy to preserve the purity  of  the  language.  The  third  academy,  that  is,  the  last  of  them,  is  the  “Academy  of Persian Language and Literature”, which was founded in 1991 and has its own Instruction. At the same time, "Atamakom" started its activities in the Uzbek language, and completed it in the short term. The  article  presents  an  analysis  of  the  International  Terminological  Organization Standard - ISO 704, which was created at the school of world terminology, as well as the influence of its principles on term formation on the rules of term formation in the Persian and Uzbek languages, different and similar sides of each. In addition, some paragraphs of the Charter  of  the  "Academy  of  the  Persian  Language"  were  compared  and  analyzed  by  the relevant paragraphs of the terminology of the Uzbek "Atamakom". The  main  goal  of  the  article  is  to  analyze  the  provision  of  terms  for  borrowing  by terminological organizations that were founded for the formation of terms in the Persian and Uzbek languages, as well as compare and study the Statutes for the formation of new terms, to  look  at  the  correspondence  of  the  clauses  of  the  Standard  of  the  International Terminological Organization ISO 704. As a result of comparisons of theories a number of proposals for the creation of terms in the Uzbek language are presented.

This article discusses the significance of the works of al-Beruni, one of the earliest scholars  of  the  Middle  Ages  East,  which  is  devoted  to  the  study  of  the  emergence  of  soil,  its features and physical characteristics, changes in the structure of the Earth layers under various hydrographic  conditions,  and  al-Beruni’s  contribution  to  the  development  of  the  soil  study  in global scale.

Over the years of independence, our national literature has been developing rapidly and in recent years has gone through various stages of the literary process. In the works of modern authors like Isajon Sultan, Khurshid Dostmuhammad, Ulugbek Khamdam, Zulfiya Kurolboy kizi, Abdukayum Yuldash, Nazar Eshankul such issues as people and society, family relationships, personality and societies, and human existence are described with elements of modernism and postmodernism. This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the stories of the famous Syrian-Lebanese writer of Arab origin Gada as-Samman (born in 1942, Damascus) and the Uzbek writer Zulfiya Kurolboy kizi (born in 1966, Dzhizak). The article discusses such issues as the mastery of psychological analysis of the authors, the image of the mother and the interpretation of "mother" psychology in fiction in the stories of writers of two people, the role of the child in the fate of a mother, the influence of infertility on the fate and psychology of women, as well as the clash of ideas in the writing style of the authors.

Интерпретация «мани» и описание «ахли Маони» в творчестве Алишера Навои

This article is devoted to the initial stage of the formation of the modern genre of short stories in Saudi prose. The initial stage of Enlightenment in the Arabian Peninsula occurred at the beginning of the twentieth century in 1910-1926 during the period of Turkish rule, long before the era of the “oil boom”, and it is associated  with  the  appearance  of  the  first  printed  publications  in  the  territory  of  the  largest  and  most developed province of the Ottoman Empire, Hejaz.  The extensive spread of educational ideas began in 1926 with the coming to power of Abd al-Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rahman Ibn Saud, the founder of Saudi Arabia , and it continued until the sixties of the twentieth century. The years of  Ibn  Saud's rule  were  the  main  catalyst for  the  sluggish  current  processes  of  Enlightenment  in  the  Arabian Peninsula, and they gave a powerful impetus to the development of Saudi society. Immigrants  from  Arab  countries,  who  were  earlier  in  the  sphere  of  European  impact,  had  a  great influence  on the  development  of  the  educational  movement  and  the  processes  of  literary  renewal  in  the Arabian  Peninsula.  As  carriers  of  advanced  ideas  of  Eurocentrism,  they  pointed  to  the  need  for  social transformations and social reforms in Saudi society. Periodicals  became  the  main  tool  of  the  Arabian  Enlightenment  ideologists,  they  gave  them  the opportunity to reach the average reader, which allowed them to express their thoughts and opinions on various issues. The national press was not only a vehicle for educational ideas in the Arabian Peninsula, but also it played a more important role than in other Arab countries in the process of establishing a new type of fiction in Saudi literature. The gradual development of the short story genre took place in the course of educational and reformatory appeals, newspaper and magazine articles, and other journalistic genres, which were transformed into works of art, united under the name of educational literature.   The first signs of the emergence of the short story genre in Saudi literature date back to the 30’s of the twentieth century. Early examples of narrative art in Saudi literature did not meet the requirements of the short story genre. They lacked a storyline that unites all parts of the work into a single whole, and didactic notes prevailed.  The initial stage of the formation of Saudi short story is a period of fascination with a new form of artistic literature, which has a short volume, allows you to quickly respond to changes in reality, as well as it serves as an effective lever for the implementation of educational idea.

The  article  explores  the  relationship  between  ancient  Arab  history,  in particular, the political life of the caliphate and the Umayyads with the literature of that century. The author highlights how the political picture of the Umayyad era influenced literary life. It is well known, that the period of ruling of the Umayyad caliphs was full of endless wars, conflicts, instability, and yet, despite this, this is the era of great conquests in the history of the Arabs. At that time, when the unrest in the country was at its peak, as well as when the greatest things in the history of the Arabs took place, the Arab rulers themselves  also  made  various  speeches.  The  author  of  the  article  claims,  that  the appearance of numerous sects, groups, parties and other communities on the map of the political life of the Umayyads, constant wars and differences between them  - inevitably led  to  the  need  for  the  art  of  public  speaking.  At  the  end  of  the  article,  the  author carefully analyzes the speech of one of the governors of the Umayyads Ubaidullah bin Ziyad as an example of public speaking and literary heritage.

The article examines the degree of influence of political Islam on the processes of modernization, geopolitics, as well as socio-political development, including the need to create a scientific basis for regulating religious relations in Arab African countries, which have become a source of instability. In this context, political processes in North Africa and the  Middle  East  are  studied.  The  processes  of  social  and  political  transformations  have influenced the political systems of Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and other Gulf countries. The  purpose  of  this  article  is  to  demonstrate  that  the  wave  of  socio-political transformations that began in December 2010 in Tunisia and Algeria, called the “Arab Spring”, was a phenomenon caused by a difficult internal situation, as well as internal and external factors that triggered these events. Also, the result of social and religious unrest was the overthrow of the ruling regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya. They led to changes in the ruling elite in Yemen and to this day the  struggle  continues  between  the  Syrian  government  and  the  opposition.  If  the demonstrations  against  the  regime  in  Tunisia,  Egypt  and  Yemen  were  based  on  the internal  socio-economic  crisis,  corruption  of  the  ruling  elite,  the  absence  of  genuine democratic freedoms and ethno-confessional confrontation, then the support of external forces was a key factor in Libya and Syria. These  events  spanned  the  entire  Arab  world,  with  the  exception  of  Somalia, Mauritania and the Comoros, and led to a change in their political systems, structures, as well as the political future of states. The influence of the “Arab spring” on North Africa and the Middle East is not the same. As a result of the political and economic upheavals of the Arab Spring, countries such as Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Bahrain, Libya, Syria were seriously affected by them. And on Morocco, Jordan, Lebanon, Algeria, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Oman, they had only a superficial influence. At the same time, changes in the socio-political situation in each of the countries of the region directly affect their neighboring states. Recent events in the Middle East and North Africa have created a more complex and interdependent situation, which has led to changes in the relations of security and stability not only in neighboring regions, but also in the world.