Asian Studies

In this article the author described the meaning of epigrafic and numezmatic sources in reseaches of ancient history of India. The author allocated the meaning of epigraphic and numizmathic sources in researches of Ancient Indian history.

The purpose of this article is to study the research centers operating in the Arab states and analyze the extent of their involvement in the development of strategic concepts in public life. The study of cooperation between research centers and political offices of the state gives an opportunity to clarify the development degree of science and democratic traditions, and political pluralism in Arab states. Methodically, two criteria were chosen for evaluating the activities of Arab research centers: first, the state's  investment  in  science,  and  second,  their  democratic  indexes.  In  both  criteria,  the  Arabian international rankings are based on reports from competent rating agencies and research centers. In order to analyze the activities of research centers, firstly, their development stages, secondly, factors that affected the activities of the centers, and thirdly, the role and importance of the centers in strategic decision-making related to domestic policy, economy, international cooperation and regional security were investigated.  The study revealed that the current tensions and increasing crises in the region do not allow the centers to overestimate their effectiveness.

One of the unique genres of folklore is the proverb. The proverbs are examples of a brief, polished work that is based on the experiences of a nation over many centuries. It would take years for a public opinion to be proverbial, and it would be compact. It is also important that the idea you want to quote is  conclusive.  Because  not  every  single thought is  a  proverb.  To be  proverbial,  an  event  must  be judged and summarized. Articles written in large volumes to date have been published in the “Devonu Lughati-t-Turk”, a work of  the  11th  century  linguist  and  folklore  scholar  Mahmud  Kashgari.  In  the  work  proverbs  are  used  to express the meaning and meaning of a Turkic word. The author uses about three hundred proverbs in his work, some of which are repeated and some come in abbreviated form. Ancient  Turkic  proverbs  have  their  own  structure.  In  their  structure,  along  with  fiction,  language phenomena and style are different. Especially, the combination of language and art plays an important role in influencing the meaning of the article. The allegory and confusion among such visual aids is found in many of the ancient Turkic proverbs. This article explores the role of these two events in ancient Turkic proverbs and their impact on the meaning of the article.

The  article  analyzes  the  role  of  “public  diplomacy”  in  the  success  of China’s domestic and foreign policy, shaping the image of the state in the international arena, as well as in developing intercultural cooperation with Uzbekistan.

This article studies the problems of re-creation national originality in litrerary translation of outstanding state figure and well-known Uzbek writer Sharaf Rashidov in example of novel “G‘oliblar” (Winners). The article gives exact examples concerning to national specific words, and others lexical units, which is represents national specifics  feauters  of  the  novel.  And  there  comes  discourse  about  role  and  function  of translation of national specific words.

This article is devoted to the study of the specific peculiarities of the French translation of conceptual metaphors in the Uzbek language on the basis of French translations of the works of E. A’zam. In order to reveal the peculiarities of the French translation of conceptual metaphors in the Uzbek language, three samples of E.A’zam's works and their translations by Sh.Minovarov were investigated. The analyzed metaphors were selected according to their originality, expression in translation, and level of influence on the content of the text. The classifications included to the content of orientational, structural, and ontological metaphors were expanded based on sources related to the semantic types of metaphors.

The article deals with the use of Persian traditions in the Samanid rule of the city, as well as historical conformity of the administration of Samanid period.

One of the main issues raised in the article on Upanishads is the relation-ship  of  "I"  to  the  nature  and  the  universality  of  existence  in  general.  Philosophical concepts are interpreted as rationalism as a process of self-awareness from the senses to the examples of ideas. It was analyzed that the rationalization of Upanishad was later a basis for the development of Indian thought, which in turn influenced Islamic philosophy.

Currently, a number of scientific studies are underway to translate the masterpieces of Uzbek literature into  foreign  languages  and  samples  of  foreign  literature  into  the  Uzbek  language,  and  to  the scientific study of translated works. Within the framework of this topic, the study of the problem of the choice of words in literary translation is of current importance. When it comes to translations made between the Uzbek and Turkish languages belonging to the same language family, which are spoken by peoples who have a common culture, common customs and traditions, the situation often changes. It should also be recognized that the translation between these two languages has not only its advantages, but also a kind of complexity. The scientific problem posed in this article will be considered on the example of Turkish translations of the work of the famous Uzbek writer Utkur Khashimov. When choosing the topic of this study, it is taken into account that currently there are not enough scientific works devoted to urgent issues of literary translation from Uzbek into Turkish, and much remains to be done at the behest of the time. Particular attention is paid to the importance of studying the problem of word choice and stable phrases in literary translation, the role and  place  of  bilingual  dictionaries  in  the  translation  process,  and  the  problems  of  transmitting  “false equivalents”. The article also attempts to elucidate serious questions about the fact that a word in a literary translation from Uzbek into Turkish and the context is a means of literary interpretation of the text, and translators often encounter problems when translating the title of works. Despite the fact that the Uzbek and Turkish languages, which form the basis of this study, belong to the same language family, that most lexical and phraseological units are fundamentally different in their etymology in these languages, it requires a special  approach  from  translators.  The  conclusions  made  during  the  research  are  confirmed  by  the theoretical conclusions of famous translation scholars.

The article deals with al-Farabi's contribution, Ibn Cynna in art and esthetic culture of the East. It analyses basic categories and concepts of their esthetic concepts: beauty, fine, harmony, perfection, measure, art, imitation, esthetics. The accent is put on the theory of music of al-Farabi, a problem of poetic art of Ibn Cynna. It shows the role of art progress in formation of the harmonious person.

This article deals with the experience of translating historical novels in translation studies. It is also devoted to current and important problems of the theory and practice of translation of historical novels in translation studies today. The process of translating historical novels in translation studies is explained on the basis of examples of educational, political, ideological and aesthetic significance. It says that the translation of historical novels into foreign languages is important in promoting the national values of the
people to the world. The article also discusses the role of the experience of world translation schools in the translation of historical novels in translation studies, as well as a comparative analysis of the specific methods of the Uzbek National School of translation studies and world translation schools. It is emphasized that the translation of historical novels, unlike works of other genres, is important as works of high artistic expression, which clearly show the history, values, spiritual world and national spirit of the people. The main condition for achieving adequacy in the translation of historical novels is the transfer of artistic originality of the original, its national characteristics and the ability to fully reflect the individual creative style of the author. It also considers the successes and shortcomings of direct or indirect translation from one language to another. Of course, in the direct translations of historical novels, special attention is paid to the fact that the mastery of the translator is the primary task in restoring the artistry of the work. Also, the genesis of translation of Uzbek historical
novels, methods of translation, especially the problem of style in translation into English and
the peculiarities of working on the translation of historical works are studied on a scientific
basis. In this regard, scientific and practical recommendations have been given today, taking
into account the experimental trends of the world schools of translation, to improve the mechanisms of action for the formation of professional competence in the practice of translating historical novels.

The article deals with millions of refugees, have been emerged as a result of internal disagreements in the Middle East and moving towards Europe, and the German “open door” policy for those refugees, as a result of internal dissatisfaction in Germany, government conflicts, the rise of crime in German society, the fear of the disappearance of  the  national  state  and  traditions,  the  fear  of  Islam  and  the  rise  of  public  political movements.

An adverb is a lexico-grammatical class of unchangeable, as a rule, words denoting a sign of an action, quality or object and acting in the syntactic function of a circumstance or definition, less often of a predicate. The adverb in all languages of the world belongs to the late parts of speech, the formation process of which continues to the present day. At the same time, words belonging to this category still retain their functions in other parts of speech from which they were formed. Another distinctive feature of the adverb is the conceptual heterogeneity of the class of words in comparison with other parts of speech. Based on the above, we can say that there are many definitions of adverbs in Afghan and Iranian studies. Previously, the works of Arab scholars served as the basis for studying the grammar of Dari and the Persian languages; today, Afghan and Iranian philologists admit that there are significant differences between Arabic and their  languages,  and  therefore,  in  studying  the  grammar  of  their  language,  they  try  to  take  into  account  the grammatical features exclusively Farsi. It should be noted that there is an activity of Iranian philologists in the field of writing scientific articles and books devoted to the interpretation of a particular grammatical issue, the attention of researchers to the structure of syntax has increased. We have analyzed a number of works on the grammar of the Dari and Persian languages, which touch on the question of parts of speech and minor members of a sentence. Below is a brief description of some works on the grammar of the modern Dari and Persian languages, in which the question of our research is most fully considered. In world linguistics, the Dari language is not widely studied, like the Persian language. In Iranian studies, in the scientific description of this language, it is mainly noted that it differs from the modern Persian language. In the Dari language, as well as in the Persian language, the authors consider the adverb from a morphological and syntactic point of view. In the course of our research, we analyzed the works related to the modern Dari language, as well as unique works that are being republished for the second time in Afghanistan

Hazrat Alisher Navoi's works are the pinnacle of the nation's artistic and aesthetic thinking. It is difficult to find a thinker who has reached such a high level of creative perfection in the literature of Uzbek or other Turkic peoples, or even in world literature. That is why there is no poet or writer among his successors who did not learn from Hazrat Navoi's art studio. But there are not many artists who perfected and developed the poetic traditions of the great poet, even if it was through specific poetic images or symbols. The lyrics of Furqat son of Zakirjon Khalmuhammad are of special importance as they are included in the list of such unique creations.

Russia  and  China  are  connected  not  only  by  a  three-and-a-half-thousand-kilometer-long border, but also by mutually beneficial cooperation: political, economic, and cultural. Every year there is a growing interest in the Chinese language, respectively, and Chinese culture. A precedent phenomenon is an integral part of the culture of any country, creating an expressive characterization of a character or situation. Knowledge of precedent phenomena is an indicator of the literacy of a language personality. In this article, we will answer the question of what is a precedent phenomenon, and what is its  significance  in  the  language  culture  of  a  particular  country.  Consider  the  precedent phenomena from Chinese fairy tales, it is the fairy tale that helps to update the knowledge about the five-thousand-year-old culture of China. Let's analyze Chinese fairy tales for the presence of precedent phenomena. We will also analyze the jokes used in oral speech by modern Chinese, which contain precedent phenomena from the fairy tales, legends, and legends. Understanding fairy-tale stories, characters and situations helps to understand the way of thinking,  beliefs,  and  values  of  the  people.  The  fairy  tale  reflects  the  national  specifics peculiar to the people. The value of a fairy tale lies in the fact that it, a fairy tale, is a carrier of national memory. Knowledge of the precedent phenomena of Chinese culture will help to study the culture of the middle state more deeply; it will facilitate communication. In the article, we give examples of precedent phenomena specific to the people of China, which reflect the national character. The analysis can be useful both in the study of Chinese culture, and to improve the quality of  speech communication  between  native  Chinese  speakers  and  foreigners,  as  well  as the effectiveness of learning Chinese by forming an understanding of precedent phenomena and ways of using them. Understanding  the  traditional  culture  of  the  Chinese  nation  through  the  study  of precedent phenomena is ideal for improving the level of knowledge and understanding of the Chinese language, as well as Chinese culture for international students.

The article is devoted to the formation of the theoretical and legal basis of the cash waqf in Muslim society, the creation of a mechanism for the exploitation of this type of property  and  the  history  of  this  practice  in  the  Khanate  of  Khiva.  First,  the  study  of  this scientific  problem  in  world  historiography  is  briefly  described  by  the  example  of  other Muslim  countries  and  published works  on  the  history  of  the cash waqf  in  the  Khanate  of Khiva was also analyzed. It also discusses the views of representatives of various schools of Islamic law on the cash waqf and the arguments presented by them regarding this practice. In particular, despite  the  fact  that  the majority of  theologians  and  representatives  of  Islamic jurisprudence  considered  the  creation  of  a  cash  waqf  unlawful,  some  recognized  the legitimacy  of  this  practice  under  certain  conditions.  As  a  result,  based  on  the  arguments about the permissibility of the monetary  waqf, the Ottoman Empire issued a fatwa on the admissibility of the cash waqf and, on this basis, the decree of Sultan Suleiman (1520-1566). Later, on the basis of this legal framework and practice, the procedure for the creation and exploitation  of  cash  waqfs  was  spread  in  other  Muslim  countries.  In  particular,  from  the second half of the 19th century, the creation of cash donations began to gain popularity in the Khanate of Khiva, and by the end of the century it became the main type of waqf property. This study also analyzes the factors that led to the popularity of the cash fund in the Khanate of Khiva, as well as inner features of waqf document, i.e. waqfnāma. The documents on cash waqfs  from  Khorezm  often  stipulate  that  the  property  converted  into  waqf  could  be  used mainly on a lease basis or on the basis of muḍaraba (partnership). However, as the analysis of historical documents shows it was very common to make profit from cash waqf under lease agreements. In order to determine the reasons for this, various aspects and procedures of these two practices were disclosed. It should be noted that special attention is paid to the internal  structure  of  historical  documents  and  their  hermeneutic  analysis,  reflecting  the procedure for exploitation of cash waqfs issued in the the Khanate of Khiva.

In recent years the emphasis placed on the importance of communication in foreign language education has caused a lack of literary texts to be used in Japanese textbooks. Why has this emphasis on the communication aspect of foreign language education caused the usage of literary texts to be pushed aside? On March, 2010 the Japan Foundation proposed that the Japanese foreign language education standard should emphasize cultivating the student's communication skills as that would act as a tool to show the results of the way Japanese was taught, learned, and studied. The purpose of this paper is to go over what exactly it is that Japanese Language Education is seeking and whether or not communication skills should be reconsidered. The meaning of literary texts and their possibilities in language education as well as the position of literary texts and their usefulness in language education will also be covered.

The article analyses history of political place and role of the Temurids as Shahrukh  and  his  son  Ulughbek  in  Mogolistan  continent  (East  Turkestan)  ,  and  also bilateral political, diplomatic relations between them in the middle of XV century based on historical sources.

The article argues that Dost Muhammad, who returned to power after the first Anglo-Afghan war, should pursue a policy of unification, starting all political efforts to turn the country into a centralized  state,  rebuilding  power,  and  reforming  it.  The  economic  and  political  situation  in Afghanistan after the war was very difficult. Tried to establish peace.

This article is dedicated to study the life and work of poets of the Samanid period in Middle Asia. In this article along with the well-known poets, the works of the some poets who are far from attention of scientific and literary community, and the ideas expressed in their works.

The article deals with the study of the picture of the world and its language expression. This issue is the subject of close attention of many disciplines.

In  the  scientific  article  the  analysis  of  essence  of  philosophy  of  modern Confucianism  is  given.  Within  philosophy  of  modern  Confucianism  are  considered neoconfucianism  –  "the  line  Xiong  Shili"  and  post-Confucianism  –  "Fan  Yulan's  line". The accent is put on the doctrine of Fan Yulan who considered philosophical traditions of the  East  and  West  not  contradicting  each  other,  and  complementary.  The  thesis  about need of forming of equal dialogue on the East-West line is reasonable.

The  world  is  dominated  by  ideas.  Only  when  these  ideas  are  formulated  as  a  whole ideology can be seen as a practice. Whatever the ideology may be, it is based on the practicality of the ideology,  and it  is  opposed  to  other  ideologies.  Where  there  is  an  ideological  vacuum,  it  is  possible  to create  a  new  ideology  or  to  bring  another  ideology  from  outside.  But  it  is  impossible  to  create  a  new ideology  that  is  not  compatible  with  one  ideology.  It  means  that  there  has  been  a  split  between  social groups and political ideologies that create divisive ideologies. In  the  "status  quo"  of  international  politics,  the  geopolitical  factor  appears  primarily  as  a  threat  to ideological  security,  and  the  threats  cover  the  political,  economic,  military,  environmental,  cultural  and information spheres of public life. Polygons of ideology have been formed and strengthened in society, and today they  are  showing  that  "ideological  polygons  are  more  powerful  than  nuclear  polygons".  Centers  of  geoideological power are the centers of geopolitical power that have been created for a particular purpose between political institutions and social groups in society. The center of geopolitical power may be a single state, an association of states or groups, political groups with the same level of political commitment. In the scientific comparative analysis of the geoideological power center and the center of geopolitical power, the word "power" in the phrase "center of geopolitical power" should not be omitted. This is because the concept of "geopolitical center" is interpreted differently in international relations theory. The notion of a geopolitical center is primarily used for a single state and, first of all, assumes that the state is "not geographically formed, but geographically important for the movement forces". Geoideolical centers of power are global or regional, as are the centers of geopolitical power. However, when geopolitical power  centers are classified together with the geographical area by the power and political motives of the state, the centers of geopolitical power are characterized by the range of ideas that they seek. The  current  article  analyzes  the  issues  of  evolution  of  ideological  processes  as  well  geoideological threats and the role of power centers in formation of these threats in the contemporary world.

The following article considers one of the most topical issues of diary literature – time transfer through women’s diaries. The author of the article dwells on characteristic peculiarities of women’s diaries such as the author’s personal life stories through the prism of personal perception, which,after all, determined the artistic basis of the whole work.

It  is  to  show  that  the  image  of  the  Ottoman  state  was  formed  through  the Turkestan press during the reign of the Russian Empire. Turkestan  periodicals  regularly  publish  articles  and  reports  published  abroad.  The political  developments  in  Turkey  have  been  closely  followed.  In  particular,  the  processes related to the coming to power of young Turks in 1908, changes in the Turkish army, various wars are given special attention. It is also noted that the spread of ideas of pan-Islamism and pan-Turkism and this is extremely dangerous for Turkestan. Socio-political processes in Turkey in the early twentieth century, the activities of young Turks  in  Turkey,  party  struggles  in  the  country,  as  well  as  the  attitude  of  the  European community to the leadership of the "Unity and Development" party in the political process were widely covered in Turkestan periodicals. It was also noted in the Western media that the interpretation of these processes was covered without a full understanding of the political activities of young Turks.