Asian Studies

In  this  article  in  the  example  of  the  Ancient  Khorazm  literary  school  here  is  considered  speakers’ practical knowledge, as well as the developments of the styles and systems of writing in this region. The proposed data by the author bring to usage imporant findings on the subject of study. Due to the fat that these issues have not enough researches it is now required to anaylyze the problem of the development of practical knowledges and scientific base  in Khorazm oasis  in  pre-Islamic    period.  The  Presented  feature  of  importance  of  the  contents  of  the archeological sources for study of the shaping Astronomy, Geometry, Mathematics, existence of the concrete presentations with reference to the system of these sciences in Khorazm in the Ancient Period and in the Early Middle Ages. Ancient Khorazm falls into the circle of the areas where widely  spread the early system of writing in Central Asia. In this paper the author tries to show  the  impact  of  the  Khorazm  Script  (letter)  to  the  study  of  the  system  of  its  statehood,  socio-economic relations and non-material culture with the use of new approaches.

This  research  is  about  the  development  of  an  important  part  of  Chinese  literature  -women’s literature in XX century. In the beginning of XX century the number of women writers who wrote fiction works increased rapidly. The uneasy situations of the country such as revolutionary movements in the beginning of XX century,  China-Japan  war,  monopole  government  of  Mao  Zedong,  persecuting  the  democratic  movements, deporting intelligent people to the “re-educating” camps and other conditions were not able to obstacle the women to enter the literature world. On the contrary, interfering of women in social-politic life of the country got stronger in the second part of the XX century. The various movements of women, journals and newspapers and societies of women were organized. The role of women in social life became more noticeable and women literature developed more. Women writers such as Bin Sin, Lin Shukhua, Lu In, Din Lin, Syao Khun, Shi Pinmey, Dzao Min, Lyui Bichen, Chjan Aylin got an important place in social-politic and moral-cultural life of the country with their works. Many of these women participated actively in literary processes and public events. In this article some of the mentioned women writers’ life and work will be discussed in detail. The women writers mentioned in this article are confessed not only in China, but also in the world’s literature. The problems risen in women’s works, the real events described by them play a significant role in gaining more knowledge about the history of China in the first half of XX century and enriching our imaginations regarding to literature processes.

The article outlines the evolutionary views of Uzbek ethnogenesis and ethnic history. Historical, ethnographical, archaeological, anthropological, linguistic scientific literature,  their  concepts  and  the  methodology  of  historian  scientists  have  not  been studied in whole or in part on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people. This  scientific  article  is  a  scientific  research,  which  explores  the  topic  in  detail  and encourages  to  the  scientific  reasoning  and  research.  The  article  reflects  monographs, articles,  published  in  various  publications  and  press  releases  of  the  Republic  of Uzbekistan.  Particularly,  scientific  researches  conducted  by  historians  such  as A. Yu. Yakubovsky,  S. Tolstov,  A. A. Semeyonov,  B. A. Litvinsky,  K. Sh. Shoniyazov, A. Askarov, Rakhim Masov and others, their views and its basis were given in the article. During years of the independence, scientists have conducted scientific research on the ethnogenesis  and  ethnic  history  of  the  Uzbek  people,  its  gradual  intensification  and prosperity. In the works of Jabborov new findings on ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people on the basis of  written sources and partly archeological findings have been made. А. А. Askarov, T. K. Hodjaev and other’s works have studied not only ethnogenesis, but also ethnic history issues on the basis of archaeological and anthropological research. The research  of  Uzbek  anthropologists  enriched  the  ethnogenesis  of  Uzbeks  and  proved  the truthfulness  of  the  findings  of  historians,  ethnographers  and  archeologists.  This  article demonstrates the objective approach in the coverage of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people can be clearly seen and their analysis is understandable.

This article shows that as a result of the addition of dozens of young and talented writers to the ranks  of  writers  who  began  their  careers  in  the  1940s  and  1950s,  the  content  of  Afghan  literature  has significantly expanded and developed at the expense of social and even political issues.

This scientific article analyzes the importance of the conceptual ideas put forward in the address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Parliament of December 28, 2018. Special attention is paid to their importance in raising large-scale reforms in the country to a new level, carried out on the basis of an Action strategy. In particular, the issues of deepening globalization processes occurring in the world and difficult international situation under its influence, the need to take into account the international situation in the process of independent political development, the main tasks of further improving the effectiveness of the political system, democratizing society at the current stage of our country are illuminated in it. The President’s address paid special attention to improving the practice of strengthening  parliamentary  oversight over  decisions, passing  laws  and  applying  democratic mechanisms in the activities of parliament. The article also deals with the optimization of the  executive  system,  justified  in  the  address  of  the  President,  about  topical  issues  of increasing the efficiency of the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers. The author of the article talks about the most advanced models of modern democracy being implemented in our country. In particular, he sets forth his analytical thoughts on such  concepts  as  “Democracy  of  monitoring”,  “Deliberative  democracy”,  “E-democracy”, “Mobile democracy” and on other new models of democracy. The article analyzes the great goals and objectives related to the achievement of great results,  based  on  modern  mechanisms  and  principles  of  democracy  in  the  context  of  the implementation  of  innovative  state  policy  containing  the  actual  needs  of  our  country’s renewal and development based on the most advanced requirements of our time, which were set  forth  in  the  address  of  the  President.  At  the  same  time,  it  is  shown  that  the  leading principles, the philosophy of the implementation of innovation policy express the expectations and aspirations of our people. In this regard, the article presents the conclusions about the importance of the implementation of modern innovative democratic development in society.

This  article  traces  the  development  of  the  twentieth-century  short  story  genre  based  on  a comparative historical and comparative typological analysis of the short story genre of Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, and Lebanon, and reveals the processes of interaction and adaptation of modern trends and directions based on the analysis of short stories by Arab writers of the twentieth century. The author highlights the methods of using the artistic traditions inherent in medieval Arabic prose in combination with modern means of expression and image, creative interpretation of myths of the peoples of the East and Greece. The article presents new interpretations of themes and images of short stories from ancient religious sources for artistic and aesthetic representation of modern reality, as well as it analyzes the features of the themes and poetics of modern Arabic short stories such as “ short story” “ ةريصق ةصق” (kissatun kasiratun), “long short story” “       ةليوط ةصق ” (kissatun  tavilatun), “very short story” “ ادج ةريصق ةصق” (kissatun kasiratun jiddan).

This article is based on the principles of formation and development of New Age Vietnamese short stories. In it we can see the peculiarities of the Vietnamese short story of the early twentieth century, in particular, several short stories by Fam Zyui Ton, and get acquainted with new directions in the writer's work. Also, in the process of analyzing the short stories, it is obvious that the writer tried to beautifully and skillfully depict the spiritual and cultural values, traditions and customs of Vietnam through each of his works. In the context of active literary relations, it is very important for every nation to preserve its identity in the conflict of influences. Because as a result of the influence of such universal literary relations, the literary trends  and currents  that  emerged  in  the  West  had  a great  influence on  the  Vietnamese  novel  within the framework of artistic thinking. At the same time, the Vietnamese writer Pham Zui Ton, who wrote in the second half of the twentieth century, wisely used modern trends and artistic expression to create new stories and short stories that were in line with the Vietnamese people's worldview, national characteristics, lifestyle, values and even important aspects of religious thought. is one of the writers. In this article, several stories by Fam Zyui Ton are analyzed using examples. All the examples involved in the analysis further reveal the diversity of creative methods and directions, as well as the specificity of the creative style. After all, the scenes of  life depicted  in  each  work,  interpersonal relationships,  their dialogues,  as  well  as the writer's  unique artistic style are very natural and sincere. The study of the principles of formation and development of the Vietnamese novella of the new period helped us to identify, understand, and distinguish between the changes in Vietnamese literature of that period, the first half of  the  twentieth  century,  the  renewal  of the  literary process,  the  peculiarities  of  traditional realism and romanticism. allows you to visualize the literary environment.

In  this  article,  “Economic  belt  of  Silk  Road”  is  discussed,  its  role  and importance in the degree of economic globalisation through international relations are enlightened, and its purpose and the levels its realisation is exposed.

The article deals with one of the most urgent and disputable problems in the field of literature - the concept of artistic psychology and the history of this issue. The questions of the introduction of the analysis of artistic psychology in literary criticism, the first studies in this area, the theoretical views of Russian and Uzbek literary critics, as well as the attitude to the terminology of artistic psychology and psychological analysis are considered. It also analyzes the analytical, dynamic and typological principles of artistic psychology and their role in the separation of literary types and genres, in particular, the features and development of the genre of psychological storytelling in modern Arabic and Uzbek literature. The literature of every nation has its own stage of development. In addition, when we study the stages of development of the literature of each country, we can observe to some extent the influence of the literature of other near and relatively distant countries at each stage. The links and interaction of Uzbek literature with Arabic literature have a long history, and these literary ties continue to this day. If our ancestors from ancient times were familiar with the world famous work of Arabic literature "One Thousand and One Nights", then with the works of the great Uzbek thinkers and encyclopedists who lived in the early Middle Ages and the Middle Ages and wrote most of their scientific and literary works in Arabic in the genres prose and poetry have made significant contributions to the development of genres of Arabic literature. This is also reflected in the commonality of Islamic culture, religious traditions, Eastern philosophy, lifestyle as well as the works and ideas of European modernists who influenced the literature of the two peoples. These common features are important for a comparative study of the similarities in the literature of two peoples, the evolution of literary genres, the commonality of the subject and idea. Common themes in modern Arabic and Uzbek literature, the similarity of plots and images,  the  similarity  of  the  literary  style  require  a  comparative  typological  and comparative historical study of the traditions of oriental literature and literary processes. In  the  late  twentieth  and  early  twenty-first  centuries,  artistic  psychology  and psychological storytelling in Arabic and Uzbek literature were ahead of other genres in their development. First of all, such psychological stories vividly describe the problems of modern society and complex aspects of human destiny.

The article studies the subject of comparative – typological method of the most productive  kind  of  study  of  folklore.  The  questions  of  types  of  relations  between  folklore  of different nations are investigated and the specific peculiarities of each of them are highlited.

This article is devoted to the study of historical documents stored at the Center for Oriental Studies (COS) and the importance of the researches conducted within the framework of projects.  Besides,  special  attention  was  drawn  to  the  procurement  of  the  government  Decrees directed to the investigation of saving historical documents.

This article focuses on the interests of international system actors in Central Asia in modern global processes, such as the United States and China. In particular, Frederick Starr's concept of "Greater Central Asia", the US Strategy for Central Asia for 2019-2025 and China's "One Place - One Way" project were analyzed.

A review of Korean literature shows that the social status of the heroes of the highest and the most noble qualities were incompatible with their position in the society. They were deprived of many things in their lives, they were persecuted, oppressed,  humiliated,  and  living  in  desperate  poverty.  However,  in  medieval  stories, heroes are not discouraged or pessimistic about the wicked world. This is a significant feature of the works of that time. Particularly, since his childhood, Hong Gil Dong had to endure various forms of harassment and discrimination because of his low social status. Similar feelings were reflected by another hero of the story, Chun Yang, who was naturally polite and well-mannered.  However,  despite  being  aristocrat,  the  same  fate  was  experienced  by  the hero of the Hinbu story. The work of these heroes illustrates the artistic interpretation of the concepts of good and evil. Currently, the Korean literature has a khan category, which is regarded as the evolutionary basis of all Korean culture. In this category, obedience, openness, and optimism are the main factors that determine a person as an individual. The  Han  category  leading  in  medieval  stories  is  also  featured  in  the  novel  by contemporary female novelist Shin Kyong Sook, " Please Look After Mom." The plot of the novel is as follows: the story begins when a mother with a weak memory got lost at the Seoul train station, and an unforeseen misfortune strikes on a quiet,  peaceful  family.  Because  a  mother  never  caused  discomfort  to  her  children, never complained about her health or life, and she was doing well in her daily life.  In the novel, the conflict was resolved when the mother grew up her children like she  had  dreamed  when  they  successfully  graduated  from  school  and  became  a professional  in  their  chosen  professions,  including  her  daughter  becoming  a  world-renowned writer, escaping hard work in the countryside and started living in a city. But the writer of the novel thinks she made the mother unhappy. In fact, the mother lived  happily  for  others  like  her  husband,  brother-in-law,  children,  orphans  of neighbors, children of the orphanage. This is the leitmotif of the novel.

This  article  is  devoted  to  the  issues  concerning  the  latest  changes  and  further activities  of  the  al-Beruni  Center  for  Oriental  Manuscripts.  The  author  also  gives  information about state funded grants which are being successfully implemented by leading experts of the al-Beruni Center.

This article focuses on the revolutionary period that took place in Egypt and is now called the "Arab Spring". In the process of writing an article about the problems of this period, the scientific research of L.L. Fituni, B.G. Seyranyan, A.O. Filonik, A. Bogaturova. It is well known that the Arab Spring is important for both Egypt and the countries of North Africa in matters relating to youth policy in ensuring national security. During the period under review, Egypt's top political leadership learned from the events and realized that youth issues were one of the key issues in domestic politics, and applied them to public life. In addition to the resignation of the Egyptian president, the protesters demanded the lifting of the state of  emergency, fighting unemployment,  raising  the  minimum  wage,  solving  the  problem  of  housing  shortages,  rising  food  prices, improving freedom of speech and living standards, and complete democracy. At the same time, the Egyptian people expected that in this way the first president of the country, undoubtedly elected in fair and free elections, would change life for the better. But Morsi's arrogance and reluctance to enter into alliances with non-Muslims provoked outrage among the population. Egyptian Defense Minister General Abdulfattah el-Sisi has publicly warned that the ongoing conflict "could lead to the collapse of the state." This was a statement from the military who wanted to carry out a coup. Morsi's political actions were so vague that he forced even other Islamists to turn their backs on him. For example, the Salafis welcomed the military coup on July 3, 2013. Mursi was ousted from power and recognized as a terrorist organization by the Muslim Brotherhood, for whose membership a criminal case was initiated. Thousands of Islamists and other political activists were arrested and hundreds of them were sentenced to death. The article analyzes these aspects on the basis of factual material.

This article is about one of the works of the Old Turkic literature – “Irq bitig”. In this article it is analyzed its textual features, phonetic and alternative versions of reading and interpretation of some phrases and sentences.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Khorezm's Muhammad Rahimkhan Feruz created a unique literary atmosphere around his palace. Poets and writers who are Tabibi, Mutrib, Bayani, Avaz Otar, and Chokar worked during this period. The works of the poets are in Persian-Tajik and Turkish languages and have their own traditions. The interest in science significantly grew in Khiva. According to the khan's decree, qualified secretaries set up devons, mukhammases, bayozs, tazkirs, and complexes. At present, such works are kept in the manuscript fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan and in the Ichankala Museum in Khiva. The collection "Majmuai mukhammasoti ash-shuaroi Feruzshahiy" is a large source of lyrical works of Khorezm literary environment. The complex was built in the second half of the XIX century and was built by Tabibi by royal decree. It contains samples of poems by contemporary artists. This source, which provides valuable information about the literary environment of its time, is now stored in the main fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Rayhon Beruni of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan under inventory number 1134. The complex differs from other collections in that it consists of poems of the mukhammas genre. Muhammad Hasan Devon Haji Tabib o‗g‗li Mutrib Khonaharab is one of the poets whose works are included in the creative heritage of the poets. The article analyzes the mukhammases of Mutrib Khonaharab, which are connected with the ghazals of the master poets Ogahi and Feruz. The artistic features of Mutrib‘s mukhammases, which are not found in manuscripts, have been studied. It is based on primary sources that the poet‘s ghazal retains aspects such as weight and content, and introduces innovations, focusing on the gradual development of the content. The mukhammas and musaddas included in the collection were studied from the point of view of textual and source studies, comparing them with the poems copied to the manuscript. 

The  article  is  dedicated  to  the  subject  of  the  study  of  the  scientific  heritage  of scholars from Termez. It is known that Termez from the Middle Ages was accepted  as one of the scientific centres of Mawarannahr and Khorasan. The scholars of the region worked in different directions  of  the  fileds  of  sciences  such    as  natural  sciences  and  humanitarian  sciences.  As  a result, they have left a great scientific heritage. In this article the authir tries to indicate objective and subjective difficulties, connected with the studyof  this scientific heritage and he gives his own suggestions on  how to solve them.

The  article  is  dedicated  to  study  the  attributes  of  the  tent belongs  to  the  19th century used by Emir of Bukhara and nowdays is kept in the State Hermitage of St. Petersburg. Its museum piece is analyzed from a museum studies point of view in the article.

The  article  discusses  issues  related  to  the  ways  of  using  verb  synonyms.  In particular, the range of issues related to the study of synonymy is wide. Interest in studying the ways of using verb synonyms is of interest from both practical and theoretical points of view. It has deep social roots and is closely related to the issues of the culture of speech, which cover not only the norms of the language, but also the skillful conscious selection of linguistic means, as well as their expedient use. The  stylistic  differentiation  of  the  Persian  language,  the  structural  diversity  of  verbs opens up many opportunities for the development of various methods of using verb synonyms. In the development of various ways of using verb synonyms, not only the verb part of complex verbs,  but  also  the  nominal  part  participates.  In  addition,  to  give  the  statement  different stylistic shades, various idiomatic verb phraseological units are used. The presence of a developed synonymy in the language is an indicator of the richness of the language. The functional value of synonyms is realized in speech. Therefore, when using synonyms,  certain  techniques  are  developed  that  help  to  reveal  the  individual  signs  of synonyms,  emphasize  their  characteristic  features,  enhance  or,  conversely,  reduce  the strength  of  the  expressed  expression.  On  the  other  hand,  the  characteristic  features  of synonyms  are  diverse.  This  is  due  to  the  stylistic  and  emotional  coloring,  imagery, associativity. That is why the methods of using synonyms and their stylistic functions are of particular interest.

At the moment, the Middle East remains one of the most explosive regions in the world. Today, Syria has become a kind of center for the global political crisis. This article explores the political prerequisites for the emergence and development of a regional problem, reveals its features, and analyzes the external factors that have had and are affecting the evolution of the Middle East problem. The preconditions for the growth of conflict potential and the intensification of the struggle for influence in the Middle East are studied. The role of Syria in the framework of the rivalry of leading Arab countries and Iran for regional leadership is examined and conclusions are drawn about the goals pursued by them in the Middle East. The issues of the formation of Syria's foreign policy are investigated, the influence of the Palestinian factor on its regional policy is analyzed, the position of Syria on the Lebanese problem is revealed. A number of factors are analyzed that influence the evolution of Syria's foreign policy in the new geopolitical situation in the region.

In traditional Arabic linguistics, the forms of mood are classified in a somewhat peculiar way. In describing the forms of moods, Arabic philologists, emphasizing the semantic and modal shades of the word.  In  traditional  Arabic  grammar,  the  change  of  verbs  by  tenses,  persons,  gender  and  numbers  is studied in Sarf (i.e. morphology), and the declension of names and change of verbs (iʼrab – conjugation) is considered in Nahv (i.e. syntax). Particles due to their invariableness, as well as the ability to control in other words as factors, are considered objects of Nahv. The relation of action to reality is established by various particles, which are called in the grammar – “Huruf”. These particles, on the one hand, express the modal function of conditionality, reality and imperative (prohibition), and on the other hand, perform the  syntactic  function  of  expressing  subordinate  connections  in  complex  sentences  with  subordinate conditional clauses. The article is devoted to the study of the concept of “jazm” in the Arabic language, a comparison of this issue in the works of domestic and foreign philologists, as well as the determination of factors (reasons) that affect the formation of the verb in the form of “jazm” (i.e., the verb in truncated form). Based on the analysis  of  the  views  of  Arab  grammarians,  were  studied  particles  expressing  the  condition,  and  were revealed their syntactic features in the relative clause.

This article analyzes the symbolic expressions reflected in colors in the stories of Razia Tujar, one of the greatest representatives of modern Iranian literature.  In modern Iranian literature, the famous writer Raziya Tujar has a great ability to fully understand a woman's heart, reach the depths of a woman's heart, revealing all its secrets. Razia Tudjar writes in a unique style that distinguishes her works from other writers for the richness of philosophical observations, the beauty of language and style, and the presentation of social problems.  Most of the characters in her stories are women.  The writer is very fond of colors in her stories.  She sees the world through different colors and shades.  Especially gray, full of hardships, she describes it and ends her work in a depressed state.  Our scientific article also emphasizes the role of color symbolism in the richness of the literary imagery of the writer.