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ABSTRACT
This article discusses the role of Ernazar Maqsud in Bukhara-Russia relations. By 1756, Muhammad Rahim Khan (1756-
1758) ascended the throne with the consent of the four clans of Uzbeks - the Mangit, the Chinese-Kipchak, the Baharin,
and the big officials of the palaces, priests and clan elders and began the rule of the Mangit dynasty. This, in turn, will
start a new era in Russian-Bukhara economic and political relations.
KEYWORDS
Ernazar Maqsud, Bukhara-Russia, Muhammad Rahim Khan
INTRODUCTION
Junior officer Philip Efremov has made great
contributions to the study of the history of Russian-
Bukhara relations[1]. In 1774, during the Pugachyov
Uprising, he was captured by the Ural Cossacks and
then by the Kyrgyz in the direction of Orenburg and
brought to Bukhara. Here, due to his knowledge in the
military field, Danyolbi is noticed by the father. He will
be in Khiva and Marv on his father's orders. Then he left
the service in Bukhara and fled to Kokand. From
Kokand, he returns to India via Kashgar, Yorkent and
Tibet, and from there to Russia via England. Philip
Efremov is able to collect valuable information due to
his knowledge of Eastern languages and his official
position in Bukhara [2].
THE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS
Research Article
THE ROLE OF ERNAZAR MAQSUD IN BUKHARA-RUSSIA RELATIONS
Submission Date:
October 25, 2022,
Accepted Date:
October 30, 2022,
Published Date:
November 11, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume02Issue11-03
Akhmadjon Khalikulov
Candidate Of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor National University Of Uzbekistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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VOLUME
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In the fall of 1773, a large caravan belonging to several
Bukhara merchants heading from Bukhara to Russia
was robbed by the Pugachyov gang near Orenburg.
And the survivors in the caravan tell the story of what
happened to the Bukhara government. The price of
goods in the caravan was about 500,000 rubles. The
government of Bukhara decides to send an embassy
group led by the son of Mullah Ernazarbi Maqsud to
the Russian tsar on behalf of the then puppet Khan
Abulgazi [3].
This embassy served to revive trade and diplomatic
relations between Bukhara and Russia, which had
stopped for a long time. In documents related to the
State Council and the government of the Russian
government, the son of Ernazarbi Maqsud is
mentioned as a "Bukhara merchant, mullah and
ambassador, a person [4] who brought glory to the
nation", a learned, scholarly person[5]. His activities
connected with Russia from 1745 to his death are highly
appreciated [6].
Before that, he came to Russia several times (starting
from 1745) as a merchant and performed various
services in the imperial court [7].
The Russian government banned the export of
strategic raw materials (copper, lead, etc.) and their
products to Central Asia. Dissatisfaction with this
policy is clearly visible in the activities of the
ambassadors of Bukhara khans to Russia[8]. They
mentioned that Russian merchants are trading freely in
the cities of Bukhara, and were able to convince the
Russian government that conditions should be created
for Bukhara merchants as well. But despite such
restrictions, Bukhara merchants were able to get the
opportunity to take from Russia the limited raw
materials and goods necessary for the defense of their
country. The son of Mulla Ernazar Maqsud was not only
the official ambassador of the country, but also such an
ambitious businessman.
In 1774, the Bukhara ambassador Mullah Ernazar
Maqsud went to Moscow to the palace of Ekaterina II
through Astrakhan [9]. The embassy consisted of the
ambassador's son, head of state Muhammad Sharif,
Mullah Akhun Arab, Mullah Imam Halil, adviser and
mirza Mullah Bobosharif, treasurer Muhammad Sharif,
centurion Ayozberdi, as well as a doctor from Bukhara,
cooks, bakers, servants, 9 singers and 10 servants for
to look after the horses Catherine II and Prince Pavel
and total of 53 people.
The ambassador was entrusted with the responsibility
of delivering valuable gifts to the Russian King
Ekaterina II, in addition to the credentials of Khan of
Bukhara Abulgazi [10].
The gifts for the king included the following: 7 Arabian
purples decorated with precious cloth and saddles, 18
gold-plated Indian pieces (women's clothing), 127
pounds of louvres, 84 pounds of ravoch(plants); 5
pounds of horseradish root, 3 Arabian horses with
saddles for the her son Tsarevich 10 Indian pieces for
her daughter, Arabian horses with expensive saddles
for Osterman, Panin, brothers Orlov and Olsufev.
In addition, Ernazarbiy also brings 20 Russian captives
who were in slavery and who were bought by the
Bukhara government and sent as gifts to the Russian
King. Taking advantage of the opportunity, the
ambassador and his entourage, due to their diplomatic
status, will also cross the border without paying any
customs duties [11].
The embassy mission left Bukhara at the end of January
1774 and arrived in Orenburg in February via Khiva. He
stayed here for half a year due to Pugachyov's rebellion
and arrived in Astrakhan in early September 1774
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through Mangishlok. The governor of Astrakhan,
Major General Krechetnikov, will keep them inside the
country until they receive permission from Petersburg.
Catherine II instructed Krechetnikov to keep the
embassy group in Astrakhan until the end of January
1775 and to send a group of no more than 20-30 people
to Moscow at her request [12].
In the meantime, Krechetnikov stops the movement of
the caravan with various bureaucratic obstacles, and
according to Ernazarbi Madsud's son, a toll of 20-30
rubles is charged from the caravan for each day it stays.
After Ernazarbi's letter to Chancellor Count Osterman,
the situation eases. Finally, on February 9, 1775, 42
employees of the embassy mission, accompanied by
Captain Egor Pavlov, one junior officer and two private
soldiers, divided into two groups, set off for Moscow
with an interval of two days [13].
The diplomatic mission arrived in Moscow [14] on
March 14, accompanied by a cavalry unit under the
command of Captain Pavlov, an officer of the
Astrakhan garrison, and Poruchik Shchedyakov, and
settled in a house belonging to the Foreign Affairs
Committee on the Moscow River. However, they do
not stay here long and rent a private house for 125
rubles a month.
On March 27, due to the absence of the chancellor, the
embassy will be received by the vice-chancellor Count
Panin. Ambassador Ernazar Maqsud handed over the
credentials of Bukhara Khan Abulghozi to Catherine II,
conveyed the greetings of his ruler and explained the
purpose of the ambassador's visit to Russia [15].
After that, he sits to the right of the Vice-Chancellor,
and to the left of Panin, State Councilor Bakunin. The
ambassador's son and other representatives stand.
Panin had a friendly conversation with the officials of
the Bukhara state, coffee and sweets were served to
the guests [16].
On April 5, the delegation will be formally received by
Empress Ekaterina II, Crown Prince Pavel and special
officials. At the reception ceremony, the ambassador
presented the empress with two labels of Abulgazi
Khan. The first label contained proposals for expanding
trade between Bukhara and Russia and compensation
for the damage to a caravan robbed by the Pugachyov
gang near Orenburg, and the second label contained a
congratulatory note on the occasion of Prince Pavel's
marriage [17].
Ernazar Maqsud asks the merchants of Bukhara to
reduce customs taxes collected in the border cities of
Russia, such as Astrakhan and Orenburg, and to be
allowed to trade freely in the inner cities of Russia [18].
In this respect, it is emphasized that the purpose of the
embassy of Ernazar Maqsud was important. In the
reports of the Russian Foreign Affairs Committee, it is
written that during the reception ceremony, the
Bukharans wore colorful dresses made of silk,
Ernazarbi wore a turban on his head, and the rest wore
hats. After that, the people of Bukharan will be warmly
welcomed at the reception of Prince Pavel [19].
On June 25, 1775, Ernazar Maqsud was received by Vice-
Chancellor Osterman and conveyed to him the
requests of the Russian government. The ambassador
not only answered all the questions of the vice-
chancellor about the trade routes leading to Bukhara,
the distance from Bukhara to Orenburg and
Mangishlok, Russian products in high demand in
Bukhara, domestic and foreign market opportunities,
water sources on the roads, but also a number of
questions related to the expansion and further
development of Bukhara-Russia relations [20].
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The embassy will be engaged in trade activities during
its next year in the Russian capital. During this time,
they focus on selling the products they brought and
buying the necessary products from Moscow factories
to take to Bukhara.
On January 15, 1776, before returning to Bukhara, the
ambassador was once again received by Count Panin,
and before returning from Moscow, Ernazarbi received
a reply from the Russian empress Abulgazi in the name
of the Russian empress Abulghazi, as well as the reason
for the rejection of the Chancellor's request for
compensation for the looting of the Bukharan caravan.
A letter explaining the factors will be submitted. At the
same time, the ambassador was given an expensive
diamond-encrusted chess set made for the Crimean
Khan Sagin Girey, as well as diamond bouquets worth
about 2000 rubles on behalf of the prince, as a return
gift to the Bukhara Khan [21].
For his contribution to the development of relations
between the two countries, Ambassador Ernazar
Maqsud will be awarded the following valuable gifts
according to the decree of Ekaterina II:
- a ship to trade with the territories of the Empire
through the Caspian Sea;
- the right to free trade in the territory of Russia for five
years and not to collect customs duties on goods
worth up to 10,000 rubles;
- 2,000 rubles will be allocated as a reward, in addition,
1,000 rubles will be given for travel expenses;
- 2,000 rubles will be returned from the treasury on
account of the goods brought by the ambassador for
sale in Russia and confiscated in Astrakhan;
- A fur from the skin of an otter is given as a gift;
- 1,630 rubles will be allocated for travel expenses from
Moscow to Astrakhan [22].
In addition, the son of Ernazar Maqsud was allowed to
buy 15,000 pounds of iron, 5,000 pounds of steel, and
3,000 pounds of copper of strategic importance and
send them to Bukhara without paying customs duties
[23]. According to Russian Orientalists S.V. Zhukovsky,
P.Yakovlev and P.P.Shubinsky, the gift of money
indicated that the ambassador had accomplished his
task skillfully[24], although he did not fulfill the main
task of the diplomatic mission, which was to
compensate for the damage of the robbed
caravan[25].
At first glance, it seems that the main goal of this
embassy was to develop Russian-Bukhara trade
relations, but the political importance of the relations
between Russia and Bukhara was also considered. That
is, Bukhara was one of the first to recognize the rule of
the Russian government over the Kazakh people [26].
In the middle of 1779, Ernazar Maqsud was sent to
Russia as an ambassador for the second time. This time
he had to go to Moscow to meet with the empress
Catherine II, to renew the claim for compensation for
the stolen caravan in Astrakhan, to ask for 3000
pounds of copper for the Bukhara government, and a
very delicate and complicated task - to pass through
the territory of Russia, which at that time had great
power in the Muslim world. There is a demand to
strengthen relations with Turkey [27].
The diplomatic group consists of 28 people, and this
time, like the previous one, will leave with the
following gifts:
The empress was presented with two Arabian saddles
decorated with saddle-harness, a sword decorated
with diamonds and precious stones, 35 pairs of Indian
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silk cloth decorated with gold and silk; one purple cloth
for the prince, 10 pairs of silk cloth for the princess; Five
Arabian horses for Potemkin, Panin, Bezborodko, and
others, 115 Bukhara goldsmith's robes woven from
precious fabrics, gold-plated weapons, as well as other
unique handicrafts made in Bukhara [28].
In addition, Mulla Ernazarbi brought the following gifts
to the Russian court at his own expense: a diamond-
encrusted chess set worth 18,000 rubles, 20 pairs of
Indian pieces, four bundles of ostrich feathers at 2,000
pieces each; arabian persimmon to the prince; 10 pairs
of Indian breeches to the queen and 2 bundles of
ostrich feathers at 1000 each. Horses and other
valuables to ministers and high officials of the palace
[29].
The embassy left Bukhara in the spring of 1799, arrived
in Orenburg on August 10, and stayed there until the
beginning of December.
On December 24, representatives of the Bukhara
embassy mission, accompanied by Orenburg border
battalion ensign Palchikov, will arrive in Moscow. On
January 4, they will arrive in Petersburg and settle in
the residence belonging to the Foreign Affairs
Committee on Vasilevsky Island. This time, 360 rubles
per month will be allocated by the state for the
expenses of embassy representatives; a carriage with
an umbrella is bought for 800 rubles to carry the
ambassador; and two Izvosh are hired to carry other
representatives of the embassy. 50 kopecks per day for
an officer attached to escort the ambassador, 25
kopecks for an interpreter, 15 kopecks for a contractor,
and 10 kopecks for an ordinary soldier; 80 rubles will be
awarded to second lieutenant Kolokoltsov, who will
carry the horses brought as a gift, 10 rubles to the
contractor, and 5 rubles to the Cossacks [30].
On January 21, the embassy will receive Count Panin,
and on February 2, they will receive the empress.
Unlike before, this time Ekaterina II shows a great favor
to the ambassador of Bukhara. However, the empress
accepted the gifts sent by the khan and refused to
accept the personal gifts of the ambassador. Muratov,
the Secretary of the Foreign Affairs Committee, is
specially sent to announce this. Because these gifts
were not from Bukhara Khan, but personal gifts from
the ambassador.
During his stay in Petersburg, Ernazarbi submits the
following questionnaire to the State Council of Foreign
Affairs on behalf of the government of Bukhara and
himself:
-
Allocation of 471,830 rubles to the government of
Bukhara to compensate Bukhara merchants for the
looted caravan in 1773;
-
3000 pounds of ingot copper from the Troitsk
factory as a gift to the Khan;
-
In 1775, the embassy bought 20 Russian captives
and returned them to Russia with a monetary
reward;
-
To allow the ambassador, his son and
representatives of the embassy to freely pass
through Russian territories to and from the
Ottoman state;
-
Presenting a royal fur coat and a mink on behalf of
the royal family as a compliment to Turkish, Persian
and other ambassadors for an honorable reception
at the Russian court [31].
All these requirements were among the secondary
objectives of the diplomatic mission. As mentioned
above, Ernazarbi's main goal was to restore Bukhara-
Turkish trade relations through the Russian-Turkish
borders and to open the way to Mecca for pilgrimage
[32].
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This survey was studied by the Russian government,
and according to the decision of Ekaterina II, on May 9,
1780, the decision of the Council of Foreign Affairs was
adopted.
According to him, it is indicated to send the Bukhara
ambassador's mission to Constantinople via Kiev or
Kherson and provide them with all possible assistance
on the way to the border. Also allocate 2,600 rubles for
the distance to the border and 1,200 rubles for travel
expenses; 1,300 rubles to buy and present a carriage
with an umbrella to carry the ambassador; Ernazarbi
and his son were given a royal fur coat on behalf of the
royal family and 2000 rubles as a reward; Khan of
Bukhara was instructed to give 3,000 pounds of cast
copper from the Troitsk plant and to inform the
ambassador about it by mail [33].
Ernazarbi's request to pay compensation to Bukhara
merchants for the looted caravan is again rejected.
Bukharans will leave Petersburg on October 10 and
arrive in Kherson on October 19. From there, one of the
two Greek ships hired by the governor of Kherson,
Lieutenant-General Hannibal, will sail to Ochakov, with
the ambassador and the group members and cargo in
the other. Second lieutenant Kolokoltsov and ensign
Palchikov will escort the convoy to Kherson.
According to Bulgakov, the authorized minister of the
Russian embassy in the Ottoman state, representatives
of the Bukhara embassy led by Ernazarbi arrived in
Constantinople on October 27, 1780, and were received
by Sadri Azami (prime minister) of the country on
November 9. After the political negotiations, Ernazarbi
leaves for Mecca. In September 1781, on his way back
to Bukhara, Mulla Ernazarbi died in Konya after
suffering from a plague spread in Asia Minor [34].
This is the end of Mullah Ernazarbi's two-time
ambassadorial mission to Russia. However, his son
Muhammad Sharif continued his work and visited the
Russian palace twice. For the first time in 1783, when
returning from Constantinople to Bukhara, and later in
1785, he entered the reception of Ekaterina II as the
ambassador of Bukhara. The fact that the credentials
presented by Mohammad Sharif during his second visit
were not stamped by the Bukhara government raises
some doubts among the Russians. It is not known
whether it was a simple misunderstanding, or because
of the internal conflicts that flared up in Bukhara.
However, although the Russian government does not
accept Mohammad Sharif as an official ambassador, it
welcomes him warmly. Money will be allocated from
the state treasury for expenses during his stay in
Petersburg, and he will be awarded with a monetary
reward upon his return to his homeland. During
Muhammad Sharif's trip to Russia, he was initially
accompanied by Philip Efremov and in 1785 by
Kolokoltsov [35].
Although, like his father, he was considered worthy of
Catherine II's favor, he could not solve the main idea
that his father had started - to open trade routes from
East Asia to Western Europe via the shores of the
Caspian, Baltic and Black seas. After the death of
Ambassador Ernazarbi Maqsud, this idea was
forgotten for a long time. The general state of political
events in Western Europe, chronic misunderstandings
with Turkey and Sweden, and the turbulent situation in
Poland, Crimea, and Georgia diverted the attention of
the Russian government to East Asia and focused all its
efforts on the western and southern borders. Ideas
about Turkestan were pushed back[36].
CONCLUSION
As for Mulla Ernazarbi, as a world-viewed progressive,
he was able to feel how backward his country was, and
to develop it, he was able to explain to the rulers of
Bukhara that it was necessary to strengthen trade
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relations with Western countries and the Ottoman
Sultanate. Although his efforts as an ambassador
ended in failure, the madrasa he dreamed of was built
in the center of Bukhara with the funds he collected
through
entrepreneurship.
Apparently,
the
construction work was completed by his son
Muhammad Sharif. Ernazarbi's ambassador left a name
in history as a skilled diplomat who successfully
negotiated with the king of the most powerful country
of his time, an enlightener who risked his life for the
noble idea of building an educational institution for his
people [37].
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