Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
16
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
09
P
AGES
:
16-21
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article describes AI strategies, which are the key to technological progress and the digital economy, have become
the priority of state policies and how important it is in the race among superpowers on a global scale. It also analyzes
emerging smart technologies affect international geopolitics.
KEYWORDS
N
ational AI strategy, emerging technologies, “Super Smart Society”, “AI for American Industry”, “Made in China –
2025”, Great Power Competition, “Jillin –
1”.
INTRODUCTION
The development of artificial intelligence has already
been defined as one of the most important tasks of
state policy in developed countries. Conducting
research in this field, creating technology based on it,
and implementing it in practice have been accepted as
a symbol and criterion of national competitiveness,
security, and economic power in recent years and a
number of leading countries have developed their own
national artificial intelligence programs. This is
especially evident in countries that claim global
leadership. In the conditions of globalization, the
superpowers, which are striving to achieve as many
national interests as possible and to play a bigger role
in global governance, aim to achieve a powerful
economic and military superiority with the help of AI.
METHODS
In this article content, event and comparative analysis
were used.
Results. AI is called “new electricity” (Merz, 2019, p.1).
Discoveries in the field of artificial intelligence have led
to new inventions, greatly increased the capabilities of
scientists and engineers to create more powerful and
productive machines, and the process is expected to
change the geopolitical and geoeconomic landscape of
Research Article
THE RACE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR SUPREMACY
Submission Date:
September 06, 2023,
Accepted Date:
September 11, 2023,
Published Date:
September 16, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue09-04
Nurmukhammad Y. Samijonov
Independent Researcher, Tashkent State University Of Oriental Studies Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
17
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
09
P
AGES
:
16-21
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the world in an unprecedented way. Considering the
power and the importance of emerging smart
technologies and AI, governments are implementing
strategic AI plans.
Some say that the United States was re-entering an era
of great power competition, in which China and Russia
“want to shape a world antithetical to U.S. values and
interests” (Wong, 2019). Alaca found that one of the
newest technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), has
aided in the emergence of new identities for social
beings as society transitions from analogue to digital,
beginning with compound technology (Alaca, 2022,
p.11). Horowitz et. al found that the impact of AI on
nations’ and corporations’ capacity to ama
ss wealth as
well as its implications for the nature of work are what
most clearly connect AI, the global economy, and
economic power (Horowitz, et. al, 2018, p.14). AI
technologies will be the drivers of future economic
growth and national security and China is simply more
determined to win ( Allison & Schimdt, 2020, p.4).
National strategies regarding AI research &
development. In 2017, Canada became the first country
to develop a national artificial intelligence strategy and
announced a $125 million investment in the field
(Brandusescu, 2021, p.17). In 2018, Mexico was the first
Latin American country that announced its national
strategy for AI.
On October 15, 2017, a report entitled "Growing the
Artificial Intelligence Industry in the UK" was published
in Great Britain, in which it is written that AI can bring
benefits to the British industry in the amount of $814
billion by 2035 (Laužikas & Miliūtė, 2020, p.564). In
Japan, the 2016 "Super Smart Society" future plan was
announced, and it envisages the development of the
information technology, AI and robotics industries
(Febriansyah et al., 2020, p.1560). President Macron
signed France`s national AI plan in 2018.
The process is growing fast in Global South as well. A
number of Asian countries are developing plans to
implement the achievements of AI at the national level.
In 2018, India's NITI think tank released a preliminary
document exploring priorities for India's national AI
strategy. Japan announced its national AI strategy in
March 2017, while South Korea developed its own five-
year AI research and development program this year.
Also, the industry is developing at different stages in a
number of Asian countries such as Malaysia, Singapore
and Taiwan. In 2017, the UAE became the first country
in the Middle East to announce its AI strategy. Priority
tasks and strategic plans for the development of the
industry in Russia were determined this year. In Africa,
Kenya and Tunisia are considered to be the first African
countries in this field.
AI race between the US and China. Currently, AI race
forms the basis of the Great Power Competition
between the US and China and the US maintains its
leadership in this field, but the closeness of China,
which is chasing after it, can be compared to hearing
the heavy breathing of two sprinters in a long-distance
race. According to many researchers, these two
superpowers have entered an era of strategic
competition, and the attitude towards China in the US
has worsened in recent years. The competition
between these two superpowers is taking place in
political, economic, and security issues, as well as, of
course, in science and technology.
In October 2016, the US National Science and
Technology Consulate published its report "Preparing
for the Future of Artificial Intelligence". The main task
of the "National Artificial Intelligence Research and
Development Strategic Plan", which was announced
this year, is to effectively establish cooperation
between emerging AI technologies and humans. In
2019, the updated version of this program is a
Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
18
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
09
P
AGES
:
16-21
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
continuation of the US interest in the field. In 2018, the
White House hosted a summit called "AI for American
Industry" (Tobin et al., 2019, p.294).
At the beginning of 2021, the D. Trump administration
announced its annual fiscal reports and plans. It was
determined that $800 million will be directed to the
armament program based on accelerated AI (Klare,
2020, p.28). According to it, it was determined to
manufacture and deploy unmanned aircraft and land
military equipment based on AI. Despite this, a number
of pronouncements from the US elite began to emerge
regarding the necessity to take extreme actions
against China's quickly advancing AI strategy, or else
the US would lose its current global leadership position
to China (Zhang et al., 2021). In one of his first
interviews as a US President, Joe Biden spoke about
relations with China and said that these relations will
be at an unprecedented level of competition (Demetri,
2021).
China unveiled its official program "Made in China -
2025" in May 2015. The distinction between this project
and earlier ones was that it should encompass all
aspects of production. The project is massive, and it
prioritizes competitiveness, innovation, technology,
quality, and green ecology. This initiative was inspired
by Germany's “Industrie 4”, “Advanced Manufacturing
Plan” of the USA, and France's “New Industrial
France”(Ray et al., 2016, p.25). Made in China
-2025 is a
10-year program with several aims that was
implemented in 2015.
According to the program:
•
Production quality, innovation, and worker
productivity;
•
ownership of the latest new generation
technologies;
•
reduction of energy and resource consumption;
•
establishment of enterprises and industrial hubs
capable of global competition are designated as
important directions.
The development of the following ten sectors
identified as priorities:
1)
New generation information technologies;
2)
New energy-powered and energy-saving vehicles;
3)
High-quality computerized machines and robotics;
4)
Energy equipment;
5)
Space exploration;
6)
Agro-industrial machines;
7)
Improved marine equipment and ships;
8)
New materials.
9)
A better train system;
10)
Biopharmaceuticals and cutting-edge medical
equipment.
In 2016, the AI victory in the match between AlphaGo
and Lee Sedol served as a demonstration of AI power
for China. China established its "New Generation
Artificial Intelligence Development Plan" this year.
China's goal in this effort is to be the world leader in
artificial intelligence in all aspects by 2030. The
initiative aims to achieve a globally advanced level of
artificial intelligence by 2020, while also directing AI
manufacturing in China and drawing specialists from
around the world.
Although China did not formally declared a Great
Power Competition, the mega-projects already
announced by China will challenge the leadership
positions held by the US today, and the race continues
in the fields of scientific progress and economic
achievement. China invested 15 billion yuan in the AI
business in 2017, a 50 percent increase over the
previous year (Wang & Chen, 2018, p.247). According
to late-2017 sources, China invested more in AI-based
businesses than their American counterparts for the
Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
19
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
09
P
AGES
:
16-21
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
first time in 2017. The quantity of these funds was
expected to reach 160 billion yuan by 2020, with an
annual increase of 26.2 percent.
China has planned 3 strategic technologies as its
priority in this Great Power Race. These are space
exploration, artificial intelligence and quantum
computing and communication technologies. China
announced the “New Generation of Artificial
Intelligence 2
022 Program” of smart satellites that
operate on the basis of AI and can avoid space debris.
By 2025, China also plans to implement the so-called
“Jilin
-
1” constellation project, according to which a
system of 130 AI-powered satellites will be built, which
means being able to compete with the space
capabilities of the United States. It is planned to spend
375 million dollars on the project, and 70 satellites have
already been launched into Earth orbit (Namrata,
2023).
Currently, the United States has already imposed
sanctions on a number of Chinese AI companies, and in
turn, China banned importing AI technology from the
United States (Fabian, 2020).
Before these ongoing coldness and economic
restrictions, the largest investment in AI systems in
China was funded by American Wall Street investors.
For example, the investments directed to the big
Chinese companies Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba and
ByteDance, the founder of the famous "TikTok" mobile
application, were Wall Street money. In turn, these
Chinese tech giants have poured huge sums of money
into AI companies and startups in China (Perskaya et.al,
2020, p.20).
When it comes to the regulation and development of
digital technology, the United States depends on the
market economy, whereas China leans on the state's
totalitarian approach. The US model envisions stable
market confidence and supports the state's minimal
involvement in this field. Digital technologies,
according to Washington, are tools for economic
prosperity, political independence, and, eventually,
societal reform and progress. The US model of AI
development envisions progress through an optimistic
approach to technology, creativity, and the pursuit of
technical progress. Many from American national
security community believe that China cannot be more
than “near
-
pear competitor” (Allison & Shmidt, 2020,
p.1).
During the election campaigns, Joe Biden cited a
number of flaws in Trump's China policy. There was a
lot of effort to ban TikTok and Huawei, costly economic
sanctions that worked against the US, and a number of
home and foreign policy failures in the context of the
worldwide pandemic. During the campaign, President
Biden's national security adviser, Jake Sullivan, stated
that it would be more helpful to accelerate economic
expansion of the US rather than try to slow down
China`s economy. (Sanger & Crowley, 2021, p.3).
Another side of the issue is that China is a country with
a population of 1.41 million and has the largest number
of people using smart technologies in the world, with
more than 800 million people using smartphones.
China is the population that uses voice assistants and
artificial intelligence the most. China has 1.4 million
skilled engineers, which is 6 times more than the
number of engineers in the United States, and at least
one third of these workers belong to the field of
artificial intelligence (Chou, 2023).
DISCUSSION
It is becoming increasingly clear that the "Great Power
Competition" that began under President Trump will
continue in the coming years and will continue in AI, 5G
technologies, the status of the world's largest
Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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P
AGES
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SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
economy, and other areas. China's geopolitical goals,
its policies with Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the threat to
Japan's peace due to its military exercises in the South
China Sea led to further deterioration of relations and
a loss of mutual trust with the US. It is clear that
relations between these two countries will remain the
priority direction of state policy even during the next
governments of the USA. And the Chinese authorities
are continuing without deviating from the goal of
achieving clearly defined goals in certain years. Also,
against the backdrop of the fact that China's current
policy is undermining the political superiority of the US-
led collective West, China wants to share with it a
number of opportunities that the US possesses today.
The efforts of China, which strives for independence in
international currency and global transactions, as well
as in bilateral relations (Demarais, 2022, p.51), are a
practical confirmation of these ideas .
In the future, it is inevitable that artificial intelligence
will be the key to the digital economy, and the digital
economy will be a symbol of power. Who will prevail in
this regard is a matter of time.
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