Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
45
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
45-48
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this article is to reveal the socio-economic and political life in the time of Amir Temur with
examples. The article focused on Timur's beautification, agricultural and irrigation works.
KEYWORDS
Timur, army, agriculture, socio-economic, science, literature, philosophy, religion, lash, taxes.
INTRODUCTION
When Amir Temur came to the top of the hiokimiyat,
he focused on finishing and beautifying the destruction
left by the Mongols in all areas, repairing agriculture
and irrigation networks. Strict discipline was learned.
The situation in the country has improved and the
standard of living of the artisan population has
improved. The social system in the state of Timur was
related to the different regions of the peoples that
were part of the state and their relationship with each
other. According to the sources, the population was
divided into twelve social groups when Amir Temur
ruled the country. They are the following social
categories: Sayyids, scholars and sheikhs. Ksks
–
skks
–
learned people with great experience.
–
Pious people who pray.
–
Army commanders, sarkhang and amirs.
–
Soldiers and masses of people.
"They are wise and intelligent people who are experts
in public administration.
–
Ministers, secretaries, head of the cabinet.
–
Medical professionals, astrologers and engineers.
–
Scholars and historians.
–
Sufism representatives and scholars.
–
Craftsmen and artists.
–
Foreign tourists and merchants.
These social categories or strata in relation to the
procedures in the administrative-management system
Research Article
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL LIFE IN THE PERIOD OF AMIR TEMUR
Submission Date:
July 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
July 25, 2023,
Published Date:
July 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue07-09
Yuldashev Safokhan Alokhan Ugli
A Student Of The 2nd Stage Of History, Namangan State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
46
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
45-48
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
of Amir Temur's state also show that it was of a
military-political nature.
In the 15th century, among the rural population
engaged in agriculture, some had privileges and paid a
small amount of taxes. A very large part of the
population consisted of tenant farmers and
community farmers. Villages are managed as a
community or a village. His property belonged to the
whole community.
Free artisans were the main producers in the field of
handicrafts. Along with the merchants living in the city,
they were considered the representatives of the
middle class of the cultural center. In the period of
Timurids, the main type of tax was khiraj. The land tax
was up to a third of the harvest. A tax was collected
from gardens. There was also a life tax, ulog, and
begar.
The most common type of land ownership was
suyurgol, which was private land ownership. In the 15th
century, farmers paid tribute depending on what kind
of land they lived on and how they planted crops.
They are mainly of four types
1. farmers working on state lands.
2. Farmers working on privately owned lands.
3. Farmers working on their land.
4. Divided into cultivators working on waqf lands.
The payment is mainly made in goods or money. A
tribute (jizya) was taken from the inhabitants of the
defeated city. An emergency tax was collected when
the country was in danger. Stamp tax was collected
from shopkeepers and artisans. The people are
involved in many khashar works (begar). Also, the
owners paid zakat in the amount of one-fortieth of
their property. Customs duties were collected from
foreign merchants at border customs offices, local
merchants paid land tax, and gardeners paid the tax.
Legal relations in Amir Temur's state, as in other
Eastern states, were based on the order and rules
described in the Holy Qur'an and hadiths.
The elements of law and law of Amir Temur are
reflected in "Temur Laws".
This work talks about state affairs, military sphere,
raiyat and all layers of the social system. According to
it, the worldly aspects were controlled by the ruler
himself, that is, Amir Temur, and he himself gave the
necessary punishment. A Sharia judge dealt with Sharia
matters. Also, different judges worked in different
levels of the state cabinet, for example, a special judge
was appointed for the army, and a special judge was
appointed for the raiyat. In the state of Amir Temur,
the legal system was as follows:
Shaikhul-Islam is a person responsible for protecting
Muslims from bad deeds and encouraging them to do
good deeds in the country. Sadlar-Akhli led Islam. Their
main task was to control the waqfs: they also
determined the suurgol.
A person engaged in management and control of
waqfs by mutavalli-sadrs.
Qazi-khar controlled the law in different parts of the
government in one city and region. Judges differed in
rank and rank.
Mudarris is a person who teaches religious issues,
shari'a, tafsir, hadith and fiqh.
In charge of weighing and price control in Khatasib-
bazaars.
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
47
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
45-48
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Among them, the judges and sadrs were personally
reporting to Amir Temur about their work. Amir Temur
wrote strict laws and procedures in his regulations: - if
the treasurer betrays financial affairs, if the amount he
embezzles is more than twice his salary, the excess
salary is deducted from his account:
-
if a sypokhi oppresses someone, they hand him
over to that victim, and the victim punishes him as
he wishes:
-
those who were sentenced to a large fine if village
or city officials oppressed people of a lower class:
-
a person who oppresses the people is punished
with a fine or whipping:
-
anyone who steals is obliged to return the stolen
thing or is severely punished.
For any harm caused to people, for physical harm, as
well as crimes such as drinking wine, engaging in
adultery, were punished according to the verdict
issued by the sharia judge.
During the time of Timur, the peoples had a certain
independence, although they obeyed the central
government. The rulers of the ulus were the state
apparatus, an independent army, and their
dependence on the central government was to send a
part of the khiroj (income tax) to Samarkand. In
provinces and districts, power was in the hands of
councilors appointed by the central government. State
affairs were mainly in the hands of three institutions
(devan): devoni oly (central executive div), devoni
mol (court of financial affairs) and devoni tavochi
(court of military affairs). Matters related to religion
and Sharia were in the hands of the judge and Sheikh-
ul-Islam. According to the information given in
"Temur's Laws", the state is governed by seven
ministers:
1) Minister of State and Subject Matters (Prime
Minister);
2) minister sipok, i.e. minister of military affairs;
3) the minister of disposal of the property left without
owner;
4) the minister in charge of import and export affairs of
the kingdom, that is, the minister of financial affairs;
5,6,7) were managed by the ministers who controlled
the affairs of the border regions.
All seven ministers are subordinate to Devanbeg. There
were officials of various classes other than ministers,
as in the offices of the central government, as well as
in the offices of ulus hokims. Timur periodically
conducted
interrogations,
audits,
inspections,
investigations. In his reign, abuse of office, theft,
bribery, humiliation, drunkenness, and domestic
disorder were considered grave sins, and those who
engaged in this work were severely punished. In
particular, according to Yazdi's writing, Temur even
punished his son Mironshah and grandson Amirzada
Pirmuhammad in front of the people for their bad
behavior. According to the contemporary historians,
Temur's most characteristic features are that he cares
for the state, the country, and the citizens. Amir Temur
paid special attention to promoting Islam and
strengthening its role as a moral and ideological factor
of his politics. During the period of Sahibqiran, he
demonstrated in practice that he is the true patron of
Islam.
All priests were considered inviolable during this
period. Timur introduced the foundation rules. From
his income, he provided funds for madrasas, mosques,
and houses. He introduced mansabs over religious
matters, especially Islamic rituals, traditions and the
implementation of Sharia laws. They were called
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
48
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
45-48
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
mutavalli, mufti, qazikalon, mukhtashi. It is known that
Amir Temur had three piri in his life. Among them, Said
Baraka was considered a pir who deserved special
attention and respect for him. Said Baraka Temur tried
to strengthen what he gained with the sword by giving
obedience and fatwas and prayers. Thus, Amir Temur
relied on wealthy nobles, military men, and priests who
could influence the people in the implementation of his
plans and goals. Significant changes took place in social
and economic life during the reign of Timur. New
irrigation led to the digging of canals and the
restoration of some old ones, and the expansion of
cultivated areas. In addition to grain, cotton and other
traditional agricultural crops, new flax, polys crops (for
example, the Miri Temur variety of melon), and dates
have been planted. According to Temur's decree, it
was forbidden for neighboring leaders to plant grass
near the fields. According to his decree, new villages
were created, especially in the vicinity of Samarkand,
which contributed to the prosperity of the peasant
population, and most importantly, to the mutual
expansion of the rural and urban population, and the
separation of the products of the peasants and
handicrafts of the townspeople.
REFERENCES
1.
Temur va Ulug'bek davri tarixi. T. 1996 y.
2.
Amir Temur va temuriylar davrida madaniyat va
san'at T. 1996 y.
3.
Abdurahmonov
A.
Ulug'bek
va
uning
rasadxonasi. T 1996 y.
4.
Ahmedov B. Temur. T 1995 y.
5.
Ahmedov B. Ulug'bek. T. 1994 y.
6.
Ibn Arabshoh. Amir Temur tarixi. T. 1992 y.
