Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
13
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
13-17
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article examines migration problems in the European Union, the programs and strategies adopted to solve them,
a comparative analysis of the migration policy of Germany and France, and the approach of Germany and France in
the process of securitization of migration.
KEYWORDS
Migration, EU, Germany, France, securitization.
INTRODUCTION
The countries of the European Union (EU) are in a
paradoxical situation in solving migration problems. On
the one hand, immigration is being securitized, and on
the other hand, democratic principles for solving
immigration problems are being developed. At this
point, it should be said that while the securitization of
immigration has the goals of ensuring a safe society
and stability, the democratization of migration has the
goals of ensuring and protecting human rights.
The paradox is that human rights, on the one hand, and
security, on the other hand, are creating serious
problems in immigration policy. What happens in the
process of securitization is to open up the space to act
in favor of control and security interests at the expense
of rights. An overestimation of national security
aspects in migration policy, i.e. policies towards the
“others”
- immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees -
can easily lead to the restriction of the rights of these
others. Because decision-making rests with a nationally
limited majority, outsiders are excluded. This is where
the “democratic dilemma” emerges: on the one hand,
human rights or the status of refugees, and on the
other, the factor of state and community security [1].
Research Article
GERMAN AND FRENCH POLICIES IN SOLVING MIGRATION PROBLEMS IN
THE EUROPEAN UNION
Submission Date:
October 10, 2024,
Accepted Date:
October 15, 2024,
Published Date:
October 20, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume04Issue10-03
D. Muydinov
Doctor of philosophy (PhD) in political sciences, associate professor, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
14
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
13-17
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
EU migration strategy
Studies show that the European countries that initially
attracted the labor force did not take measures to
integrate the arriving immigrants at that time. Because
there was an assumption that this labor migration is
temporary and that the migrants will return to their
homeland after their economic role ends. However,
the economic downturn and the oil crisis of the early
1970s were turning points in the history of migration
processes in Europe, and most of the migrants who
arrived chose to stay permanently instead of returning
to their homeland. Also, as the number of immigrants
in Europe increases with the number of immigrants
who plan to stay permanently offering their families for
reunification and the number of political asylum
seekers,
the
migration
policy
of
European
governments is not only a process that covers the
entry and exit of immigrants, but also the long-term
consequences of the settlement of foreigners. , that is,
a set of rules that adapt to ensure their integration [2].
Later, with the increasing number of illegal migration
and refugees, European countries were encouraged to
develop seriously considered migration policies and
strategies.
EU countries have 3 strategies in the processes of
democratization of external migration: a) adaptation
and integration of immigrants from third countries into
society; b) strengthening cooperation with regions and
countries neighboring the EU to prevent uncontrolled
and illegal migration; c) protection and promotion of
democracy and human rights in third countries where
migrants arrive [2].
In general, the EU’s migration reforms and adopted
strategies have been guaranteed by several regional
agreements. These contracts included:
1) Schengen agreement (1985)
–
the principle of free
movement
2) Dublin Convention (1990)
–
Status of Refugees
3) Maastricht Treaty (1993)
–
Refugee and migration
policy
4) Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)
–
Regulation of
migration policy
5) Tampere Summit (1999)
–
Managing the flow of
immigrants
6) Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000, 2009) -
Ensuring civil, political, economic and social rights
7) Seville summit (2002)
–
expansion of EU migration
policy to source and transit countries
8) Treaty of Nice (2003)
–
Introduction of majority vote
in decision-making on migration
9) Treaty on the Constitution of Europe (2004) -
Establishing a common migration policy (this treaty
rejected the decision to adopt a single European
Constitution)
10) European Convention on Migration and Asylum
(2008)
–
Common Migration Policy for Europe
11) The Hague and Stockholm Program (2004, 2009)
–
Future steps on migration
12) Treaty of Lisbon (2009)
–
External border control,
asylum,
immigration,
crime
prevention,
free
movement, providing an area of freedom and security
without internal borders
13) European Parliament Assembly Resolution No. 2043
(2015) - Development of Democratic Participation of
Migrant Diasporas
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
15
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
13-17
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
14) Preventing or reducing the flow of external
migration (2019)
These agreements and regulations have become
important in ensuring the gradual integration of
immigrants in the EU on democratic principles, and on
the other hand, controlling their activities and actions.
A comparative analysis of German and French
immigration policies
It is known that Germany and France are the main
center states in the EU and play an important role in
determining the internal and external policy of the EU.
Also, migration and immigration policies are mainly
formed by the initiative of these two countries. At the
same time, all countries in the EU have developed
migration policies in different ways, and they have
similarities and difference.
If we analyze the immigration policies of Germany and
France, the immigration policies of the two countries
differ in several aspects:
According to the composition of the immigrants,
France mainly consisted of immigrants from colonial
countries, while Germany was initially composed of
immigrants from southern European countries and
Turkey, later from Eastern Europe and Russia [3].
According to the classification of work, immigration in
France is decentralized, since immigrants work mainly
in the private sector and in seasonal jobs, while in
Germany, immigrants work in large companies, and it
has a centralized system[4].
In terms of citizenship (naturalization), Germany still
had a consanguineous (ie one of the parents must be
German or a German citizen) citizenship system until
2000, while France still had a naturalization system.
provides citizenship depending on the status[5].
At the same time, there are some similarities in the
immigration policies of Germany and France:
1) both countries are considered welfare states and
have a standardized wage distribution, which attracts
more people in need of social protection, primarily
asylum seekers and refugees, rather than highly
qualified professionals [6].
2) Both countries take part in active immigration policy
within the EU and play a major role in its formation and
implementation [7].
3) both countries still have very restrictive immigration
policies and procedures, in other words, obtaining
residence and work visas is very complicated in both
countries.
4) both countries have a policy of assimilation and
integration of immigrants on a large scale [8].
Thus, the migration policy of these two countries in the
EU, Germany and France, plays a major role in shaping
views on migration issues and problems. This is
certainly the case with the securitization of migration.
It should be said that the securitization of migration
consists of four specific axes:
Socio-economic
–
due to unemployment, the growth
of the informal economy, the crisis of the welfare state
and the deterioration of the urban environment;
Security
–
Narratives about the weakening or loss of
sovereignty, borders, and the control system that links
internal and external security;
Identitarian - the perception of migrants as a threat to
national identity and the demographic balance of host
societies; and
Political
–
anti-immigration, racist and xenophobic
speeches and actions[9].
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
16
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
13-17
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In Germany, migration has been widely studied as part
of national security and defense strategies. Especially
after the migration crisis of 2015, while migration has
become a priority in Germany’s domestic and foreign
policy, France's national security and defense
strategies have not given any place to migration issues.
This leads to the conclusion that migration may be
safer (in the non-dangerous category) in France [10],
however, the events of 9/11 and the 2015 Charlie Hebdo
attacks [11], The emergence of separate communes
where immigrants live and frequent conflicts with the
local population have ensured that migration has
become a security factor in France as well. This is
evident on April 21, 2021, when Valeurs actuelles
published an open letter from twenty retired French
generals to the French president and the French
government. In the letter, the generals call for the
protection of the country, which is at risk of
“disintegration”
and
“civil
war”
due
to
fundamentalism,
Islamism,
communitarianism,
separatism [12].
CONCLUSION
Studies based on the methods of comparative analysis
show that within the framework of the European
Union, efforts have been made to fight against illegal
migration, to ensure cooperation on immigration, to
find democratic solutions to the problem of migration,
and to ensure the integration of immigrants. At the
same time, specific practices of migration policy have
been formed at the national level. In the case of
Germany and France, according to the results of the
comparative analysis, we can note that the
immigration policy of the two countries differs and is
similar in several aspects. While right-wing radicals in
Germany and France are trying to tighten immigration
and refugee policies, close borders and “end mass
immigration”, left
-wing representatives in Germany
and France, especially the Greens, in turn, promote
universal equality and solidarity in migration issues.
They say that integration requires a special social
infrastructure aimed at achieving the public interest
rather than private interests. In addition, they believe
that it is necessary to fight the causes of migration,
that is, to stop the export of weapons, to find
acceptable solutions to military and economic
conflicts.
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Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
17
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
13-17
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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