Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
50
International Journal Of Law And Criminology
(ISSN
–
2771-2214)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
01
Pages:
50-56
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
584
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article is devoted to the influence of digital technologies on migration processes. As well as forecasting migration
processes, the authors consider digital technologies as a means of management and control. In addition, the article
notes the role of digital technologies in ensuring and protecting the rights of migrants. The issues of introducing
artificial intelligence into the implementation of migration policy are touched upon. There is special attention paid to
the threats that digital technologies may pose to migrants and steps that can be taken to minimize these threats.
KEYWORDS
Migration, migrant, migration processes, management of migration processes, forecasting migration flows, digital
technologies, artificial intelligence.
INTRODUCTION
Digital technologies as a factor in the transformation
of migration processes.
The rapid development of
digital technologies in the modern period is one of the
main factors of transformation in all areas. Migration
processes, like other processes, are undergoing some
changes due to the introduction of digital technologies
in the field of management and production. UN
General Assembly Resolution 73/195 on December 19,
2018 recognizes the impact of digital technologies on
migration processes through the Global Compact for
Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. [1].
Increasing mobility of the population is brought about
by globalization, and the digital economy accelerates
Research Article
MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE CONDITIONS OF TRANSITION TO THE
DIGITAL ECONOMY
Submission Date:
January 09, 2024,
Accepted Date:
January 14, 2024,
Published Date:
January 19, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijlc/Volume04Issue01-10
Rakhmanov Shukhrat
Acting Professor at Tashkent state University of Law, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Law, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijlc
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
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Publisher:
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the transformation of migration processes and the
emergence of new forms of migration.
A mixed form of labor migration can include
innovation-intellectual migration, which initially arose
as a “brain drain” [2]. As a rule, migrants in this
category have a high level of knowledge, especially in
the field of digital technologies. The value of this form
of migration is that it ensures the circulation of highly
professional labor between developed and developing
countries, which contributes to faster innovative
development of less developed countries, reducing the
gap between them, including the gap in the level of
proficiency in new digital technologies. In other words,
highly skilled migrants, by increasing their skills and
experience in developed countries, later contribute to
the development of the country of origin.
Thus, according to statistics, 80-90% of Indian and
Chinese migrant professionals are involved in business
in their own country and make more than five trips
there per year. Taking into account the positive impact
of the circulation of professionals, the Chinese
government has created preferential conditions for
scientists who devote themselves to research work,
allowing them to stay abroad for up to five years with
permission to return multiple times. [2].
As a combined form of labor migration, labor migration
can be considered as a form of employment on
demand, when workers “move” their labor from
country to country to implement business projects,
often performing work on a remote basis, through
communication via digital technologies. There are
approximately 77 million freelancers in Europe, India,
and the United States alone, according to statistics [2].
Thus, labor migration in the context of the
development of the digital economy takes on various
forms of manifestation. The future of labor migration
will be accompanied by a further transformation of
labor relations, but these changes will be at different
speeds and in different countries. [2].
Thus, labor migration in the context of the
development of the digital economy takes on various
forms of manifestation. In the future, labor migration
will be accompanied by a further transformation of
labor relations, but will be of a different speed and
heterogeneous nature in different regions and
countries of the world [2].
Digital technologies as a means of managing,
monitoring and forecasting migration processes.
Today, digital technologies have become the most
important means of implementation in all areas of
public policy [3]. The migration policy is no exception.
In the field of migration, digital technologies have
improved
the
efficiency
of
state
migration
management and the effectiveness of state control.
Migration rules are being simplified and unified,
migrants' access to public services is being facilitated,
and conditions for reducing illegal and hidden
migration by predicting migration processes are being
created. To confirm the above, we give a number of
examples.
Thus, regarding the role of digital technologies in
managing migration processes, we note that the most
striking examples can be cited from their practices in
the European region. Europe operates the Schengen
Information System (SIS), created in accordance with
the Schengen Convention of 1990 and began operating
in 1995. Through this system, the movement of people
across external borders or within the territory of
member states is monitored, as well as when issuing
visas and residence permits. In addition, there is a
fingerprint
database
EURODAC
(European
Dactyloscopy), which makes it possible to detect
people illegally staying in the EU and facilitate their
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return [4]. Another element of external border
management is the Visa Information System (VIS),
created for the exchange of visa data [4].
Digital technologies also help predict migration
processes.
At the same time, one of the promising
sources of big data is social networks, the number of
active users worldwide in 2020 reached 4.2 billion, of
which 2.9 billion were Facebook users [4]. Based on
information provided by social media users
themselves, including their geolocation, it is possible to
estimate the size of international migration flows by
age, gender, professional skills and preferences. Thus,
Facebook data made it possible to successfully predict
the increase in the number of Venezuelan migrants and
refugees in Colombia and Spain [4].
Another migration forecasting tool is Google search
query analysis. There are a number of studies that have
used the Google Trends application to forecast
migration flows. Thus, studies on Google Trends
queries and migration flows from Latin America to
Spain have shown that Internet search queries
correlate with information about subsequent
migration flows [4].
Another example of using digital technologies to
forecast migration flows is the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees' Jetson project, which
uses AI to calculate an index and make short-term
forecasts of expected migration flows in Somalia
based on key variables such as commodity market
prices , rainfall and violent conflict [4].
Digital technologies are of great importance for raising
awareness of migration processes. To facilitate the
management and forecasting of migration processes,
it is important to ensure the availability of information.
In this regard, we can mention the so-called Atlas of
Migration, which is a product of the Knowledge Center
on Migration and Demography of the European
Commission (KCMD). Making global migration data
easy to access and use, Atlas of Migration brings
together harmonized, updated and validated data
from 12 international sources on 25 indicators on
demography,
migration,
asylum,
integration,
development in the EU 27 and 36 indicators including
demography, migration, asylum applications, results of
their consideration, residence permits, Schengen visas,
integration indicators for 171 countries and territories
outside the EU [5]. The Migration Atlas provides a
snapshot of migration around the world at a specific
point in time.
Such initiatives are implemented not only within the
framework of international projects, but also in the
practice of individual countries. For example, Swedish
authorities have used “migration algorithms” based on
methods such as machine learning to predict future
migration flows. In China, they actively use digital
technologies in migration management and are
mastering digital technologies based on data from the
social credit system [6].
The significance and need for the use of digital
technologies in managing migration processes is
reflected in the above-mentioned Global Compact for
Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration of 2018. In
particular, the treaty provides for the consolidation of
national digital databases, while respecting the right to
privacy and ensuring the protection of personal data,
providing easily accessible information and guidance,
including through digital platforms and special
mechanisms [1].
Thus, digital technologies can contribute to the
effective management of migration processes. This
means the need to create special digital platforms for
managing migration policy, mobile applications, social
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(2023:
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Publisher:
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Servi
media accounts, as well as their systematic and
periodic analysis [7].
Digital technologies and protection of migrants’
rights.
Using new digital technologies in migration
processes, the state, to a certain extent, acquires tools
that guarantee the protection of the rights and
legitimate interests of migrants when regulating
migration processes [8].
In the modern world, migrants and refugees are
actively exploring the digital world, turning to online
resources to obtain legal, social and medical
assistance, establish connections with the community,
find work and educational opportunities. Digital
technologies allow migrants to obtain the necessary
information to protect their rights and help increase
their awareness of their rights and migration policy in
general. The lack of communication with labor
migrants through official channels inevitably leads to
the fact that informal communication becomes
relevant for them.
One of the trends has been the creation of mobile
applications for migrants, as well as the availability of
official websites of multifunctional centers for
migrants. Migrant Resource Centers (RMCs), created
to provide neutral information on labor migration in
countries of origin, also use digital channels in their
activities. In addition to matching services, there is also
a growing demand for online visa services to enable
migrants to work legally in destination countries,
especially given the long wait times for visas in Europe
and Central Asia [9].
A significant number of commercial organizations
publish information on websites about providing
assistance in obtaining citizenship, residence permits,
temporary residence permits, as well as the possibility
of taking Russian language testing. In some cases, such
organizations maintain groups on social networks,
where they periodically publish not only advertising
messages, but also information on pressing problems
faced by migrants [10].
In the digital economy, remittances are of particular
importance for migrants. The digital revolution opens
up vast opportunities for the use of money transfers.
In particular, almost 61% of migrant respondents from
Central Asia in the Russian Federation use digital
platforms to send remittances home. However, the
majority of remittance recipients in Central Asia still
prefer to receive cash from operator offices or banks.
They often do not have access to other financial
services, such as financial literacy programs, insurance
programs, or savings accounts. Digital documents and
financial services can make it easier to send and receive
money, and the infrastructure needed to spread the
digitalization of money transfer systems has already
been largely established in the region. Four out of five
Central Asian migrants surveyed in the Russian
Federation have a smartphone and Internet access, as
well as bank cards [11].
The importance of remittances is reflected in the
aforementioned 2018 Global Compact for Safe, Orderly
and Regular Migration, which calls for the
development of innovative technology solutions for
remittances, including mobile payments, digital tools
and electronic banking, to reduce costs, improve
efficiency and reliability , increasing the volume of
remittances through regular channels and opening
gender-sensitive distribution channels to underserved
populations, including those living in rural areas,
people with low literacy levels and people with
disabilities [1].
At the same time, if an immigrant does not have basic
digital skills, the advantages of digitalization and
access to appropriate resources will be more of an
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
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obstacle for him in the realization of rights and
freedoms. This means that measures need to be taken
to improve the digital literacy of migrants.
Development of artificial intelligence and migration
policy
In the modern period, the role of artificial intelligence
(hereinafter referred to as AI) is increasingly increasing
in all areas of business and society, and labor migration
is no exception. AI is used to scan large volumes of
applications and select workers for available vacancies.
By using AI in selection, companies and recruiters can
process candidate applications faster and shortlist the
applicants they need.
Additionally, AI-powered language translation tools
help overcome language barriers and make it easier to
provide information in your preferred language. In a
number of countries, in particular, in Latvia, Ireland,
Finland, AI-based chatbots are becoming widespread,
i.e. digital virtual assistants trained to answer common
questions and queries about labor migration, which is
important for informing those in need of assistance
about functions and services, thereby reducing the
burden on human staff [9]. The Netherlands and
Germany are using AI to verify identities based on
biometrics and to better detect fake documents. In
Finland, the TIKKA pilot project aims to verify the
identity of applicants using a combination of open-
source data, artificial intelligence and human analysis.
Moreover, host countries can use AI to process large
amounts of data needed to develop labor migration
strategies and operational plans [9].
Risks and threats of digital technologies to migrants
and migration processes.
One of the threats to the use
of digital technologies in the management of migration
processes is that the use of digital technologies in
providing assistance is accompanied by ethical risks,
such as interference with privacy, confidentiality issues
and the use of personal data to the detriment of
migrants [7].
Another threat is the presence of digital divides
between countries. Digitalization in the field of
migration is developing differently in different
countries. Digital transformation can strengthen its
leading position among developed countries capable
of such changes, and will be one of the main factors in
managing risks associated with migration processes. In
developing countries, where there is no opportunity to
actively use digital technologies, on the contrary, the
lag in their development will increase. The
consequences of emerging digital technologies may be
a widening gap between countries with weak
development of Internet communications and
countries with a very high level of digitalization [6].
The digital divide between countries can become an
obstacle to labour mobility.
Thus, Internet penetration
rates vary depending on the Prague Process region:
the percentage of the population using the Internet is
99% in Norway and drops to 90% in Kazakhstan, 81% in
Serbia, 78% in Kyrgyzstan, 77% in Uzbekistan and 75% in
Bulgaria. Fixed broadband subscription statistics also
vary widely. In Germany, 44% of the population uses it,
while this figure drops to 31% in Romania, 22% in
Tajikistan, 19% in Uzbekistan, 18% in Ukraine and 14% in
Kazakhstan. This means that countries of origin of
labor migrants have lower rates of Internet
penetration and access to broadband services than
countries of destination [9]. These differences in
technology and skills can result in destination countries
providing electronic services that migrants do not have
access to or do not have the necessary skills for, so that
future migrants are often unable to take advantage of
the potential benefits of the services offered [9].
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To overcome such barriers, the Global Compact
provides for the “more comprehensive use of
technology and digitalization for the assessment and
mutual recognition of skills based on officially certified
work records, as well as for the recognition of
informally acquired skills and work experience at all
skill levels.” The agreement also provides for the
“development of innovative technological solutions
for remittances, including mobile payments, digital
tools and electronic banking, to reduce costs, increase
efficiency and reliability, increase the volume of
transfers through regular channels and open gender-
sensitive distribution channels for population groups
the underserved, including those living in rural areas,
people with low literacy levels and people with
dis
abilities” [1].
Another threat concerns the demand for migrants
from developing countries. New technologies and the
digitalization underlying them are transforming the
labor process, presenting new demands to the labour
market, transforming it. Due to the active
development of digital technologies and changes in
the labor market, requirements for migrants may
change or the demand for their labor may decrease
due to the replacement of most routine work that does
not require high qualifications with digital technologies
and AI.
Thus, digital technologies create new opportunities for
the development of migration processes, in particular
for managing and forecasting migration processes,
which creates conditions for safe migration. At the
same time, digital technologies pose risks and threats
for migrants and migration policy due to the risk of
personal data breaches, changes in qualification
requirements for migrants, as well as the digital divide
between countries.
Particular attention is paid to improving migration
policy in Uzbekistan, including through the
introduction of digital technologies. Thus, the
President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev noted:
“Currently, about 2 million people work abroad to feed
their families, far from their families, parents and
children. It is very difficult to work in different difficult
conditions, endure and earn money.... We will create
the opportunity for compatriots to receive
government services remotely from anywhere in the
world” [12].
Taking into account the above, migration policy should
be developed taking into account the development of
digital technologies. It is necessary to improve the
digital literacy of migrants. When preparing for
migration, inform them not only about the legislation
of the host country, but also teach them how to use
various digital platforms on migration issues and in
general. It is also important to take action to reduce
the digital divide.
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(2023:
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