Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
72
International Journal Of Law And Criminology
(ISSN
–
2771-2214)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
72-77
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
584
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article is devoted to the discussion of the problems of modern international extremism and terrorism - the main
threats against the peace and security of all mankind. The article analysed the activities of a number of international
mechanisms of struggle, where special attention was directed to the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism
Strategy, as one of the most universal mechanisms. The article also studied the position and measures taken by the
Republic of Uzbekistan in the fight against international extremism and terrorism.
KEYWORDS
International terrorism, international extremism, global cooperation, rule of law, preventive protection mechanisms.
INTRODUCTION
Today, the problems of international extremism and
terrorism are among the main threats directed against
the peace and security of all mankind. The United
Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, adopted
by General Assembly resolution 60/288, states that
terrorism “is one of the most serious threats to
international peace and security[1]. Strengthening the
capacity of States to prevent and combat terrorism is a
core element of global counter-terrorism efforts.
It is obvious that international extremism and
terrorism undermine state foundations, destabilize the
socio-political situation in the state, negatively affect
the attraction of investments, hinder the economic
development of both the whole society and its
individual, and pose a socio-political danger to the
entire state security system in in general.
Based on this, each state strives to create mechanisms
for preventive protection against these threats, both
at the regional and international levels, which include
such tasks as creating the necessary structures, an
appropriate regulatory framework, establishing
contacts with international organizations, etc.
At the beginning of the 21st century, international
organizations undoubtedly play an important role in
Research Article
MODERN INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM
–
A THREAT TO PEACE AND
SECURITY
Submission Date:
November 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
November 25, 2023,
Published Date:
November 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijlc/Volume03Issue11-12
Ruzmetov Azamat
Employee Prosecutor’s Office Of Tashkent
, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijlc
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
73
International Journal Of Law And Criminology
(ISSN
–
2771-2214)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
72-77
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
584
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the modern architectonics of international relations.
Moreover, in the range of international relations, the
primacy undoubtedly belongs to the United Nations
and organizations included in the UN system [2].
K.G. Sokolovsky in his study speaks of the importance
of understanding that modern terrorism and terrorism
that existed literally half a century ago are two
completely different phenomena. This refers, first of
all, to the unprecedented progress of mankind in the
field of communications, which has made it possible to
change the methods of recruiting supporters, to use
fundamentally new approaches to working in the
media and social networks, to add dynamics to
ongoing propaganda, to shift the emphasis to
deliberate publicity of actions, to demonstrate to
literally every resident planet, regardless of the
geography of his residence, even greater cruelty and
massive use of means[3].
Scientists S. Grachev and R. Azimov accurately note
that “The management of international terrorism
began to pay more and more attention to working with
the “educated” part of the population, searching and
recruiting
from
among
engineers,
chemists,
economists, programmer specialists, etc., At the same
time, the leaders of terrorist groups began to pay
special attention to the technical equipment of combat
groups”[4].
The relevance and urgency of these threats required
states to unanimously approve the UN Global Counter-
Terrorism Strategy in 2006. It became the first
comprehensive, collective and generally accepted legal
framework to unite national and international efforts
in the fight against terrorism. This document, adopted
in the form of a resolution and the attached Action Plan
(A/RES/60/288), is a unique document to improve
national, regional and international efforts aimed at
combating terrorism. Its adoption marked the first
time that Member States of the United Nations had
agreed on a common strategic and operational
framework for the fight against terrorism. Thus, they
make it clear that terrorism in all its forms and
manifestations is unacceptable, and decided to take
both collective and individual measures to prevent and
combat it.
When developing national government strategies, it is
very important to rely on the four main pillars of the UN
Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy:
Pillar I: measures aimed at eliminating conditions
conducive to the spread of terrorism;
Direction II: preventing and combating terrorism;
Track III: Strengthening the capacity of States to
prevent and combat terrorism and strengthening the
role of the United Nations system in this area; And
Pillar IV: Ensuring universal respect for human rights
and the rule of law as a fundamental basis for the fight
against terrorism.
1.
Measures to address the conditions conducive
to the spread of terrorism.
2.
Measures to prevent and combat terrorism.
3.
Measures to build States’ capacity to prevent
and combat terrorism and to strengthen the
role of the United Nations system in that
regard.
4.
Measures to ensure respect for human rights
for all and the rule of law as the fundamental
basis of the fight against terrorism.
Through these pillars, the Strategy links the work of
the UN to the Organization's broader agenda, which
aims to maintain international peace and security,
promote sustainable development and protect human
rights. In addition, the four-pillar approach has enabled
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
74
International Journal Of Law And Criminology
(ISSN
–
2771-2214)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
72-77
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
584
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
States to develop a similar integrated approach to
counter-terrorism at the national level and has created
a common institutional and legal framework for
regional and global support to national Member
States. The Strategy forms a common platform that
brings together the efforts of the 30 international
agencies that make up the UN Counter-Terrorism
Implementation Task Force (CTITF). The CTITF was
established by the UN Secretary-General to facilitate
the implementation of the Strategy and support
overall coordination and a common approach to UN
counter-terrorism efforts.
The international agencies that make up the CTITF
contribute to UN counter-terrorism efforts in
accordance with their mandates, while participating in
the activities of various CTITF working groups and
initiatives[5].
A very important aspect is that States must ensure that
any measure taken to combat terrorism is consistent
with their obligations under international law, in
particular human rights law, refugee law and
international humanitarian law.
In this regard, States have an obligation to make every
effort to establish and maintain effective national
criminal justice systems based on the rule of law that
can ensure compliance with our obligations under
international law. For example, it is important that any
person involved in financing, planning, preparing or
committing terrorist acts or in providing support for
terrorist acts is brought to justice on the basis of the
“extradite or stand trial” principle, with due respect for
human rights and fundamental freedoms and that
National laws have qualified such terrorist acts as
serious criminal offences.
Given the global nature of the problem, States may
require assistance in establishing and maintaining
effective criminal justice systems based on the rule of
law and, in such cases, States may be able to cooperate
with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
UNODC is a global leader in the fight against illicit drugs
and international crime. UNODC operates worldwide
through a network of regional offices[6].
It should be noted that Uzbekistan and UNODC have a
long history of cooperation. Back in 1993, Uzbekistan
supported the creation of the UNODC Regional Office
for Central Asia in Tashkent. Through the Regional
Office, UNODC works in five countries of Central Asia
and maintains its activities in three countries of the
South Caucasus. In recent years, the cooperation
between UNODC and Uzbekistan has expanded
significantly due to reform processes initiated by the
President of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoyev. The
cooperation in the area of crime prevention and
criminal justice helped support prison reforms, the
adoption of anti-trafficking regulations and revisions to
the Criminal, Criminal Executive and Criminal
Procedure Codes, as well as the adoption of the Law on
the Prevention of Gender-Based Violence [7].
Along with this, on March 4, 2021, the official opening
of the first Situation Centre took place in the central
office of the State Customs Committee of the Republic
of Uzbekistan (SCC), created in partnership with the
Regional Office for Central Asia of the United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) [8].
Today, the Central Asian region is one of the most
vulnerable territories in terms of the threat of
terrorism due to its geographical data and other
objective
and
subjective
reasons.
Therefore,
Uzbekistan has its own clearly defined firm position in
the policy of combating international terrorism.
Uzbekistan takes an active part in the work of anti-
terrorist international organizations. For example,
within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
75
International Journal Of Law And Criminology
(ISSN
–
2771-2214)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
72-77
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
584
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Organization, the SCO Regional Anti-Terrorism
Structure operates in Tashkent.
The Republic of Uzbekistan also supported the Global
Counter-Terrorism Strategy approved by the UN
General Assembly, which has become a unique
document to intensify and consolidate national,
regional and international measures in the fight against
various manifestations of terrorism.
The adoption in 2011 of the Joint Action Plan for Central
Asia (CA JAP) became another significant event that
served to strengthen measures to combat and
coordinate the efforts of the states of the region in this
direction, and the plan itself today acts as a strategic
regional document of neighbouring states to combat
terrorism.
By 2021, the acceding countries had already widely
celebrated two notable dates - the 15th anniversary of
the adoption of the UN GCTS framework and the 10th
anniversary of the adoption of the Central Asian SAP.
The event on the topic: “Regional cooperation of the
countries of Central Asia within the framework of the
Joint Plan of Action for the Implementation of the UN
Global Counter-
Terrorism Strategy” was organized at a
high international level on March 3 and 4, 2022, by the
UN and Central Asian states, as well as international
and regional partners. It served as an important
milestone in the history of the fight against this evil [9].
It should be especially noted that this international
conference became the real embodiment of the
initiative of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Shavkat Mirziyoyev at the 75th session of the UN
General Assembly in 2020 to hold an international
conference in Tashkent dedicated to this significant
date, which gave new impetus to multilateral
cooperation in the fight against threats extremism and
terrorism.
The Republic of Uzbekistan has always consistently
and unconditionally condemned terrorism in all its
forms and manifestations, is committed to
international cooperation, and is a party to all major
universal international legal documents in the field of
combating terrorism.
Counter-terrorism in Uzbekistan is comprehensive in
nature, combining both measures to eliminate
conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, and
measures to prevent and combat manifestations of
terrorism. The work is carried out in close coordination
and cooperation with the international community.
Countering extremism and terrorism is one of the
priorities in ensuring the country's national security.
Uzbekistan strongly condemns any form of extremism
and terrorism, and also advocates the adoption of
collective efforts by the world community to combat
these phenomena.
The counter-terrorism strategy implemented in
Uzbekistan fully coincides with UN recommendations
in this area, including the priority areas of the Global
Counter-Terrorism Strategy. Its main tasks are to
eradicate the causes of their origin and spread,
eliminate conditions conducive to the intensification of
terrorist activities, and deradicalize persons prone to
extremism and terrorism.
Based on these objectives, the Republic of Uzbekistan
has to date ratified 14 international conventions and
protocols on countering international extremism and
terrorism. The main provisions of them are
implemented in our laws such as the law of the
Republic of Uzbekistan “On the fight against
terrorism” [10] of 2001, “On countering extremism” of
2018 [11], “On combating the l
egalization of proceeds
from crime, the financing of terrorism and the
financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
76
International Journal Of Law And Criminology
(ISSN
–
2771-2214)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
72-77
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
584
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
destruction” of 2004 [12] and others. Also in recent
years, there has been a tightening of punishment in the
criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan for
such crimes.
It should also be noted that in July 2018, for the first
time in the history of Uzbekistan, the above-mentioned
Law “On Countering Extremism” was adopted. It
provides a clear definition of the concept of
“extremism”, and formulates the main directions of
state policy in the field of countering extremism by
increasing the legal consciousness and legal culture of
the population, forming an intolerant attitude towards
extremism in society through outreach, legal
education and training, scientific and practical events
and international cooperation in this area.
In accordance with Article 11 of the Law of the Republic
of Uzbekistan dated July 30, 2018 “On countering
extremism”, the import, production, storage,
distribution and demonstration of extremist materials,
paraphernalia and symbols of extremist organizations,
as well as their distribution and demonstration in the
media, information or telecommunications networks,
including the worldwide information network Internet
is prohibited on the territory of the Republic of
Uzbekistan.
It is important to note that the sixth priority direction
of the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan for
2022-2026, namely, in approaches to global problems
identified on the basis of national interests and the
requirements of the UN Global Counter-Terrorism
Strategy, great importance is attached to “Formation
of effective mechanisms to counter extremism and
terrorism.”
In addition, the “National Strategy of the Republic of
Uzbekistan to Counter Extremism and Terrorism for
2021-
2026” approved by the Head of our state [13], is
evidence of the continuity and systematicity of the
fight against this evil organized in our country.
The purpose of the Strategy is to ensure effective and
coordinated state policy to counter extremism and
terrorism. It allows protecting the constitutional order,
ensuring national security, as well as the rights and
freedoms of citizens.
To summarize the above, it can be stated that
terrorism, of course, has a very real and direct impact
on human rights, depriving people of the opportunity
to enjoy the right to life, liberty and physical and
property integrity. In addition to these human losses,
terrorism and extremism can undermine the
functioning of civil society and pose a threat to the
peace, security and socio-economic development of
states.
All this explains the importance and relevance of
countering terrorism and extremism. It is important to
understand that our efforts to prevent and combat
these threats will only be effective if they are
effectively coordinated and consolidated at the
regional and global levels.
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Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
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International Journal Of Law And Criminology
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Pages:
72-77
SJIF
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(2021:
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(2022:
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705
)
(2023:
6.
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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