Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
57
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-61
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article analyzes the use of predicative words in Turkic languages, which are also a separate part of speech. The
features of predicative words in the Karakalpak language and their use are described, the distinctive features and use
of predicative words are also considered.
KEYWORDS
Parts of speech, use of predicative words, lexical structure, grammatical function, predicative words.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, there are new points of view on the division
of words into parts of speech within the framework of
the principles of the distribution of words into parts of
speech. Taking into account such innovations, the fact
is confirmed that predicative words in the Karakalpak
language are separate parts of speech.Studying
general Russian linguistics, as well as Turkology, we see
that predicative words differ from other parts of
speech both in the Russian language, and Turkology
was specifically considered in the Azerbaijan language,
and one can see its difference from other parts of
speech.
Words are divided into groups depending on their
grammatical (morphological and syntactic) and lexical-
semantic characteristics. Summarizing these qualities
of the word, in each group we can consider them from
the lexical and grammatical aspect. This classification
of parts of speech is widespread [3].
Taking into account the grammatical features of a
language to determine the parts of speech in a
language, in a justification with the theory of parts of
speech, the problem of classifying words into parts of
speech can find a good solution [1].
Research Article
THE FEATURES OF USING PREDICATES
Submission Date:
December 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 25, 2023,
Published Date:
December 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue12-11
Eshberdiev Fayzulla Atagullaevich
Teacher At The Department Of Karakalpak Linguistics, Karakalpak State University Named After Berdakh,
Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
58
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-61
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
However, some words in modal words are not called
modal; calling them predicates, they are considered as
a new group of words.
In Karakalpak linguistics, predicative words are not yet
the object of specialized research. They are studied, for
example, when studying groups of modal words,
which include the words bar, joq, kerek, lazım, zárúr,
darker (“there is”, “there is not”, “need”, “must”,
“possibly”), etc. today th
ey are studied either as
interjections or as modals.If their separate study and
determination of their own characteristics in
comparison with other parts of speech is relevant, then
the results of the study will have great theoretical and
practical significance for the study of the grammatical
structure of the native language.To study predicative
words from a systemic-semantic point of view, it is
important to determine the lexical-semantic meaning,
morphological difference and syntactic function of
predicative words.
Scientists have different points of view on this matter.
However, there are no exact opinions that are fully
approved by the majority. For example, V.A.Gordlevsky
called nominal words bar, joq (there is, there is not),
which perform the functions of a verb in the language
[6]. A.N.Kononov considered them in syntax as a word
with the addition of the element
–
dir, forming nominal
predicates [7]. In recent studies, these words are often
used as a predicate, and K.M.Lyubimov in his article
emphasizes the words bar, joq (there is, there is not)
as a predicative adjective [9]. Yanko-Trintskaya,
however, called yes and no in Russian “words outside
parts of speech” and considered them separately from
other parts of speech.
Until the 1970s, it was not clear which part of speech
the words bar, joq (there is, there is not) belonged to
in the Turkic languages, as well as in the Karakalpak
language; in later periods, these words were specially
studied in the Turkic languages and presented as a
separate part sp
eech with the name “predicatives” [2].
In Uzbek linguistics, the words awa, joq (yes, no),
denoting an affirmative-negative meaning by their
characteristic features, are considered as a special
group of words-sentences with semantic-functional
formed features [5].
In some works on Uzbek linguistics, the term “words
denoting being” is used as a general name, the words
bar, joq (there is, there is not) are considered as words
denoting the presence of something [11].
The works claim that a term cannot perform the
function of having confirmation or negation of
something; for words denoting the presence of
something, the term “words for the presence of
confirmation of something” is used; for words of
presence of negation, the term “words denoting the
negation of
the presence of something” is used, for
words of absence “words of absence of something”
and the works state that they should be used for their
intended purpose [8].
In Uzbek linguistics it is argued that the words “bor”
(yes), “yo'q” (no) still refer to u
nseparated declarative
words (predicates), since they initially performed the
function of a predicate [10].
But it is said that the words “kerek” (necessary),
“lazım” (need), “hájet” (necessary), “tiyis” (must be),
“zárúr” (should), “dárkar” (necessary) mu
st be
considered as predicates, since at the end of a
sentence, together with other parts of speech, they
perform the function of a predicate [4].
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
59
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-61
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In Karakalpak linguistics, the words “kerek”
(necessary), “lazım” (need), “hájet” (necessary),
“dárkar” (nece
ssary) are considered as separate words
in the title “comprehensive words”. According to
recent studies, it is said that these words are used as a
predicate according to their lexical meaning and are
included in a number of predicates [12].
If Sh.Rakhmatul
laev notes kerek” (necessary), “lazım”
(need), “dárkar” (necessary)as modal words, but in the
textbook “Modern Literary Uzbek Language” it is
noted that these words should be considered as a
separate part of speech, calling them “lexemic group
of predicates ".
In their original meanings “kerek” (necessary), “zárúr”
(should), “dárkar” (necessary)in them. case or in
indirect cases, form a simple or compound predicate,
which denotes obligation, necessity, obligation. When
they are interconnected with modal words, they act as
modal words. Taking into account such features of the
words “kerek”,“zárúr”, “dárkar”, “bar”, “joq”they are
considered as predicates.
At this time, the following words are called predicates:
“bar”, “joq”,“kerek”, “lazım”, “tiyis”, “zárúr”,
“dárkar” they are distinguished by semantics into two
groups: words denoting presence or absence, words of
obligation [ 13].
In the modern Karakalpak language, the words “bar”,
“joq” denote presence and absence, mainly at the end
of a sentence they function as a simple or compound
predicate. It is these grammatical functions that make
it possible to consider the Karakalpak language as a
separate part of speech.
Using various word-forming affixes, we can form
different parts of speech.
1) noun: With the meaning of presence - sufficiency,
prosperity. For example: Barlıqtı kim jek kóredi (Naqıl
-
maqal). (Who doesn’t like prosperity (Proverb)).
Joqshılıq
- (disadvantages), poverty, misery, squalor.
For example: Joqshılıqtan tómen júzim, túrli qırsıq
boldı bizge (
Berdaq). (Below poverty was my face,
different stubbornness came to us).
In the meaning of joqlaw - grief, that is, the painful
experience of loss for a deceased person. Joqlaw aytıp
jıla
ǵ
an
seske,
Qos
ı
l
ǵ
anday
qa
ńı
lt
ı
r
pechte
(T.Mátmuratov). (As if the sound of a furnace
accompanied the sound of grief).
In the meaning of joqlıq
- absence, not presence. For
example: Seniń joqlı
ǵ
ıń
d
ı
hesh bildirgen joq
(K.Sultanov). (Nodiv noticed your absence).
In the meaning of joqshı
- a person who is looking for
something or someone, a person who has lost
something. For example: Joqshımısań dártlimiseń
xabar ber, Moynıńdı sozıp hár tawlar
ǵ
a qaraysa
ń
(«Máspatsha»). (Who are you, an eternal seeker - are
you a wanderer, or are you an eternal mourner,
Stretching out your neck, you look at different
canvases everywhere).
2) Adjective: Bardamlı
- prosperous - rich, luxurious,
wealthy. For example: As if prosperity .........
Barlı
-
joqlı
- to a small extent the presence of anything.
For example: Ol barlı
-
joqlı jemdi gútir
-gútir shaynay
basladı (Ó.Xojaniyazov). (He started eating some of the
leftover food).
Barmaqtay - Tiny like a boy with a finger as small as a
little finger. For example: Dáwet qálemin alıp eki
barmaqtay qa
ǵ
az
ǵ
a eki-úsh túrtti de úsh múyesh etip
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
60
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-61
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
búkledi (Á.Shamuratov). (Taking a tiny piece of paper,
Dauet wrote something incomprehensible and folded
the sheet).
Barday -
As if present. For example: Ortalıqta
ǵ
ı
bosl
ı
qta
qanday da bir qúdiretli kúsh barday adamlar she
ń
ber
jasap al
ı
p, kózlerin jásetten úzbey qarap tur
(M.Tájibaev). (In the center, where it was empty, as if
there was some force that people, without taking their
eyes off, stood in a circle).
Joq-juqa - in the meaning of insufficiency of poverty,
squalor.
For
example:
Joq-
juqa
adamlardı
tınıshlandır
ǵ
an Yaxiy
a ımlap Palwandı dala
ǵ
a ertip
sh
ı
qt
ı
(N.Bórekeshov). (Yaxia Paluan, who suppressed
the uprising of the poor, was taken out with a hint).
3) verb: barqıraw (shout)
- with a raised tone, speaking
in an uncultured manner. For example: Barqırap
jıla
ǵ
anda qarl
ı
ǵ
ıp shıqqan dawısınan qońsıları jıynalıp
qaldı (J.Aymurzaev). (With intense sobbing and hoarse
voices, the neighbors gathered).
Barlaw - to note the presence, action, state, to
recognize what is happening, to feel, to cognize the
environment. For example: Sózdi aytqanda barlap
aytıw kerek (Q.Irmanov). (When you speak in words,
you must say it as it is).
Barıw
- get there - get to your destination. For example:
Sol bar
ǵ
anda ald
ı
mda ot jaqt
ı
r
ı
p júzin kórgenimde,
áytewir padash
ı
ǵ
a b
ı
lsh
ı
ldap masqara bolmas edim.
(T.Qay
ı
pbergenov). (I wouldn
’
t embarrass myself in
front of the shepherds by telling some king if I had to
go to the place of checking his face even with fire).
4) adverb. Barınsha
-is devoting herself, all of herself,
to the best of her ability, to the best of her ability. For
example: Tóre qolınıń kúshi barınsha sart etkizip loppıq
aldı hám más bolıp kúldi (T.Qayıpbergenov). (
Tore, to
the best of his ability, hit the ground and laughed
contentedly).
5) pronoun: barlıq
-
all, everything.For example: Meniń
barlıq gápimdi saban deme, arasında jılt eter dánesi
-ám
bar (T.Qayıpbergenov). (Don’t consider all my words
as..., among them
there is a zest). Barlıq shayır proza
ǵ
a
ótkenshe, So
ń
ǵ
ı
demim - qos
ı
q degizdi
ń
bizge
(I.Yusupov). (While all the poets switched to prose, he
sang verse until his last breath).
In the Karakalpak language, in addition to the words
“bar” (there is), “joq” (t
here is no), there are also
predicates such as “kerek” (necessary), lazım (need),
dárkar (necessary), which at the end of the sentence
serve as a predicate.
These words, being separated and not defining the
subjective assessment of the speaker, speaking with
other members of the sentence, they mainly play the
role of a predicate at the end of the sentence, we call
them predicative words or predicates together with
the words bar, joq, which can be considered as a
separate part of speech.
REFERENCE
1.
Akhanov K. Basics of grammar theory. Almaty,
“School”, 1972, p. 153
2.
Akhmedov J. S. Predicates in the modern
Azerbaijani language.
–
AKD. Leningrad, 1970.
–
P.
8
3.
Baskakov N.A., Sodikov A.S., Abduazizov A.A.
General linguistics. - Tashkent: Teacher, 1979. - P.
79-80
4.
Bekbergenov A. Phrases in the Karakalpak
language. The issue of Karakalpak language. -
Nukus, 1983. - P. 227
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
61
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
57-61
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
5.
Bobokalonov R. Semantic-functional words in the
Uzbek language. Dissertation abstract submitted
for receiving the scientific degree of candidate of
philological sciences. - Tashkent, 2000. - P. 9
6.
Gordlevsky V.A. Turkish grammar. Selected works,
volume II M. IVL, 1961, 33 p.
7.
Kononov A.N. Grammar of modern Turkish
language. M-L, publishing house of the USSR
Academy of Sciences, 1956, 393 p.
8.
Lutfullaeva D. The relationship between the
pattern of semantic-syntactic construction of the
sentence and the propositional structure.
dissertation written for the degree of doctor of
philological sciences. - Tashkent, 2006. - P. 39
9.
Lyubimov K.M. Predicative adjectives VR a/ BAR in
Turkic languages. Soviet Turkology, 1974, No. 4, 83-
88 p.
10.
Mahmatkulov S. Transformation of the predicative
syntagm in the Uzbek language. Dissertation
abstract submitted for receiving the scientific
degree of doctor of philological sciences. -
Tashkent, 2004. - P. 12
11.
Nurmonov A., Mahmudov N., Akhmedov A.,
Solikhojhaeva S. Meaningful syntax of the Uzbek
language. - Tashkent: Science, 1992. - P. 63
12.
Grammar of modern Karakalpak literary language.
- Nukus: Education, 1994. - P. 407
13.
Modern Karakalpak literary language. - Nukus:
Education, 2010. - P. 207
