Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
17
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
17-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The literature of each nation goes through various processes that affect its stages of formation and development.
These factors, of course, reflect the nation's literature. In this article, all stages of the development of Korean
literature are studied in detail, and the factors that contributed to it are discussed in detail.
KEYWORDS
Korean literature, genre characteristics, Chinese literature, hieroglyphs, Choson,
唐詩
Tan (Tang) era poetry, customs,
tradition of events, Hyangang Hangul.
INTRODUCTION
Periodization is important in the study of Korean
literature. In Korean literary criticism, it is argued that
these periods are related to the period of the existence
of the first states on the peninsula, and then to the rule
of dynasties. Accordingly, researchers of Korean
literature distinguish three major periods;
1) Three Kingdoms and Silla (until the 10th century);
2) Koryo (X-XIV centuries);
3) Joseon (Lee) (XIV - early XX centuries).
The accession of a new dynasty in Korea was always
associated with a period of unrest and changes in the
spiritual life of the country. Literature lived in
accordance with these changes, and sometimes could
foresee them. Each period is distinguished by its
priority themes, tendency to different types and
genres in the history of literature. For example, the
Goryeo dynasty was famous for its historical writings
and poems in Chinese, and in the literature of the Li
period, it was famous for the development of national
genres of poetry and prose. Therefore, the traditional
periodization of literary history accepted in Korea is
proposed as a basis.
1. Early literature (Three Kingdoms and the Silla period
- until the middle of the 10th century)
Research Article
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF KOREAN LITERATURE
Submission Date:
December 01, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 05, 2023,
Published Date:
December 10, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue12-04
Amonova Dilafruz Shaxriyorxonovna
Samarkand State Institute Of Foreign Languages Doctoral Student, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
18
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
17-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
2. “Koryo literature” (918
-1392); the first period (10th
century - the first half of the 12th century), its period
(the end of the 12th century - the 14th century). Essays
and works related to the creativity of writers in these
periods have appropriate chronological properties.
They are divided by language, and then by types and
genres, depending on whether the works are written
in Korean or Chinese.
Korean literature is a part of the Far Eastern cultural
complex, and this determines many of its features -
primarily writing and language. Already in the first
centuries of our era, the Chinese hieroglyphic writing
and language were adopted by the Koreans, which are
completely different from the Korean language in
terms of phonetic system and structure. Along with the
Chinese hieroglyphs, its sound also enters. In the
dictionary of the Korean language, such hieroglyphs
have been changed according to the phonetic system
of the Korean language. Although the Korean national
language was formed in the 14th century, Korean prose
and poetry were written in Chinese until the end of the
19th century. It remained the official “State language”
of documents, historical-philosophical treatises and
literature in general until the 15th century. During the
reign of King Sejong in the 15th century, the state of
Goryeo created its own easy-to-remember alphabet,
the characters of which correspond exactly to the
sounds of Korean speech, and sometimes began to be
written not in hieroglyphs, but in “reading Korean”
-
alphabet graphics. One should not think that there was
no written literature in the Korean language before the
creation of the national alphabet. Even in ancient
times, Koreans tried to adapt hieroglyphic writing to
record texts in their native language. For this, the
hieroglyph was usually used as a phonetic sign, but the
“phonetic role” of the hieroglyph was not determined
by a strictly ordered system. Each author chooses a
Chinese character to write a Korean word according to
their choice (the number of characters used is more
than a thousand) and it is written in this way. It was not
easy to read them at that time. Thus, initially Korean
literature was created in two languages, but in the
early stages, the works written in Korean and Chinese
languages were considered equivalent and formed a
whole according to the level of excellence and origin.
Compositions written in Korean began to be perceived
as “low” and in Chinese “high”. For various types of
records, for example, for texts related to local culture -
Korean, for official historical records - it was preferred
to use only one or the other language over Chinese.
Disregarding the mother tongue as “vulgar” came
much later, only during the Li Dynasty. During this
period, among the scholars, it was widely believed that
it is correct for common people to write in Korean, and
that real literature can be created only in Chinese.
However, after the emergence of the national script,
especially in the second half of the Li Dynasty, many
writers began to appear in both Chinese and Korean. In
addition, some writers accused their brothers of
servitude to someone else's written word and began
to invite them to turn to the creativity of their people.
Genres of Chinese poetry and prose came to Korea
along with writing. Genres had their own names and
symbols. For example, in poetry (Chinese cholgu jueju),
yulsi (Chinese luishi), (akpu Chinese yuefu), in prose -
chan (Chinese zhuan), ki (Chinese ji), salt (Chinese sho),
pear (Chinese lu). China General views on versification
are given in the sections on Korean poetry in Chinese.
Similar considerations apply to the genre indicators of
prose: Korean “story” and “novel” chapters can be
clarified. These genre symbols are usually placed after
the title of the work, regardless of the language in
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
19
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
17-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
which it is written. At the same time, it is necessary to
pay attention to the fact that the names of poetry and
prose works, as a rule, are written in Chinese. It is
worth noting that Chinese characters were preserved
in the titles of traditional literary works until the 20th
century, and sometimes they can be seen in modern
prose. Of course, many works, large and small, of
different content have appeared over the centuries,
but each of them is distinguished by the traditional
Chinese definition of the genre. Western and Russian
researchers, as a rule, ignore this feature of literature
and divide their works according to their usual genres.
It should be noted that works of Korean poetry in the
native language were not incorporated into Chinese or
European genre systems, retaining Korean genre
names such as sijo (short poems) or kasa (long poems),
although these names even if it uses Chinese
characters. After the story about each period, a list of
literature in Russian and Western European languages
is offered, which contains translations of works and
monographs dedicated to the literary monuments of
this period.
Chinese civilization brought Confucianism and Taoism
to Korea. Buddhism entered Korea through China.
Foreign teachings were combined with local cultural
ideas expressed in myths and rituals. Perhaps the
commonality of the ancient roots of Korean and
continental cultures helped Confucianism and
Buddhism to develop and take root in the local Korean
soil. In addition, Buddhism not only took root, but also
became the custodian of the texts of Korean
traditional culture. Through the efforts of Buddhist
teachers, ancient ritual songs and legends were
recorded. As a result, as a result of the formation of a
unique image of Korean literature, “Cultural harmony”
was created.
In works on the history of literature, the question of
who is addressed to prose and poetry is usually not
raised. Who has read many works written in Chinese
and Korean? Of course, works written in Hanmun
(Wenyan, the Korean language of the Chinese literary
language) were intended for educated people. In order
to understand the meaning of a work written in the
Chinese literary language, it was necessary to go deep
into the works of Chinese classics, because behind
every mentioned name or quotation from a Chinese
work there is a chain of historical and literary
associations. The names of the heroes of Chinese
literature and stable poetic expressions taken from the
works of Chinese classics served as symbols of certain
situations, objects and their qualities in Korean poetry
and prose. In the works, Hanmun words and poems are
often written in the Korean alphabet and are not
always understood by the reader.
REFERENCES
1.
Bruce Fulton, “Modern Literature,” The
Koreas: Asia in Focus, Mary E. Connor (Santa
Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009), 259.
2.
Ha Songnan, “Waxen Wings,” in Waxen Wings:
The ACTA Koreana Anthology of Short Fiction
from Korea, Bruce Fulton (St. Paul, Minnesota:
Koryo Press, 2011), 161
–
182.
3.
Pairing the story with an accessible historical
text, such as sections from Korea Through the
Ages: 2 Modern (2005) by the Association of
Korean History Teachers and Lee Gil-sang,
provides a sound basis for historical literary
analysis, as it contains both primary and
secondary sources for students to review.
4.
Yi Sanghwa, “Does Spring Come to Stolen
Fields?,” Modern Korean Literature: An
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
20
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
17-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Anthology, Peter H. Lee (Honolulu: University
of Hawai`i Press, 1926), 80.
5.
Mary Connor, The Koreas: Asia in Focus (Santa
Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009), 34.
6.
Yom Sang-
sop, “The Rotary Press,” A Ready
Made Life, Kim Chongun and Bruce Fulton
(Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press, 1998),
32
–
45.
7.
Pairing the story with an accessible historical
text, such as sections from Korea Through the
Ages: 2 Modern (2005) by the Association of
Korean History Teachers and Lee Gil-sang,
provides a sound basis for historical literary
analysis, as it contains both primary and
secondary sources for students to review.
