Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
14
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
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03
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09
Pages:
14-21
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(2021:
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article discusses the function of American and Uzbek literature in translation studies as well as its relevance to
daily life. The scientific perspective particularly emphasises how translation enables intercultural contact. The basis
for a work's popularisation and the emergence of imagination among peoples is the fact that works of many nations
are translated several times and transmitted to the people. In translation studies, literary translation plays a crucial
role. Each country can express its national ideology, customs, spirituality, educational system, and social life through
a work of art. Therefore, it is essential for literary translation that it incorporate words and ideas that capture the
essence of the country. Language is a tool that both unifies and divides the world's inhabitants.
KEYWORDS
Translation, translation studies, literary translation, creative translation, national spirit, literary work, literary relations,
social environment.
INTRODUCTION
The literary process in the world is a complicated
phenomenon. All literary genres are always interacting
with one another and influencing one another in
varying degrees. These days, it is challenging to locate
entirely national literature that develops solely in
accordance with its own laws and is unaffected by
outside influences. It is advised to exercise caution
when examining the topic of literary influence in
publications pertaining to literary studies. It is
improper to turn the science of researching the topic
of literary influence into a hobby that entails looking
Research Article
WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY, IDENTITY, LITERARY
RELATIONSHIPS IN US AND UZBEKISTAN CHILDREN'S LITERATURE
Submission Date:
September 18, 2023,
Accepted Date:
September 23, 2023,
Published Date:
September 28, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue09-04
Farrukh Sattarov
Independent (Phd) Researcher Of Samarkand State Institute Of Foreign Languages, Teacher Of “Silk Road”
International University Of Tourism And Cultural Heritages, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
15
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
09
Pages:
14-21
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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(2022:
5.
705
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(2023:
6.
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)
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
for every possible exterior connections and parallels
among the works of other authors [4, 128 p].
In today's society, the study of literary communication
is crucial. Relationships in literature are reciprocal, not
one-sided. The national literatures will be influenced
and improved by one another. In this process, creative
translation plays a crucial role. Literary translation is a
fantastic creative subject and a training ground for
local authors. The first translators of works of literature
from other languages into Uzbek were mainly authors
and poets. Cholpon, Abdulla Qadiri, G. Gulam, Oybek,
M. Shaikhzada, Kh. Olimjon, and others were among
them. Every poet and writer interprets the works of
other writers that they enjoy. The translator must be a
creator, a creator in his or her own right, or else even
someone who has translated dozens of hefty volumes
into their native tongue will only be a basic translator
until they have any "impact" [4, 133 p].
Cultural and literary exchanges between the various
peoples who inhabit the planet are not a recent
occurrence. Their ancestors date back to antiquity. No
nation, people, have ever been closed off from other
nations, lived in their own manner, otherwise there
would have been no growth, noted literary scholar F.K.
Sulaymonova correctly [5, 3 p].
Even in Europe's favourable creative atmosphere,
books were imported and exported (the languages of
the peoples of Western Europe and Scandinavia, on
the one hand, the languages of the peoples of Central
and Eastern Europe, on the other hand, proximity,
openness of borders). The writings of authors and
poets have occasionally been published in adjacent
nations for both ideological and economical motives in
addition to their own countries. Particularly, it was in
France that the well-known Italian poet Giambattista
Marini (1569-1625) first published his poem "Adonis."
However, the "philosophical" writings of French
authors were first printed in Holland. James Joyce and
Henry Miller, two English authors, published "Ulysses"
and "Tropics" in Paris as a result of the socio-moral
climate in their home countries.
Language is the mechanism that both divides and
connects the world's peoples. Translation is the
primary means by which all of the earth's inhabitants
and their representatives communicate with one
another. Translation and translation both improve with
the development of people-to-people and nation-to-
nation political, economic, cultural, and social ties. The
primary goal of translation work is to facilitate cross-
cultural communication by introducing speakers of
different languages to one another and organising
their conversation through literature [6. 11 p].
The increase of cross-cultural, scientific, and
commercial ties between peoples is served today by
translation. The growth of national languages is
accelerated by translation, which also broadens
linguistic lexicon. The interaction between national
literature and literary impact moves more quickly
thanks to translation. It causes new national literary
forms, universal concepts, and issues to arise.
The timeless writings of legendary wordsmiths have
resonance in thousands of different languages thanks
to translation. Shakespeare, Honore de Balzac,
Alexander Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, Johann Goethe,
Homer, Sophocles, and E. Numerous more authors,
including Guy de Maupassant, Alisher Navoi, and
Ernest Hemingway, have also had their works
translated into nearly every language in the world.
Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The interplay of national literatures and their
influence on one another are growing daily as a result
of artistic translation. "The process of one country's
literature entering the globe of literature from other
countries took place throughout the course of the
following fifty years, somewhat encompassing all of
human civilization. The scope, speed, and social
content of this process are all evolving constantly"[2,
305-306 p].
The development of common words, terms, and
phrases as well as the emergence of common social-
political and literary-aesthetic laws in national cultures
and national literature are all largely attributed to
translation.
It should be noted that when literary works from
countries that interest us were translated into Uzbek,
Uzbek artists were immediately drawn to them,
especially when it came to English literature, which is
regarded as a crucial component of the literature of
Western European nations, and American literature.
and soon several of them appeared on the book
shelves as works by members of our community.
In contemporary Uzbek literature, translations of
works by English and American authors have a
significant presence, and their significance is growing.
Alisher
Navoi,
Zahiriddin
Muhammad
Babur,
Muhammad Aminkhoja Muqumi, Zakirjon Furqat,
Abdulla Qadiri, Oybek, Gafur Gulam, Zulfiya, P. Kadirov,
and etc. It is evident from the fact that numerous
works by well-known Uzbek authors, including E.
Vahidov, A. Oripov, and T. Polatov, have been
translated into a variety of foreign languages, including
English, German, French, Czech, Romanian, Polish,
Bulgarian, Hungarian, and Indian.
It should be noted that several translators and writers
from other countries have a keen interest in the
writings and lives of Uzbek authors. They began to deal
with some writers' creative processes as well, going
beyond simply translating some samples of Uzbek
writers' works into their own tongue.
Foreign readers and literary specialists who are
researching Askad Mukhtar's works wrote him mail.
For instance, Asqad Mukhtar hosted New York
University professor Harol'd Batisbay when he visited
Uzbekistan to defend his thesis on the English
translation of the novel "Sisters." H. Batisbay asked the
Uzbek author a lot of questions in this regard. The
"Central Asiatic" journal provided the answers to these
queries.
According to A. Mukhtar's response, which was
published in this magazine, "Sisters" was published
three times in Uzbek and five times in Russian. The
publication of the work is also said to have occurred in
the languages of Hindi in India, Romanian in Bucharest,
Chinese in Beijing, Ukrainian, Kazakh, Tajik, Turkmen,
and Karakalpak. The work moved me as if I were living
among its characters, as the Indian translator Sukhabir
stated in one of the Bombay journals. "Birth" was
published four times in Russian and three times in
Uzbek. The book "Davr mening taqdirimda" (The
period is in my destinity) was published three times in
Russian and twice in Uzbek.
At the end of this "answer" a bibliography related to
the work of the writer Asqad Mukhtar is attached, in
which the names of scientific works and translations
are given in English transliteration.
Based on this material, Mr. H. Batisbay wrote a lengthy
English article about Asqad Mukhtar's life and career.
Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
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03
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
"Uzbekistan Speaks" is a compilation that was released
in English in 1958. It includes a passage from the books
"Navoi" by Oybek, "Shirin Keldi" by Aydin, "New Year's
Eve" by R. Fayzi, and "The First Step" by S. Zunnunova,
as well as the stories "Opening of a Blind Eye" by A.
Qakhor.
Latin American nations are also becoming more and
more interested in Uzbek science, culture, and
literature on a daily basis. The book "Uzbekistan in the
mirror" was released in 1956 by Rudolfo Gioldi's
publishing business, "Editorial fundamentos," in
Argentina's capital city of Buenos Aires.
The book is divided into two chapters that cover
Uzbekistan's history and geography as well as the
contributions that renowned Central Asian scholars
like Khorezmi, Beruni, Ibn Sina, and Ulugbek made to
the advancement of global science. In the book's part
on literature and art, R. Gioldi discusses the works of
M. Koshgari, A. Navoi, Mukumi, Furqat, Kh. Olimjon,
Ghairati, K. Yashin, and Uygun with enthusiasm. The
study of the Uzbek language, literature, and history has
drawn more attention overseas, particularly over the
next 25 years. For Uzbek language classes, many of
manuals have been written. One of these publications,
published in West Germany in 1980, is The Active
Promoter of Our Literature in the United States of
America, by Professor Dr. Ilza Laude Sirtautas, Dean of
the Faculty of Languages and Cultures of Middle
Eastern Countries.
The relationship between Uzbek and other world
literatures, as well as how this relationship manifests
itself in different artistic translations, has grown into a
significant topic that offers enough of material for in-
depth study more than just a scientific essay or literary
table. The prose of Babur is in French, the book of
Abdullah Qadiri is in German, the comedy of Abdullah
Qakhor is in Greek, etc. One of the pressing problems
the science of translation is dealing with is geographic
"Coordinates."
In the 1930s, literary ties between the United States
and Uzbekistan were established. American authors
produced dozens of pieces of prose and poetry in tiny
genres as well as fragments from larger works in the
books and journals mentioned. Gafur Gulam, along
with a number of other well-known Uzbek authors and
poets, made a significant contribution to fostering
these ties.
The promotion of Uzbek and American literature in
both countries, as well as writer and translator
exchanges and visits between the two countries, all
contributed to the improvement of literary ties.
Langston Hughes (1902
–
1967), a black American poet
and publicist, visited Uzbekistan in 1934 and
cooperated creatively with Gafur Gulam and other
Uzbek poets. Huez used oral speech, folklore, religious
movements, and the blues into his work [3. 13 p].
In 1934, Langston Hughes' poetry was translated into
Uzbek and released as a stand-alone booklet. It is
possible to see the following circumstance in the
translation of L. Khyuz's poems:
I would liken you
To a night without stars
Were it not for your eyes,
I would liken you
To a sleep without dreams
Were it not for your songs.
Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Translation:
Men seni sevgan bo’lar edim
Yulduzsiz bir kechada
Lekin sening ko’zlaring uchun emas.
Men seni sevgan bo’lar edim
Yulduzsiz bir tunda
Lekin sening qo’shig’ing uchun emas.
Sanjar Siddiq was a seasoned and accomplished
translator, it is well recognised. The aforementioned
illustration demonstrates how even skilled and
sensitive translators can make mistakes when
sentence structure isn't properly considered. The most
intriguing aspect is that, with the exception of the fifth
line, every word and line in the original and its Uzbek
translation are exact matches. Even the original first
and second triplets' grammatical parallelism between
them was changed by the translator. The poem's
content has entirely changed after it was translated
from its original Russian. This was hampered by the
Russian translation's conflation of the original verbs
"to like" and "to liken."
The 1930 completion of the Turkestan-Siberian railway
was the subject of G. Gulam's poetry "On the Turksib
Roads," which was translated into Russian the same
year. Later Russian translators (M. Rodionov, T.
Rabinovich, and V. Derzhavin) frequently referenced to
this poem. In 1934, the Uzbek poet's poem was also
translated into English. Langston Hughes translated
the book [7. 126 p].
The broad use of diverse aspects, including negation,
to communicate the original content of the work to the
audience is one of the poet and translator's artistic
breakthroughs.
Original:
Bu yo’llar
ko’p qadim yo’llar..
Bu yo’llar tarixda birinchi daf’a
Tarixda enf porloq -
O’laroq bir sahifa
qoldirib bir botir:
Faqat ezguvchi emas,
Bir fotih
o’lkalar buzuvchi,
ellar qirguvchi emas
o’ch olguvchi emas…
Shukuh-la
Hayqirib kechmishdir.
L.Hughes’ translation:
Very old
Immemorially old
Is this road.
A new hero has passed through its sand,
Not a Tsar,
Not a spiller of blood,
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Servi
Not a killer of arts,
But a builder
Who liberates countries and hearts.
Who liberates nations and hearts is not a phrase found
in G. Gulam's writing. However, the translator deepens
the meaning of the word "hero" by adding the phrase
"liberates countries and souls" in the translation text.
One can consider L. Hughes' translation of the ensuing
poems to be one of his greatest accomplishments.
Original:
Bu yo’llar, qadim yo’llar
Ustuga bu bizdan obida,
abadiy xotiraki, bundan
to’xtamay bir nafas,
Qon-Qatron hidimas,
Ozodlik shamoli esajak.
Таржимада:
May the winds not of blood, but of freedom sing,
Of our happy spirits that soar.
May the legends alone to our memory bring
All our gloomy days of old,
May it tenderly touch each sensitive string.
As you can see, the translator here employs a novel
technique by repeating the modal verb "May" three
times to emphasise the words' significance and
meaning (freedom
–
ozodlik, blood - qon).
L. Hughes' skillful use of internal and external rhymes
is another accomplishment. There are numerous
instances of this. The example from above can serve as
evidence for our contention.
Despite significant translation flaws, the collaborative
efforts of the American poet and translator L. Hughe
and the Uzbek poet Gafur Gulam were not without
merit. This collaboration paved the way for ongoing
engagement between American and Uzbek writers.
"In G. Gulam's prose, images of children take up a
significant amount of space. They serve as symbolic
representations of the new society to some extent.
"Shum Bola," (Naughty boy) one of the children's
stories, is the most well-known (1936). It tells the story
of a boy's exploits. He is comparable to Tom Sawyer
from Mark Twain "David Montgomery remarks.
David Montgomery made multiple trips to Uzbekistan.
After ten months in Tashkent, he researched the lives
and literary careers of Uzbek poets G. Gulom and Kh.
Olimjon, among others. In the USA, a twenty-volume
dictionary with a focus on international literature is
currently available. He contributed to this outstanding
work as one of the writers of articles about Uzbek
poets. Such a publication's realisation is a significant
development in American scientific and cultural life.
This incident indicates that there have been significant
changes in our nations' relationships. Also interesting
is the articles' tone when they were published. The
encyclopedia's volume VIII contains an article devoted
to the works of Uzbek poet and literary critic G. Gulom.
"AKADEMIC INTERNATIONAL PRESS" was the
publisher of this dictionary book.
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
This significant cultural event demonstrates a shift in
how Uzbek literature is viewed in American literature.
The proponents of this movement make an effort to
depict Uzbek writers' lives and creative processes as
impartially as they can to American and international
readers (this dictionary is meant for specialists and
admirers of literature from all over the world). These
articles demonstrate that reorganisation has started in
R&D as well. Such impartial, honourable activities are
crucial if we want the American people to understand
the reality of uzbek nation.
The publication "World Literature" has an unparalleled
impact on the translation and dissemination of
American authors' works into Uzbek. Numerous
American authors and poets have had their works
published in the magaz
ine since 1997. “Chasing
Tomorrow” by Sidney Sheldon, “A Coffin from Hong
Kong” by J.H. Chase, “Grinning Gorilla” and “Foot
-
loose doll” by Stanley Gardner, “Nightwork” and “Rich
man and Poor man” by Irwin Shaw, “Rothchilds –
The
great Banking dynasty” by G.R. Lottman, “One flew
over the Cuckoo's Nest” by Ken Kesey, “The Banker”
by Leslie Waller, and “Detour Road” by J. Phillips are
major examples
Uzbek culture has old historical origins. Its current
development is comparable to that of the world's most
developed societies. As a result, research into it is
receiving more and more attention.
The study of Uzbek language literature and their
history overseas has drawn more interest during the
past 25 years.
One such work is "Chrestomatry of Contemporary
Uzbek Literature," written by American scholar Ilza
Laude-Sirtautas and published in Germany.
The book includes Uzbek folklore samples, passages
from modern Uzbek writers' works, in-depth analyses
of each of these materials, and pages from an Uzbek-
English dictionary.
Professor Ilza is a renowned expert on Turkish culture
and a seasoned educator who has spent 30 years
researching Turkish peoples, particularly Uzbek
literature, language, folklore, and history.
Even more fascinating is the chapter of the book titled
"About Childhood Years of Uzbek Writers." It includes
the biographies of artists including S. Zunnunova, H.
Gulom, and A. Qakhor. There are also some quotes
from "Shum bola."
Ms. Ilza Sirtautas, an admirer of Uzbek literature, has
recently translated a number of Uzbek poets' works.
He translated several poems by Abdulhamid Cholpon,
A. Oripov, and M. Ali, including "Someone laughs, and
I am the one who cries", into English.
The translation of selected works of Uzbek literature
began in 1997 at the University of Washington, under
the leadership of Ilza Sirtautas.
One may be certain that Uzbek literature, both in the
classical and modern senses, is rich with respected and
intriguing works by looking at examples of Uzbek
literature that have been translated into English. One
of the most pressing issues will always be its
widespread marketing, not only in English but also in
other foreign languages. Additionally, all translations
pale in comparison to the original texts. According to J.
Sharipov, a translator should be aware of the people's
colour and traits when retranslating.
Nowadays translators have emerged in our nation
alongside seasoned ones like A. Iminov and J. Kamal,
Volume 03 Issue 09-2023
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SJIF
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705
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(2023:
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OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
who directly translate Uzbek literature into English and
English literature into Uzbek. To the growth of the
translation work, Azam Obidov, Fakhriddin Nizomov,
Shoakhmad Mutalov, and Alisher Otaboev all
participate.
The book "American Stories" was released in Uzbek in
2011 by the US Embassy there. Seven short stories from
the collection "America's Best Stories of 2007"
published by Houston Mifflin Harcourt in the United
States are included in this book. Joseph Einstein,
Beverly Jensen, Roy Kesey, Stelar Kim, Erin Kyle,
Richard Russo, and Keith Walbert are the stories'
authors. Azam Obidov, Fakhriddin Nizomov, and
Shoahmad Mutalov translated the books into Uzbek.
Molly Stevenson, Public Relations Advisor at the US
Embassy, states in the book's prologue, "Literature
and reading have an enormous capacity to foster
mutual understanding, explore faraway regions,
express fresh ideas, and encourage connection." -
Uzbeks are familiar with and avid readers of American
great authors like Ernest Hemingway, Theodore
Dreiser, and Mark Twain. In Uzbekistan, there weren't
many possibilities to study contemporary American
literature, nevertheless. In order to close this gap, the
US Embassy in Uzbekistan is happy to finance the
translation and publication of a collection of modern
American stories.
To readers in Uzbekistan and admirers of American
literature, this book was a deserving gift.
The function of artistic translation in the relationships
between various national literatures is unmatched, as
the foregoing succinct analysis shows. Weekly
newspapers, magazines, publishing houses, and
today's mass media all contribute significantly to the
dissemination of literary classics from one country to
another. Events like gatherings of representatives
from diverse literary genres, in-person discussions, and
celebrations of national languages and literature in one
country and another help to strengthen literary ties
across nations.
REFERENCES
1.
Vanspenkeren K. Foundations of American
Literature.
From
English
H.
Karomatov's
translation.
––
Vienna: USIA Regional Program
Office, 2004. - B.69.
2.
Conrad N. I. Zapad i Vostok. - M.: Visshaya school,
1989. - P. 305
–
306.
3.
Poems of Langston Hughes. From Russian S.
Siddique's
translation.
-
T.-Samarkand:
Uzdavnashr, 1934.
4.
Salomov G'. An Introduction to Translation Theory.
- T.: Teacher, 1978. - B.128.
5.
Sulaimanova F. East and West. - T.: Uzbekistan,
1997. - B.3.
6.
Sirojiddinov Sh., Odilova G. Fundamentals of
artistic translation. - T.: Mumtoz Soz, 2011. -B.11.
7.
Poems of Langston Hughes. From Russian S.
Siddique's
translation.
-
T.-Samarkand:
Uzdavnashr, 1934.
