Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
56
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
56-61
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Children's literature is an organic part of general literature, but has its own specifics, determined by the synthesis of
pedagogical and aesthetic requirements. Children's literature focuses on the interests of the reader-child, written
taking into account the psychology of a particular age. The language of the children's book is characterized by the
richness of the artistic means used and, at the same time, by the availability associated with the selection of means
that are close to the perception of the child.
KEYWORDS
S
tories, traditions, myth in children’s literature, biblical themes.
INTRODUCTION
Children's literature is focused on humanistic values
and is distinguished by a high artistic level. These
requirements make it possible to designate the best
children's books and their authors. For merits in the
field of children's literature, writers are awarded
national and international prizes. The most honorable
of them is the “Gold Medal of H.K. Andersen”
- has
been awarded since 1956 once every two years to a
writer, and since 1966 to an illustrator. The award is
presented by the Children's Book Council International
during the Children's Book Congress. The award
winners are foreign children's writers Tove Jansson,
Astrid Lindgren (twice), James Kryuss, Erich Kestner,
Gianni Rodari and others, Russian illustrator Tatyana
Mavrina. There is also the prestigious A. Green Russian
Literary Prize. It has been awarded annually by the
Union of Writers of Russia since 2001 (among the
laureates are the poet-translator Mikhail Yasnov, the
author of stories about children Vladimir Zheleznikov,
and others).
Research Article
MYTHS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD IN CHILDREN'S READING
Submission Date:
June 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
June 25, 2023,
Published Date:
June 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue06-10
Fayziyev Bakhodir
Bukhara State University, Department Of English Literature, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
57
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
56-61
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In a literal translation from Greek, the word myth
means "story", "tradition". However, the myth is not a
genre of literature, but represents a system of views
within which the world is perceived and described. The
mythology of this or that people is understood as a set
of stories born of a collective fantasy, in which an
explanation of various natural phenomena is given in
an artistic and figurative form, the laws of social and
cultural development are comprehended. In primitive
society, myth was the equivalent of culture and
science.
Signs of a myth:
•
collectivity of creation;
•
variability, ability to transform;
•
etiological character;
•
unconscious meaningful figurativeness;^
•
ideological syncretism.
There is no universal typology of myths, it is customary
to single out cosmogonic (myths about the origin of
the world), eschatonic (myths about the end of the
world), theogonic ^^ (myths about the origin of gods),
anthropological (myths about the origin of man),
calendar (reproduce natural cycles, are presented in
agrarian peoples) and other types of myths.
Various scientific schools were engaged in the study of
myth: mythological (the brothers Grimm, M. Muller, A.
Afanasiev) - the myth is interpreted as a poetic
personification and explanation of incomprehensible
celestial phenomena; anthropological. (E. Tylor, J.
Fraser, G. Spencer) - a look at the myth as a reflection
of actual events; ritualistic (S. Hook, T. Gaster, E.
James, F. Raglan) - the connection between myth and
ritual is substantiated; psychoanalytic (Z. Freud and his
supporters) - the myth is interpreted as a sublimation
of repressed erotic emotions, etc.
Today it is a generally recognized fact of the existence
of mythology in every nation. The study of ancient
cultures clarifies a lot in the development of world
children's literature, the origins of which lie in archaic
civilizations, in the era of antiquity, in the early stages
of world religions.
1.
Ancient Greek mythology in editions for
children
Among the monuments of the first millennium BC,
ancient Greek myths occupy a significant place in the
reading of children. They reflect the ideas of the
Hellenes about the structure of the world, their moral
code, exploits, conquests.
The first written works that reflected the motives of
ancient Greek mythology were the Iliad and the
Odyssey by Homer (8th century BC). Epic poems arose
on the basis of the songs and tales of wandering Aed
singers. In later times, ancient Greek myths were
reflected in the works of the playwrights Aeschylus,
Sophocles, Euripides.
The plot basis of the ancient Greek epic is the Trojan
War: the Iliad tells about Achilles' campaign against
Troy, its siege and capture, the Odyssey tells about
Odysseus' return to his homeland after the fall of Troy,
about his amazing adventures. The Iliad concentrates
mainly military-heroic materiall of ancient legends, in
the "Odyssey" - everyday and fabulous. The real story
in the epic is intertwined with earlier myths. Visibility
and visibility, as characteristic features of Homer's
poems, are expressed in the images of numerous gods
endowed with human virtues and shortcomings.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
58
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
56-61
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
It is believed that the common Greek pantheon of gods
developed gradually, the image of each god
experienced a long evolution.
In editions of ancient Greek mythology for children,
different groups of myths are presented, but heroic
mythology is preferred. So, in the book by V. Smirnova
"Heroes of Hellas" (M., 1980, 1997), the legend of the
Argonauts and the exploits of Hercules are retold. The
author managed to preserve many characteristic
features of the poetry of the ancients: the atmosphere
of feat and camaraderie was restored, admiration for
people capable of overcoming obstacles was
conveyed, and the one-line nature of characters
inherent in ancient art was reflected. In Smirnova's
retelling, anthropomorphism was also reflected in the
depiction of the gods.
The retellings of the ancient Greek epic prepared by E.
Tudorovskaya “The Trojan War and its heroes (M.,
1967, 1997), “The Adventures of Odysseus” (M., 1970,
1997) are addressed to younger students. Taking into
account the age characteristics of children, the author
recounts the epic in prose, rearranges the material
compositionally, observing the sequence in the
presentation of events, orienting the retelling to
folklore poetics.
The rapprochement of myth and fairy tale is noted in
the publication "Brave Perseus" (prepared by K.
Chukovsky. M., 1973), addressed to children of
preschool age. This book is distinguished by fabulous
intonation, emotionality of style, reliance on the
characteristic features of a fairy tale - repetitions,
verbal formulas, hyperbole.
Let us especially note the publications of ancient Greek
mythology, carried out in the 1990s by the Belarusian
publishing house "Belfax": "Heroes and Gods of
Olympus", "Mythological stories", "Iliad", "Odyssey".
The first of the books is a dictionary that introduces
children to the basic concepts of ancient Greek
mythology. The "Mythological Tales" contains the
most vivid, plot myths about the heroes of Hellas,
about the participants in the Trojan War. The age
orientation of the publication is evidenced by a small
amount of stories placed, a lively emotional
presentation, vivid illustrations (both books use the
works of the Italian artist Piero Cataneo, characterized
by deep penetration into the image). The books are
also of interest to the adult reader, because the
ambiguity of myths is reflected here, individual images
and motifs of Greek mythology are interpreted in a
new way, reflected in works of art, fixed in popular
expressions (“war of the gods”, “Trojan horse”,
“golden fleece” , "Pandora's box", "Ariadne's thread",
etc.).
2. Bible stories in an arrangement for preschoolers
The 1990s, marked by the democratization of all
aspects of public life, are characterized by the
appearance of previously banned editions of biblical
texts. The Bible (literally translated from Greek - books)
is a collection of writings of different times and
different characters, created in the period from the
12th century BC to the 12th century BC. e. to 2nd
century AD e. It includes texts of different genres
(myths about the creation of the world, historical
narratives, recording of ethical norms, religious poetry,
etc.), which make up a kind of literary microcosm.
The Bible is divided into two parts: the Old and the New
Testament. The Old Testament was created by
adherents of Judaism, the texts included in it were
created in Hebrew, partly Aramaic. The most ancient
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
59
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
56-61
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
part of the Old Testament is the song of the prophet
Deborah from the book of Judges (XIII BC), the last is
the book of the prophet Daniel (mid-2nd century BC).
The Old Testament is divided into three large cycles:
the Law, the Prophets, the Scriptures. The first part of
the "Law" (Torah), or "Pentateuch", is a chronicle-
legislativebooks prescribed to Moses (Genesis,
Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy). The
second part - "The Prophets" - consists of several
ancient chronicles: the Book of Joshua, the Book of
Judges, the four Books of Kings, collections of
speeches of the "major" and "small" prophets.
"Scriptures" is a collection of texts related to various
poetic and prose genres: religious lyrics ("Psalms"),
parables ("Parables of Solomon"), reflections on the
meaning of life ("Ecclesiastes"), lyrical wedding songs
("Song of Songs" ), chronicles (1-2 Chronicles), etc.
The New Testament contains monuments of early
Christian literature of the second half of the 1st-
beginning of the 2nd century AD. e., created mainly in
Greek. The composition of the New Testament
includes four gospels - the gospel of the life and
teachings of Christ (from Matthew, Mark, Luke and
John). Adjacent to the Gospels are the Acts of the
Apostles (a story about the life of the Jewish
community and the journeys of the apostles), 21
epistles (teachings in epistolary form) of the apostles
Paul, Peter, John, James, and Jude. The New
Testament also includes the Apocalypse, which is the
earliest text in the New Testament part of the Bible
(68-69 AD).
The Bible is the basis of Christian and Jewish religious
teachings, reading its individual chapters and sections
is one of the elements of worship. At the same time,
biblical images and stories had an impact on the
development of world art. Thus, Old Testament
themes richly nourished literature from Dante's Divine
Comedy to T. Mann's Joseph and His Brothers. The
images of the New Testament narratives had a
universal influence on European fine arts (the works of
A. Rublev, A. Ivanov, I. Kramskoy, N. Roerich - in
Russian painting; Dürer, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci,
Titian, Crivelli, Tintoretto, Rembrandt, Veronese,
Rubens - in European art). The Bible is the world's first
printed book and has been translated into over 2,000
languages.
Familiarization
of
preschoolers
and
younger
schoolchildren with biblical legends is associated with
considerable difficulties. Texts created many centuries
ago are good for me in detailed commentary,
adaptation, and qualified retelling. There are several
options for solving this problem. One way is to
republish pre-revolutionary books addressed to the
children's reader.
Among the reprint publications we can name
"Children's Bible, or the Sacred Story in Simple Stories
for Reading at School and at Home", compiled by
Archpriest A. Sokolov (M., 1996), "The Sacred History
for Children" in the
retelling of M. Lvova (M., 1994), “A
sacred story in stories for children by P.N.
Vozdvizhensky” (M., 2005) and others. Of undoubted
interest is the book “Teachings of Christ” by L.N.
Tolstoy, published by the Perm publishing house in
1994, containing, in addition to retelling the New
Testament, conversations with children on religious
and moral issues, united by the common title
"Children's Wisdom".
Numerous translated editions of the Bible are also
addressed to the children's reader: "My First Bible in
Pictures" in the retelling for kids by K. Taylor ,
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
60
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
56-61
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
"Children's Bible" in the translation of B. Arapovich,
"The Bible for the smallest” translated by M. Zeger and
others. The “problem areas” of these publications
include dryness, factual retelling, its focus primarily on
memory and consciousness, and the lack of
explanations necessary for the child.
These shortcomings are devoid of retellings of biblical
texts carried out by children's writers. Thus, the
authors of the book "The Tower of Babel and Other
Ancient Legends", published under the editorship of K.
Chukovsky (M., 1989), managed to convey knowledge
about the Bible through living pictures. The retellings
were compiled by famous children's writers and
translators M. Agursky, V. Berestov, N. Grebneva, V.
S
mirnova, L. Litvinova. The “Tower of Babel” conveys
Old Testament legends that are reflected in works of
painting, sculpture, literature, preserved in speech
(“the Flood”, “Tower of Babel”, “Balaam’s donkey”,
“Judgment of Solomon”, “pandemonium”, etc.). d.
).
Legends with a pronounced adventure, eventful side
are selected, imagery is used that distinguishes the
works of oral folk art (fairy tale, epic, historical song).
The artistic merits of this publication, its possibilities in
the aesthetic education of preschoolers are
undeniable.
The “Tower of Babel” is supplemented in a peculiar
way by A. Men’s book “Light of the World” (M., 1992).
Compositionally, it consists of 42 small chapters,
revealing the life of Christ from birth to ascension. The
material is presented in the form of conversations,
reasoning, communication between the author and
the reader; images, comparisons close to the child are
used. The advantages of retelling include the lack of
categoricalness, confidence in intonation, the author's
ability to speak deeply and simply about complex
issues of theology and history.
REFERENCES
1.
Египет: Боги и герои / А.Н. Кули1 ов.
-
М.:
Полина, 1995.
-
80 с.
2.
Золотая книга: Легенды и мифы. / Пересказ
для детей Анны Блейз.
-
М.: АСТ, 2007.
-
400 с.
3.
Кубеев, М.Н. Сто великих л'егенд и мифов
мира / М.Н. Кубеев. –
М.: Вече, 2010.
-
250 с.
4.
Науменко,
Г.М.
Большая
хрестоматия
мифологических и сказочных персонажей
для детей / Г.М. Науменко.
-
М.: А СТ, 2008.
-
384 с.
5.
Свет имени в ночи времен: Европейские
легенды средневековья / Пересказ В.
Марковой.
-
Калининград: Форпост, 1993.
- 111
с.
6.
Bakhshilloyevna, Khamdamova Sitora, and
Yusupova Hilola Uktamovna. "SYMBOLISM IN
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS’POETRY." Central
Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy and
Culture 2.5 (2021): 131-135.
7.
Bakhshilloyevna,
Khamdamova
Sitora.
"CRITICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON
SYMBOLISM
IN
WILLIAM
BUTLER
YEATS’POETRY." Euro
-Asia Conferences. Vol. 3.
No. 1. 2021.
8.
Bakhshilloyevna, Khamdamova Sitora, and
Yusupova Hilola Uktamovna. "SYMBOLISM IN
WILLIAM BUTLER
YEATS’POETRY." Central
Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy and
Culture 2.5 (2021): 131-135.
9.
Сказки Попуш: Индийские легенды и
сказания /Сост. М.Салганик
-
М.:Полифакт,
1992.-
288 с. Скандинавские сказания /
Пересказ Ю. Г. Светланова.
-
М.: Детская
литература, 1988.
-
207 с.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
61
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
56-61
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
10.
Словарь славянской мифологии / Сост. Е.А.
Глушко,
Ю.М.
Медведев.
-
Нижний
Новгород: Русский купец, 1996.
-
480 с.
