Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
57
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
57-62
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article examines one of the topical problems of modern literary criticism, the essence, theoretical foundations of
the forms of the chronotope, the influence and connection of genre evolution on the storyline, the architecture of a
work of art. The article investigates the role of the road chronotope in expressing the writer's artistic and ideological
goal, and its importance in directing the plot.
KEYWORDS
Forms of chronotope, semiotics of a literary text, architecture of a literary work, road chronotope, literary text,
phenomenon
INTRODUCTION
The term сhronotope formed by combining the Greek
words "chronos" (time) and "topos" (space), was first
used by Einstein in the field of concrete and natural
sciences. It is widely known that the term chronotope
in literature was first introduced by the Russian
scientist M. Bakhtin. It would not be an exaggeration
to say that the maximum approximation of literary
criticism to the human phenomenon in fiction and to
the human phenomenon moving in it was realized
thanks to the theory of the chronotope of M. Bakhtin.
[6, 1]
Research Article
THE ROLE OF THE ROAD CHRONOTOPE ON THE PLOT AND
COMPOSITION OF THE LITERARY WORK
Submission Date:
April 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
March 25, 2023,
Published Date:
April 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue04-11
Yunusova Ganjina Rustamovna
BSU, Teacher, Doctoral Student, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
58
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
57-62
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The individuality of M. Bakhtin and his influence on
fiction is no less than such great thinkers as Aristotle,
Shakespeare, Goethe, Dostoevsky. No matter how
large-scale a phenomenon fiction is, it is difficult to
create new laws in it. These ideas discovered by
Bakhtin came to the world on the basis of a study of
human artistic thinking, sources of fiction and specific
literary texts.
That is why, recognizing the creative individuality of
the scientist, his high talent and phenomenal research
skills, we put forward the conclusion that "Bakhtin was
not an accident, the historical period, the scientific and
literary environment, the unique theoretical base were
of great importance in his formation." [6,2]
In the 1930s, when M. Bakhtin introduced the the
theory of chronotope into literary criticism, the
chronotope had a direct impact on the genre of a work
of art, the storyline, composition, general architecture
of a work, the semiotics of a work of art, and the
poetics of symbols. In other words, the chronotope
streamlines the genre and plot, improves the internal
consistency of the work of art.
METHODS AND RESEARCH
The main features of the chronotope are in describing
the relationship of the human universe in a work of art,
highlighting the inner experiences, joys and sorrows of
the hero of the work, highlighting the mental scenes
associated with his inner world, revealing the artistic
and ideological goal of the creator, and also directly
participate in the disclosure of the content and form of
the work .
The chronotope has a strictly genre essence. Genre
and genre features are manifested precisely through
the chronotope. Also, the leading feature of the artistic
chronotope can be seen in time. The chronotope as a
form-content category also determines the essence of
the image of a person in literature. Because the artistic
image always acquires meaning on the basis of the
chronotope. [1, 51]
When discussing the poetic elements characteristic of
a work of art, it is clearly seen that its main basis is the
plot. There is no plot element (exposition, plot, climax,
denouement, etc.) that would make sense without a
chronotope. Because, according to Bakhtin, the
chronotope, as the only materializer of time and space,
is the enlightening center in the image of the entire
novel [3,454]. Therefore, the main task of the
chronotope in a work of art is to determine the genre,
plot, character, style and language of the work, to be a
bridge connecting the inner experiences between the
author and the reader.
According to the scientist, the artistic chronotope
contains a combination of symbols of space and time
into a semantic and concrete whole. Here time
thickens, shrinks, turns into an artistic form; space
accelerates and expands within the framework of
temporal, plot and historical movements. If signs of
time are manifested in space, then space is measured
and understood in time. In such a mixed stream of
signs, the nature of the artistic chronotope is
manifested. [2, 399]
Forming the concept of chronotope, M. Bakhtin
investigated the essence and scope of the chronotope
in extended novels. In the course of these studies, M.
Bakhtin singled out six types of the novel and the forms
of the chronotope characteristic of these six types in
his study Time and Forms of the Chronotope in the
Novel (1937-
1938). The “Conclusion” part of the
scientific and theoretical work provides a great
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
59
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
57-62
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
opportunity to identify six types of novels, that is, from
Greek novels to Rabelais, from Rabelais to the 19th
century, and determine the poetic connection
between them, combine the six types and determine
the forms of the chronotope in them based on this
study. , taking into account that it serves as one of the
main sources not only in highlighting the poetics of the
chronotope and forms of research, but also in
promoting the dialectical issues of novel theory and
theoretical literary criticism.
M. Bakhtin's study "Forms of time and chronotope in
the novel" (1937-1938) was translated into Uzbek by
the Uzbek philologist Uzok Djorakulov, and his opinion
is important for the following reasons: firstly, the study
examines the genre of the novel from the standpoint
of historical poetics, and secondly, he theoretically
proved that the movement of time and space, which
has not stopped for a moment since the creation of
mankind, is the most important condition for fiction,
which claims to develop an artistic model of life [5,
499]
DISSCUSSIONS
If we talk about the internal elements of the
chronotope, then the chronotope is made up of units
of time and space. Artistic time is the time depicted in
a work of art. In a work of art, the chronicle occurs
earlier or in sequence and constitutes artistic time,
time. Therefore, the reader feels the essence of artistic
time in the work, even if time is not mentioned. static-
dynamics of artistic time; real-unreal; In fiction, there
are such variations as past-present-future. The unit of
artistic time is the leading category not only of the
chronotope, but also of artistic genres.
In his work, the artist can use the example of a day,
night, month, year or century. As an example, the
events of Ch.Aitmatov's novel "Asrga tatigullik kun"
are based on only one day, while the first and second
parts of the novel "Kiyamat" is based on one day as
well.
The literary space is the next element of the
chronotope and is closely related to the literary time in
the work. In the phenomenon of the chronotope,
literary time and space are combined in logical
harmony with each other.
The space is concretized by the real content of the hero
and is seriously connected with his fate. The whole
composition of the work is built on the basis of this
event, the plot of the work takes place in the epic
space, takes place at a certain time, develops and finds
a solution. “In other words, the concept of space forms
a mutual unity with the concept of time” [4, 5].
Each creator perceives time and space based on his
own image, draws lines based on his inner psyche or
worldview. For this reason, the chronotope of a work
of art has the quality of uniqueness, unlike any other
literary space and time.
Literary space, like literary time, is closed (limited) -
open (boundless); static-dynamic; real- unreal
(fantastic); There are familiar (the protagonist was
born and raised in the buyer or feels at home) and
foreign (foreign place, foreign country, foreign) types.
The most common chronotope form of literary space
in the motive of the "road". In the road chronotope,
space-time harmony is perfectly clear and bright. The
road chronotope has a special place in literature.
Literary works that do not have variations of the road
motif are rare, on the contrary, there are many works
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
60
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
57-62
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
built on the basis of road chronotope, road meetings,
road adventures. The motive of the road is semantically
colorful and ambiguous. Through the space where the
path is depicted, the artist can reflect the path of the
inner psyche of the hero, the path of individual
development, the national idea of the path of the
entire nation or country.
Bakhtin categorizes chronotopes in the novel as
"main" (chronotopes in ancient Greek novels;
chronotopes in domestic-adventure novels; in ancient
biographies and autobiographies; in works of chivalry;
folklore and Rabelyona (ideal chronotopes in the
works of Rable)) and minor (auxiliary). In turn, these
chronotope forms are closely related to each other in a
literary work. It is manifested in such processes as
complementing each other, comparing, changing,
connecting, and opening commonalities.
Another remarkable aspect of the chronotope is the
nature of tradition inherited from folklore and legends.
As an example, in the interpretation of fiction, the
landscapes of the world are modeled by chronotopes
such as a house (an image of a closed space), a
threshold, a window, a door (a border between two
spaces), and a road. The use of these lines is not alien
to modern literature. In our opinion, among the
chronotopes shown below, the "road" chronotope is
widespread in artistic creation, has the features of
spatial infinity and mystery, which are not recorded in
any of the artistic spaces, and is manifested in the plot
lines of most artistic works. The role of the road
chronotope in fiction is incomparable, and many works
are built directly on the basis of the road chronotope
and road motifs. One of the main reasons for this is that
the road chronotope has a wide spatial dimension and
interprets the unity of space and time very clearly and
vividly.
M. Bakhtin in his theoretical work known as "Forms of
time and chronotope in the novel" (1937-1938)
analyzes the role of the road chronotope in the work
of art and its influence on the plot during the analysis
of novels. If we take the scheme of adventure-
adventure novels as an example, among the structural
elements of the plot, motifs such as the flight of lovers,
their journey, unexpected meetings with friends or
enemies, are directly and directly connected with the
chronotope of the road. indicates that it is related. In
this type of novels, the road is very mysterious and
shows features such as sudden appearance, change of
direction, surprise.
One of the unique features of the road chronotope in
ancient Greek novels is the abstract-technical nature of
space-time indicators. In novels with such a scheme,
the road intersects in regions and worlds alien to the
characters, the action of the plot develops in a very
wide geographical space, in three to five countries. In
modern novels, the hero goes on a journey and goes
through a series of tests, faces various dangers, there
is room for chance and fate on his way. The difference
between domestic-adventure type novels and Greek
novels is that space and time are more important and
clearly illuminated, and the road chronotope is filled
with scenes of real life. With the help of this, it will be
possible to illuminate the scenes of life in the work on
a large scale. The hero and the main turning points in
his life will still be outside of everyday life and will be
related to the road. According to M.M. Bakhtin, life is
located on the road and on its sides. The life path of
heroes is unusual, not domestic, the domestic sphere
can be one of the stages of this path. The main purpose
of the road chronotope is manifested in novels of this
type based on a certain series: guilt-revenge-salvation.
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
61
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
57-62
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The third type of novel - autobiography or biography -
is considered in the sense of "path of life". In this case,
we should take into account that the artistic-aesthetic
content of the road chronotope and its function in the
plot are related to the artistic spiritual experiences,
artistic views, and traditional image of a certain period
of each writer. The chronotope of the road can have a
moral equivalent of a specific spatial trajectory
character (life path) on a specific scale of the internal
evolution of the hero. [4,6-7]
While studying M.M. Bakhtin's work "Forms of time
and chronotope in the novel", our attention is drawn
to the fact that the scientist noted the place of the road
chronotope in folklore. Various variations of the road
motif are reflected in all types of folklore. In addition,
the road in folklore is not only an ordinary road, but it
is embodied as an important part of the "life path" for
each character. If we take intersections as an example,
this motif is considered a turning point in the life of a
folkloric hero, and is depicted as a sign that decides the
future of a person when choosing the direction of the
true path. In folklore, other road components are also
considered important, such as the beginning and end
of the road, meetings, obstacles, road signs, signs of
fate, which describe the stages of life, and determine
the direction in which the plot lines of the artistic piece
will be formed.
To sum up, chronotope forms, especially the road
chronotope, plays an incomparable role in the
composition of an literary work in the formation of the
plot, in the organization of the character of the image,
and in the performance of the tasks of storytelling. We
studied the effect of chronotope forms on the
architecture of the work, on the semiotics of the
literary text, and the interconnection of the forms of
time and space in the work.
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(ISSN
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VOLUME
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ISSUE
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Pages:
57-62
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
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OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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