Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
41
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
41-46
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article is aimed at studying one of the phenomena of such a grammatical section as syntax, which considers words
in a sentence, the sentence itself, its structure, signs and types. Considerable attention is also paid to the
morphological and lexical component.
KEYWORDS
Negation, means of expressing negation, communicative operation, semantic categories, lexical, phraseological,
syntactic means of language.
INTRODUCTION
The term "negation" was introduced into philosophy
by Hegel, but he put an idealistic meaning into it. From
his point of view, denial is based on the development
of ideas, thoughts, Denial is inherent in the
development of knowledge, science. Every new, more
perfect scientific theory overcomes the old, less
perfect one. Negation is not something introduced into
an object or phenomenon from the outside, it is the
result of its own, internal development. Objects and
phenomena, as we already know, are contradictory
and, developing on the basis of internal opposites, they
themselves create conditions for their own
destruction, for the transition to a new, higher quality.
Denial is the overcoming of the old on the basis of
Research Article
NEGATION AND ITS MEANS OF EXPRESSION IN ENGLISH
Submission Date:
April 17, 2023,
Accepted Date:
March 22, 2023,
Published Date:
April 27, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue04-08
G.B.Djoldasova
Phd., Doc Of Karakalpak State University Named After Berdakh, Uzbekistan
G.A.Klishbekova
Master Student Of Nukus State Pedagogical Institute Named After Ajiniyaz, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
42
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
41-46
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
internal contradictions, the result of self-development,
self-movement of objects and phenomena [4,180].
In contrast to the metaphysically interpreted
"negation", which emphasizes the gap, the opposite of
the features of the previous and subsequent stages of
change, dialectical "negation" implies a connection, a
transition from one stage to another. The dialectical
understanding of negation proceeds from the fact that
the new does not destroy the old completely, but
preserves all the best that was in it. And not only
preserves it, but also processes it, raises it to a new,
higher level. [4,183] As can be seen from the above
theses, negation does not completely destroy the old,
but translates to a new level, which can be correlated
with both logic and language. Next, we will draw a
parallel of this concept with logic and language itself.
Negation has always been an object of both linguistics
and formal logic. From the point of view of formal
logic, negation is "... a logical operation that opposes
an untrue to a true judgment, an untrue judgment to a
false judgment, indicating that the predicate does not
correspond to the subject or forms an addition to this
class ..." [5,56]. At the same time, it is noted that it is
not a simple failure to detect the expected other
specific object that leads to a negative judgment, since
the non-existence of one consists in the existence of
the other. In other words, denial is not a direct
reflection of reality and its connections, but a way of
our consideration of them based on contrast with the
original positive facts.
Denial is a communicative operation that rejects or
corrects the addressee's opinion, that is, denial is a
speech act, the purpose of which is not to
communicate new information, but to refute the
addressee's opinion.
Theoretically, negation is a statement of non-
existence. In a negative judgment, negation can be
directed either to its entire content or to the
connection between the subject and the predicate; in
language, negation is expressed by the word "no". We
can recognize any judgment as right or wrong, but it
would be unwise to do it at the same time (the law of
contradiction and the law of negation of the third). No
positive statement is associated with negation. The
saying "this flower is not fragrant" has meaning even
when the flower has no smell at all. Under any
conditions, the correct value in the negation of a
predicate is primarily a formal negative (counterdictor)
value, and any other, narrower, more definite value
must still prove its validity. Being a universal category
of language with complex and multidimensional
semantics and a diverse arsenal of means of
expression,
negation
receives
a
separate
interpretation in the light of each new direction of
linguistics. [1,97]
Negation is one of the original, semantically
indecomposable semantic categories peculiar to all
languages of the world, which cannot be defined
through simpler semantic elements. Negation is an
element of the meaning of a sentence that indicates
that the connection established between the
components of the sentence, in the speaker's opinion,
does not really exist or that the corresponding
affirmative sentence is rejected by the speaker as false.
Most often, a negative statement is made in a situation
where the corresponding affirmative was made earlier
or is included in the general presumption of the
speakers.
Negation is an expression by means of lexical,
phraseological, syntactic and other means of language
that the connection established between the elements
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
43
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
41-46
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
of the utterance does not really exist. Negation can be
absolute (absolute negation) or related to the
utterance and is then called syntactic (syntaxique) or
connective (conjunctive). Connective negation can
refer to a concept (lexical negation) or to a sentence
(phrasal negation). A simple negation, regardless of its
form, is called one in which there is nothing but the
idea of negation; a complex negation or negative word
is called a negation with which the concept of time
(never), a person (nodiv) or an object (nothing) is
associated. Demi-negation is a word that serves to
weaken a statement, such as, for example, hardly.
[4,224]
In order to reveal the fullness of the concept of
negation, to determine the most widely the ways and
means of its expression, we need to analyze the cases
of its use in speech. To this end, it is necessary to trace
the cases of the use of negation in the syntactic
structure of the sentence and to identify individual
morphological, lexical means. We will discuss this in
more detail below.
By the nature of the attitude to reality expressed in the
sentence, they are divided into affirmative and
negative. Denial is often accompanied by a statement,
both potential and expressed. Sentences that include
grammatically formulated negation and affirmation
are called negative-affirmative. Such proposals can be
both simple and complex. With an unconnected
connection of parts of a complex sentence, a
combination of affirmation/negation can be one of the
means of communication that also serves to express
the meaning of comparison.
Two negative particles sometimes formalize an
affirmative sentence (a sentence with double
negation), since negation of negation occurs in it. In
English, the negation in a sentence can be expressed:
[6,224]
a) in the subject:
What I suffer in that way no tongue can tell.
b) in the predicate:
I haven't the smallest intention of doing anything of
the kind.
c) in addition:
Took no interest in people apart from their social
position.
d) in the circumstances of the time:
In fact, I am never wrong.
Speaking about the ways of expressing negation in
English, it should be
note that there are different approaches to data
classification. For example, linguists such as
Barkhudarov L.S. and Shteling D.A. distinguish three
ways of expression [2,289-291]:
• negative pronouns:
Nodiv wanted to talk about it after that.
• adverbs:
Never thought that he was a spy.
• negative conjunctions: neithe
r... nor, not... nor,
But neither of you knew him as I did.
The morphological ways of expressing negation
include affixation, represented by prefix and
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
44
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
41-46
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
suffixation. In the word-formation processes occurring
in the English language, they occupy a special position.
First of all, they usually do not form new parts of
speech, the same prefix can, and forms new words
from different parts of speech. Newly formed words
remain the same part of speech from which they are
formed, for example: [7,288]
common
–
uncommon
grateful
–
ungrateful
satisfactory
–
unsatisfactory
trained - untrained
ability - disability
approval - disapproval
trust
–
distrust
responsible
–
unresponsive (irresponsible)
The most extensive group of prefixes in the English
language are prefixes of a particular meaning. Let's
consider them in more detail.
• Prefix un
- occurs in various forms in many Indo-
European languages. In modern English, it has been
preserved in the form in which it was used in Old
English. This is a very productive prefix and easily forms
new words from different parts of speech:
ungrateful
unwritten
unemployment
inhumanly
Most often this prefix is found in adjectives and
adverbs, for example:
The only thing that makes me unhappy is that I'm
making you unhappy.
• The prefix in
- of Latin origin, akin to the Germanic
prefix un-, appeared in loanwords from the French
language:
incorrect
indifferent
innumerable
inactive
• The prefix in
- of Latin origin, akin to the Germanic
prefix un-, appeared in loanwords from the French
language:
incorrect
indifferent
innumerable
inactive
•The prefix in
- has variants il-, im-, ir-; il- in words
starting with l-, im- in words starting with p-, b-, m-, and
ir- in words starting with r-, for example:
illegal
illiterate
immotile
irresponsible
imposible
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
45
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
41-46
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
• The prefix mis is of common German origin. It most
often forms derivatives from verb bases, for example:
mistrust
miscredit
miscalculate
misfit
misguide
Some words have words of negativity, while others
have words of "wrongness" of the expression of
action:
miscalculate - to make a mistake in the calculation
("wrongness")
mistrust
–
not to trust ("negativity").
• The prefix dis is of Latin origin, appeared in English in
the Middle English period as part of borrowed French
words:
disarm
discover
disdain
disfigure
disguise
• The prefix anti is of Greek origin, it retains its lexical
meaning more than the listed prefixes
–
‘against'. This
prefix appeared only in the New England period, its use
is limited to the literary and book style of speech. It is
most often found in words expressing socio-political
and scientific concepts: antifascist, anticyclone,
anticlimax, antithesis. Some independence of the
meaning of this prefix also affects the graphic design
of the derived word, many such derivatives are written
with a hyphen: anti-social, anti-aircraft, anti-Jacobin
etc.
• The prefix counter
- of Latin origin, as well as anti-
retains its lexical meaning, which is why some
researchers call it a prepositional prefix. It appeared in
the Middle English period as part of borrowed French
words. Its value is approximately the same as that of
anti- i.e. against. The use of this prefix is limited to the
literary-book style of speech. It is most common in
socio-political literature, its independence is supported
by writing with a hyphen: counter-act, counter-
balance, counter-poise, counter-move. [8,288]
So, we can draw the following conclusions: in the
presence of negative suffixes and prefixes, a
significant majority of negative affixes are prefixes.
Many researchers note that the compatibility of
negative affixes with the basics of different parts of
speech varies both from language to language and
within the same language.
When naming adjectives and (less often) nouns, the
prefixes un- (homonym for the verb un-), non-, in- (im-,
il-, ir-, dis-, mis- are most often used. The prefixes un-,
pop-, in- are the closest in meaning, as evidenced by the
existence of doublet words that differ little from each
other in their meanings.:
nonprofessional - unprofessional,
inacceptable - unacceptable.
Thus, negative affixes in English are attached only to
nominal bases. Verbal bases with negative affixes are
not combined, because verbal negation is transmitted
Volume 03 Issue 04-2023
46
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
04
Pages:
41-46
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
in this language by the analytical form of the verb with
the particle not.
REFERENCES
1.
Afanasyev P.A. Teaching dialogic speech in the
expression of confirmation and denial in modern
English [Text] : Textbook /P.A. Afanasyev.
–
Rostov
N/A: RSPI, 1979.
–
97p.
2.
Barkhudarov L.S. Grammar of the English language
[Text] /L.S. Barkhudarov, D.A. Shtelling.
–
4th ed.
isp.
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M.: Higher School, 1973.
–
423p.
3.
Berman I.M. Grammar of English language [Text]
/I.M. Berman.
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M.: Higher School, 1994.
–
288p.
4.
Gubsky E.F., Korableva G.V., Lutchenko V.A.
Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary [Text] /
Gubsky E.F., Korableva G.V., Lutchenko V.A.
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M.:
INFRA-M, 1999.
–
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5.
Kondakov N.I. Linguistic dictionary [Text] /
Kondakov N.I.
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M.: Nauka, 1971.
–
367 p.
6.
Leech, G. A Communicative Grammar of English
[Text] / Leech, G; Svartvik, J.
–
M.: 1983.- 224p.
7.
Murphy R. English grammar in Use [Text] /R.
Murphy.
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Cambridge.: Cambridge University
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Jerome, K Jerome. Three men in a Boat. [Text]
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