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ABSTRACT
The article is devoted to the historical aspect of the development of the American detective genre. Various approaches
to the formulation of the rules for creating works in the detective genre are also considered. The plot of the crime and
the role of law enforcement agencies in the disclosure and elimination of criminal cases in the modern detective genre
are studied in detail.
KEYWORDS
Criminal, police, justice.
INTRODUCTION
Understanding the cultural and historical factors that
stimulated the emergence of detective literature
allows us to conclude that not only literary sources are
significant, but also reforms in the legal system and the
formation of a professional investigation of crimes to
identify its specifics. Thus, J. Palmer, a researcher of
social conditions that served as incentives for the
emergence and development of detective literature,
notes that in the 19th century, there were significant
changes in attitudes towards offenses, namely thefts
and robberies. Before that time there were two classes
of crimes: against the immanent order that exists in the
world, and against civil well-being. However, the
growth of the middle class made it necessary to
protect its well-being and contributed to the spread
and assertion of the idea that the laws of economics
should be protected in the same way. as a natural right.
Accordingly, crimes against property began to be
Research Article
DEVELOPMENT OF THE DETECTIVE GENRE IN AMERICAN LITERATURE
Submission Date:
March 21, 2023,
Accepted Date:
March 26, 2023,
Published Date:
March 31, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue03-06
Shamamedova Zinnat Xayrulloyevna
Scientific Researcher, Teacher Of English Literary Studies, Bukhara State University, Department Of English
Literature, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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regarded as violations of natural law and order and
socially dangerous acts. In addition, the scientist notes,
the emergence of new radical political ideas, mostly of
a socialist nature, which caused unrest and a general
state of unrest in society, stimulated the adoption of
the idea of developing special professional services to
exercise social control and protect existing political
institutions. As a result, a suspicious and sometimes
even hostile attitude towards law enforcement
agencies gradually began to change to a positive one,
recognizing their necessity. Detective literature during
this tense period, according to J. Palmer, conveyed the
complex relationship between the state, property, law
and justice.
1
A similar point of view is shared by the English writer D.
Sayers. In her opinion, the detective differs
significantly from the previous tradition of crime
literature in that early stories, pamphlets and ballads,
for example, about Robin Hood, extolled the figure of
an insidious and cunning criminal, thereby belittling the
role of official representatives of the law, and the
detective makes them heroes. She explains this change
by saying that the detective came about as a result of
a restructuring of the justice system and the
strengthening of the principles of evidence.
2
The American scientist H. Haycraft emphasizes that the
detective story could not be created before the advent
of real detective detectives, and they appeared only in
the 19th century. When investigative departments
arose in the early 1800s in the police system of Paris
and London, their employees became the first
1
Palmer J. Thrillers : Genesis and Structure of a Popular
Genre. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979. P. 152-201.
2
Sayers DLOmnibus of Crime // The Art of Mystery Story. A
Collection of Critical Essays. Carroll and Graf Publishers, 1974,
p. 75
detectives. The researcher notes that the term
“detective”, according to the Oxford Dictionary, first
appeared in print in 1843, although it may have been
used in oral speech earlier.
3
Agreeing with H. Haycraft that there can be no
detective story without a real detective, L. Panek
emphasizes the importance of American sources. The
researcher notes that after numerous civil and
journalistic speeches about the growth of crime and
the corruption of the outdated system of constables, a
group of Philadelphia residents proposed the creation
of a police department in their city, and one of its
richest citizens, Stefan Girard, allocated a huge amount
from his own funds for this (1831).
4
In the 19th century,
police departments were formed in many large
American cities: in New York - in 1845, in Baltimore - in
1848, in Chicago - in 1854, although during this period
the efforts of the official police were directed mainly to
patrolling the streets with the aim of maintaining
order, rather than investigating crimes and
establishing the rule of law.
Gradually, investigative detective departments began
to appear at police stations: in Boston - in 1846, in
Chicago - in 1851, in New York - in 1857, in Philadelphia -
in 1859. However, for a long time the images of the
policeman and the detective remained unattractive,
and they did not appear on the pages of fiction. The
task of detective detectives was to search for and
detain criminals, but many of them began to use their
position for personal gain, serving as intermediaries
between criminals and victims. Usually, the victims of
3
Haycraft H. Murder for Pleasure // The Art of Mystery Story:
a Collection of Critical Essays. NY, 1992. P. 161-162.
4
Panek L. An Introduction to the Detective Story. - Bowling
Green, 1987. P. 3.
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robberies, notes L. Panek, offered the detective a
reward in exchange for the return of the stolen
property, the detective agreed with the victim on the
amount of the ransom and shared it with the thieves.
Knowing about the activities of this kind and the illegal
income of detectives, citizens and officials treated
them without any respect.
5
This was a period when
the American police had not yet reached a recognized
professional status. The figures of the detective and
the policeman in the social situation of that time were
ambiguous, dubious and aroused the distrust of
society. Accordingly, American popular literature did
not develop either the image of a lone detective or the
image of a police officer involved in the process of
solving a crime. As the work of law enforcement
agencies became more and more effective and socially
significant, there was a process of aestheticization of
activities related to the investigation of crimes. The
further development of the image of a detective-
detective in literature is associated with the formation
of professional police forces and their detective units,
as evidenced by both literary sources and works of art
reflecting this process. One of the main sources of E.
Poe's detective work was the activity of F. E. Vidocq
(1775
–
1857), the founder of the first private detective
agency in history and the author of a collection of
memoirs containing huge and new material for that
time about the life of the criminal “bottom”, types
offenses and deductive-inductive methods of their
disclosure. "Vidocq's Memoirs" was published in Paris,
and then translated into English and published by a
London publishing house in 1828-1829. The fact that
Edgar Allan Poe used the materials of this book is
evidenced by the review of the hero of his detective
stories about the first detective: “Vidocq, for example,
had a hunch and perseverance with a complete
5
Ibid, p. 4-5.
inability to think systematically; the very fervor of his
search let him down, and he often got into trouble.
Vidocq (1775
–
1857), the founder of the first private
detective agency in history and the author of a
collection of memoirs containing huge and new
material for that time about the life of the criminal
“bottom”, types of offenses and deductive
-inductive
methods of their disclosure. "Vidocq's Memoirs" was
published in Paris, and then translated into English and
published by a London publishing house in 1828-1829.
The fact that Edgar Allan Poe used the materials of this
book is evidenced by the review of the hero of his
detective stories about the first detective: “Vidocq, for
example, had a hunch and perseverance with a
complete inability to think systematically; the very
fervor of his search let him down, and he often got into
trouble. Vidocq (1775
–
1857), the founder of the first
private detective agency in history and the author of a
collection of memoirs containing huge and new
material for that time about the life of the criminal
“bottom”, types of offenses and deductive
-inductive
methods of their disclosure. "Vidocq's Memoirs" was
published in Paris, and then translated into English and
published by a London publishing house in 1828-1829.
The fact that Edgar Allan Poe used the materials of this
book is evidenced by the review of the hero of his
detective stories about the first detective: “Vidocq, for
example, had a hunch and perseverance with a
complete inability to think systematically; the very
fervor of his search let him down, and he often got into
trouble. types of offenses and deductive-inductive
methods of their disclosure. "Vidocq's Memoirs" was
published in Paris, and then translated into English and
published by a London publishing house in 1828-1829.
The fact that Edgar Allan Poe used the materials of this
book is evidenced by the review of the hero of his
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
detective stories about the first detective: “Vidocq, for
example, had a hunch and perseverance with a
complete inability to think systematically; the very
fervor of his search let him down, and he often got into
trouble. types of offenses and deductive-inductive
methods of their disclosure. "Vidocq's Memoirs" was
published in Paris, and then translated into English and
published by a London publishing house in 1828-1829.
The fact that Edgar Allan Poe used the materials of this
book is evidenced by the review of the hero of his
detective stories about the first detective: “Vidocq, for
example, had a hunch and perseverance with a
complete inability to think systematically; the very
fervor of his search let him down, and he often got into
trouble. there was conjecture and perseverance with a
complete inability to think systematically; the very
fervor of his search let him down, and he often got into
trouble. there was conjecture and perseverance with a
complete inability to think systematically; the very
fervor of his search let him down, and he often got into
trouble.
6
It is known that in 1838 E. Poe moved from New York
to Philadelphia to become the editor of the Graham
Magazine. Among his friends were the lawyer Henry
Hirst, who sparked Poe's interest in law, and the
journalist Georges Lippard, who wrote the "City Police"
column in a newspaper. Poe's short story "The Mystery
of Marie Roger" about the efforts of the police,
journalists and the public to solve the mystery of a New
York crime is a clear confirmation that the writer knew
about the city's problems associated with the growth
of crime and the formation of a professional police
force. These circumstances allow us to conclude that,
despite the lack of attention to social and political
problems in Poe's stories, his awareness of the
6
According to E. Poems. Prose. M., 1976. C. 300.
inefficiency and corruption of the constables, about
the efforts of citizens of American cities to organize a
professional police force influenced the creation of his
detective stories. This trend is further developed - in
France, where back in 1811 the national security
department headed by Vidocq was created, detective
novels by E. Gaboriot (1832-1873) appear. Sophisticated
mind, logic, deductive method help his hero detective
Lecoq, who first appeared in the novel "The Lerouge
Case" (1866), to investigate the most incredible crimes.
In England, where, as a result of long parliamentary
debates, the state police was established in 1829, Ch.
Dickens (1812
–
1870), who was interested in the
activities of the underworld and methods of
investigation, created in Bleak House (1853) the image
of Inspector Bucket from the detective department. W.
Collins (1824-1889) brought out in the novel
"Moonstone" (1868) a detective, Sergeant Kuff,
showing how his hero comes to amazing, but logically
sound conclusions from the facts known to him. In
America, the daughter of lawyer A. K. Green (1846-
1935), who knew the procedure of the investigation
and the coroner's inquest to the subtleties, created the
character of policeman Grice in the novel The
Leavenworth Case (1878). Although neither C. Dickens,
nor W. Collins, nor A. K. Green wrote detective stories
in the proper sense of the word, since the detective of
their novels with a mysterious intrigue is not the main
character and the organizing beginning of the whole
story, they made a certain contribution to the
development of detective literature . The detective
became popular with the appearance in 1887 of the
works of the English writer Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-
1930) with the brilliant private investigator Sherlock
Holmes at the center of the story. Following the
creator of the detective, Edgar Allan Poe, Conan Doyle
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was not just an imitator of the American writer, he
continued the search for Poe with talent and scope,
giving the detective a developed and finished form.
Noting that the emergence and further development
of detective literature is directly related to the
restructuring of the justice system, the researchers
emphasize that by supporting the fundamental
principles of a democratic state in a fictitious form, the
detective puts forward the idea of absolute justice
7
.
The detective detective, purposefully collecting
evidence and evidence of the guilt of the suspect,
thereby protects one of the most important assets of
a democratic society - the right of a citizen to a fair trial
and the principle of the presumption of innocence,
which implies that a person cannot be found guilty if
there are no good reasons proving him guilt. H.
Haycraft emphasizes that detective literature cannot
develop in a dictatorial state, where there are no civil
rights, and the principle of justice is established by a
self-appointed oligarch, confident in his supreme
wisdom and divine rightness. This can be confirmed by
the existence of an official decree of the fascist party,
which prohibits and removes all foreign detectives
from bookstores in Germany.
8
It is no coincidence that the first works of detective
literature appear in America, whose long democratic
traditions are enshrined in its fundamental law, which
has the highest legal force. “No state shall make or
enforce laws that limit the privileges and benefits of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive
any person of life, liberty, or property without due
7
See: Sayers D. The Omnibus of Crime // The Art of Mystery
Story: a Collection of Critical Essays. NY, 1992; Haycraft H.
Murder for Pleasure. NY, 1984; Kaemmel E. Literature under
the Table: The Detective Novel and its Social Mission // The
Poetics of Murder: Detective Fiction and Literary Theory. N.Y.;
London, 1983; Panek L. Probable Cause : Crime Fiction in
process of law, or deny any person within its
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws"; “A
person charged with a crime shall have the right to a
due process of law, shall not be punished twice for the
same offense and shall not be compelled to testify
against himself”; “The right of the people to the
protection of the person, home, papers and property
from unreasonable searches and seizures should not
be violated; no warrant of arrest shall be issued except
on good cause."
9
- proclaim and approve various
articles of the US Constitution, protecting the rights
and freedoms of citizens of this country.
It was
democratic traditions that became the main
sociocultural factor that determined the further
development of detective literature in the United
States in the 20th century. Thus, the American
researcher M. Grost emphasizes that the protagonist
of a "tough" detective is a bearer of democratic values:
"he is an ordinary American guy, a person representing
the modern American traditions of a democratic
society based on respect for the individual." The
emergence in American detective literature of such
genres as the hard-boiled detective, the police
procedural detective, and the legal thriller was largely
based on the deep-rooted American notion of the
inalienable right of the individual to protect their
rights, freedoms, and interests, as well as the duty of
the state to create a system of institutions that ensure
the exercise of these rights. In the 1920s and 1940s, the
most representative from this point of view are the
works of Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler, in
the 1950s and 1970s, the novels of Ed McBain, and in
America. Bowling Green, 1990; Palmer J. Thrillers : Genesis
and Structure of a Popular Genre. NY, 1979.
8
Haycraft H. Murder for Pleasure. NY, 1984. P. 312
9
Mishin A. A. Constitutional law of foreign countries. M. :
White Alvy, 1999. S. 395-400.
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the 1980s and 1990s, the legal thrillers of John Grisham.
The significance of both literary sources and socio-
cultural background determines the dual nature of the
detective story. On the one hand, it is an artistic form
of narration that responds to certain demands of the
time associated with social changes and the formation
of a rule of law state. On the other hand, it is an image
of fictitious characters and events, which has a specific
aesthetic design, "for the first time clearly articulated
by Edgar Allan Poe in the 1840s." in the 1980s and
1990s, legal thrillers by John Grisham. The significance
of both literary sources and socio-cultural background
determines the dual nature of the detective story. On
the one hand, it is an artistic form of narration that
responds to certain demands of the time associated
with social changes and the formation of a rule of law
state. On the other hand, it is an image of fictitious
characters and events, which has a specific aesthetic
design, "for the first time clearly articulated by Edgar
Allan Poe in the 1840s."
10
in the 1980s and 1990s, legal
thrillers by John Grisham. The significance of both
literary sources and socio-cultural background
determines the dual nature of the detective story. On
the one hand, it is an artistic form of narration that
responds to certain demands of the time associated
with social changes and the formation of a rule of law
state. On the other hand, it is an image of fictitious
characters and events, which has a specific aesthetic
design, "for the first time clearly articulated by Edgar
Allan Poe in the 1840s." associated with social change
and the formation of the rule of law. On the other
hand, it is an image of fictitious characters and events,
which has a specific aesthetic design, "for the first time
10
Cawelti JG Adventure, Mystery, and Romance : Formula
Stories as Art and Popular Culture. Chicago; London: Univ. of
Chicago Press, 1976. P. 80.
11
1 In a letter to J. R. Lowell (July 2, 1844), Edgar Allan Poe
writes: "The Purloined Letter," soon to be published in Gift,
clearly articulated by Edgar Allan Poe in the 1840s."
associated with social change and the formation of the
rule of law. On the other hand, it is an image of
fictitious characters and events, which has a specific
aesthetic design, "for the first time clearly articulated
by Edgar Allan Poe in the 1840s." Having created a
series of logical / detective short stories - "Murder in
the Rue Morgue" (1841), "The Secret of Marie Roger"
(1842), "The Stolen Letter" (1844), which he himself
defined as rational stories (tales of ratiocination),
11
Edgar Poe identified the most significant aspects of the
detective story and created a model/formula of the
classic detective story, which became a model for the
development of detective literature.
The peculiarity of the compositional design of the
detective story created by Edgar Allan Poe is that the
plot, reflecting the real procedure of a professional
investigation of a crime, is constructed in reverse order
and has a cyclic structure. Starting with the crime
committed, i.e. the denouement, the plot develops,
concentrating on the process of its disclosure in order
to establish a linear chronological sequence of events
that led to the crime, and, ending with the disclosure
of the mystery, returns to the beginning of the story.
Thus, this is a story about the detective's attempt to
recreate what actually happened before and at the
time of the murder. The story ends when the detective,
having established the truth about the crime
committed, is able to tell the story in the form of a
linear narrative. Accordingly, the process of
establishing the truth,
perhaps my best logical story. Gift”, is perhaps the best of my
tales of ratiocination). See: Poe Edgar Allan / ed. By Ph. Stern.
NY : Penguin Books, 1983. P. 23.
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This construction of the plot is the result of the writer's
theoretical reflections on the form of a work of art. In
The Philosophy of Composition (1846), he emphasized
the importance of establishing artistic proportions and
stated that prose should strive for such clarity and
consistency, leading to exact results, which a
mathematical formula has. In his opinion, the author
must first determine the denouement, and then
construct the plot, keeping the denouement in mind, in
order to "give it the necessary air of consequences or
causes, making episodes, elements and tone such that
the whole plot, as it develops, supports the author's
intention."
12
The ending of the story should be
reflected in the entire narrative, connecting all the
elements into a single whole. The fact that the goal of
narrating logical stories is to establish the truth was
emphasized by the author himself, noting in the essay
"The Short Story" (The Short Story, 1842) that it is the
truth that is the goal of the story and especially the
logical story. (But Truth is often, and in a very great
degree, the aim of the tale. Some of the finest tales are
tales of ratiocination).
13
The constant narrative model for the detective, which
invariably ends with the restoration of justice, as well
as the importance of the function of the main character
of detective literature - the detective, thanks to whose
efforts justice is done, go back to mythological and
folklore archetypes. J. Frey notes that being a version
of "the most ancient legend on Earth - a mythical
legend about the wanderings of a hero-warrior"
14
,
detective story contains elements and motifs of
ancient legends and is their modern version.
12
Poe Edgar Allan / ed. By Ph. Stern. NY: Penguin Books, 1983.
P. 550.
13
Ibid, p. 567.
Thus, the short stories of many detective writers,
having identified the most significant aspects of the
detective work, laid the foundation for a new trend in
American literature. The classic detective formula,
which appeared in the logical stories of the American
writer, became a model for the further development of
detective literature, and, having formed into a stable
invariant genre structure filled with ideological and
aesthetic content, acquired the status of a stable
model, which in the 20th century gave rise to all the
variety of modifications of detective literature.
REFERENCES
1.
Palmer J. Thrillers : Genesis and Structure of a
Popular Genre. New York: St. Martin's Press,
1979. P. 152-201
2.
Sayers DLOmnibus of Crime // The Art of
Mystery Story. A Collection of Critical Essays.
Carroll and Graf Publishers, 1974, p. 75
3.
Haycraft H. Murder for Pleasure // The Art of
Mystery Story: a Collection of Critical Essays.
NY, 1992. P. 161-162.
4.
Panek L. An Introduction to the Detective
Story. - Bowling Green, 1987. P. 3.
5.
See: Sayers D. The Omnibus of Crime // The Art
of Mystery Story: a Collection of Critical Essays.
NY, 1992; Haycraft H. Murder for Pleasure. NY,
1984; Kaemmel E. Literature under the Table:
The Detective Novel and its Social Mission //
The Poetics of Murder: Detective Fiction and
Literary Theory. N.Y.; London, 1983; Panek L.
Probable Cause : Crime Fiction in America.
Bowling Green, 1990; Palmer J. Thrillers :
14
Frey D.N. How to write a genius detective: Per. from English.
St. Petersburg: Amphora, 2005. S. 5.
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SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Genesis and Structure of a Popular Genre. NY,
1979.
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Mishin A. A. Constitutional law of foreign
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Poe Edgar Allan / ed. By Ph. Stern. NY: Penguin
Books, 1983. P. 550.
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Frey D.N. How to write a genius detective: Per.
from English. St. Petersburg: Amphora, 2005. S.
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NRQurbonova“Lobo”hikoyasidagi obrazlarga
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SJIF
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705
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Материалы
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Ответственность за достоверность фактов,
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и других сведений несут авторы публикаций.
При
использовании
научных
идей
и
Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
33
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
24-33
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
материалов этого сборника, ссылки на
авторов
и
издания
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