Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
1
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
01-09
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article is devoted to a detailed examination of the grammatical aspects of translation from English into Uzbek.
The problem of definition of translation is considered in the light of domestic and foreign studies, types of translation,
their functional load. The article focuses on the concept of translation transformation, highlights the classification of
translation transformations and the reasons for their use; this determines the specifics of the use of translation
transformations as aspects of translation at the word-formation, morphological and syntactic levels of speech. The
translation of grammatical categories of the Ukrainian language requires knowledge of the linguistic features of the
English language and includes the translation of the predicate, infinitive, gerundial and gerund constructions,
participles and gerund constructions, absolute constructions, modal verbs, emphatic constructions, elliptic
constructions, articles, asyndetic constructions, sentences with negative constructions and translation of headings.
KEYWORDS
Grammatical aspects of translation, translation transformations, grammatical categories.
INTRODUCTION
The created global information space, the linguistic
dominant of which is gradually becoming the English
language, makes us talk about new tasks in the
methodology of its teaching in general and in the
Research Article
GRAMMATICAL ASPECTS OF TRANSLATION
Submission Date:
January 13, 2023,
Accepted Date:
January 18, 2023,
Published Date:
January 23, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue01-01
Asadova Zebiniso
Bukhara State University 2nd Year Master In Comparative Linguistics, Linguistic Translation Studies,
Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
2
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
01-09
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
theory and practice of translation and, consequently, a
paradigm shift in the teaching of this discipline in
particular. One of the key provisions of the new
paradigm is the recognition that the subject of training
is the language of the sphere of professional
communication, which is focused on the journalistic,
general scientific and macroeconomic spheres, and not
the language of fiction, the market for translation
services in which is extremely limited, and, more
importantly, , the language of literature is stylistically
specific, hardly lends itself to systematic pre-
translational analysis, and learning on its material leads
to irrational use of the resource. On the one hand, this
complicates the training of a translator, primarily from
the point of view of involving a huge number of lexical
innovations from terminological areas in the
educational material; on the other hand, it facilitates
the training of translators, in particular due to the
possibility of creating translation technologies that
successfully lend themselves to a certain formalization
and schematic representation, which facilitates the
assimilation of the basics of translation.
Translation as a human activity has a long history. The
translator in different conditions carries out translation
activities. Translated texts are very diverse in their
subject matter, language, and genre. Either
translations are carried out orally or in writing,
translators have different requirements for the
accuracy and completeness of the translation, etc. At
the same time, the grammatical aspect of translation
must be recognized as the leading one in the
development of translation heuristics, since it
determines the translation strategy through an
analysis of the structure and functions of a language
unit.
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the
grammatical side of translation has traditionally
attracted the attention of specialists in the field of
theory and practice of teaching translation. This is due
to the fact that in the field of grammar, as a well-
formalized language system, regular interlingual
correspondences can be established, which explains,
on the one hand, a good study of the grammatical
aspects of translation, on the other hand, there is
known skepticism about the prospects for their further
development [8, 12]. The grammatical structure of a
language is a common important aspect in its system.
Affixes, affixes and word formation, syntactic patterns,
word order, auxiliary words, etc. Elements of the
grammatical structure of the language, such as the
expression of these meanings, is an important problem
in the translation process.
The grammatical forms of different languages rarely
correspond to their meaning and function. As a rule,
there is only partial equivalence, which means that
grammatical meanings are expressed through
grammatical forms, although the two languages seem
similar, but only some parts of their meanings coincide,
and similar meanings differ from each other. For
example: the number category of nouns seems to
agree in English, Uzbek and Uzbek, but in fact they do
not agree in the use of many concordances [29, p. 30].
However, there are many examples of how the English
plural form of another word without a suffix is
expressed in the singular form in Uzbek and Uzbek:
Scissors - scissors - qaychi. The first problem is the
impossibility of accurate translation. The meanings and
grammatical structures of words in languages are
usually similar. We will explain this with the example of
the word "logos". No word in English has an exact
equivalent. It means speech, comment, discussion,
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
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Pages:
01-09
SJIF
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(2021:
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(2022:
5.
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)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
content and other meanings. The translator must be
able to choose the best equivalent in each situation [10,
p. 12].
It is generally impossible to find an exact literal
equivalent of one text in another language. In most
cases, the translator tries to understand the meaning
of the original (original work of translation) as deeply
as possible, and then describe the understandable
meaning in the same language. The elementary
content of an antonymic translation is described in a
dictionary of synonyms and synonyms or an
explanatory dictionary of the English language. From
the point of view of antonymic grammar, compiled is
not only lexical, but also the result of grammatical
transformation. For example: Take it easy -
не
беспокойся
- xavotir olma [9, p. 14]. Grammatical
transformations cause the appearance of various
grammatical and lexical expressions. In some cases,
they are closely related to each other and have a lexico-
grammatical character.
The reason for the widespread use of grammatical
transformation in translation is that a sentence in
Uzbek or Uzbek does not correspond to the
grammatical structure of the English language: the
word order in a sentence is the difference in the order
of members in the order of words of the main clause
and the subordinate clause.
In translation, a group of words can be replaced by
another group of words. It depends on full or partial
conversions. In translation, it can be replaced by an
adjective, noun, verb and adverb. From American Life:
White schools - schools for white - oq tanlilar uchun
maktablar; white churches
—
churches for white [10, p.
12]. It is very closely related and has a lexico-
grammatical character. Often adjectives are replaced
by adverbs in translation. This grammatical
transformation depends on the existence of the
epithet phenomenon in fiction and journalism
(literature on socio-political issues). For example: Lord
Nesby stretched a careless hand. -
Лорд Несби
небрежно протянул руку.
- Lord Nesbi istar-istamay
qo’lini cho‘zdi. Sometimes an idiom in Engli
sh is
replaced by another word. For example: The
accusation has been disproved editorially.
—
Обвинение было опровергнуто в передовой статье.
- Aybdorlik gazeta maqolasida oqlandi [2, p. 16].
In English, in word order, the main clause comes first:
possessive and participial, and then the 2nd-level
clause. In the academic (higher) grammar of the
Russian language, the word order in a sentence is
shown as follows: case, participle, possessive case; in
English it is the opposite. For example: Yesterday’s deal
was considered in court. The beginning of the message
should be at the end of the sentence. The order of
words in a sentence in the Uzbek language can be
different. Deal was considered in court yesterday [10,
p. 13]. "deal" (the basis of the sentence) in the center
of this sentence should be at the beginning of the
sentence.
When translating this sentence into English, according
to the rules of the English language, different
substitutions are used, and the sentence can be divided
into two simple sentences. The words in a sentence are
linked to each other by a syntactic link. There are 4 of
them: predicative; filler; act as a determinant; and a
group of words acting as a case (between the case and
the word following it) is connected by various syntactic
links and is called a phrase. A phrase can consist of
fixed sentences or arbitrary words. First you need to
translate a certain combination, and then adapt the
form of speech to the additions to form a new
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
4
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
I
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01
Pages:
01-09
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2021:
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705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
combination. The rules for combining words are
different in different languages. This is explained by
the fact that each language describes the interaction
of things and events in the world in different ways.
Therefore, the translation of a fixed combination can
be difficult.
The translation of elliptic constructions includes such
transformations as syntactic assimilation or verbal
translation, association, generalization, antonymic
translation, compensation, modulation or semantic
development. Understanding of meaning and
indefiniteness is conveyed through grammatical means
with the help of the article in English. There is no article
in the Uzbek language, and the concept of meaning
and indefiniteness is expressed by searching for the
corresponding equivalent. He had no enemies on earth
[19, p. 13].
When translating, it is necessary to take into account
the presence of specific word-building models in the
contacting languages. So, in English, complex
attributive constructions are widespread, in which
nouns in preposition are used as an attribute, cf.: the
national defense investment - investments in national
defense. The English prefix dis, de, des - is a lacuna for
the Uzbek language: detax - the return of the withheld
tax ("detax"), and requires the replacement of the
synthetic form with the analytical one when
translating: dedramatise - relieve stress, detarrage -
descale, etc. An economical way of translating from
Uzbek into English is to use the -able suffix, which
allows effective speech compression in translation:
This position cannot be defended. - This position is not
defensible etc.
In general, when analyzing the grammatical aspects of
translation, the following characteristics of the
contacting languages should be taken into account:
-
the presence in the source language of a
grammatical element or an entire grammatical
category that is absent in the target language (for
example, when translating from English into
Uzbek, problems may arise due to the fact that the
Uzbek language lacks forms similar to the English
article, some verb forms, etc. .P.);
-
the presence in the target language of grammatical
elements and categories that are absent in the
original language (this applies, in particular, to the
category of the form of Uzbek verbs, various affixal
forms, etc.);
-
differences in the functions of grammatical
elements.
Comparison of the grammar of two languages
inevitably leads to the identification of convergence
(coincidence) and divergence (differences) in their
linguistic systems. At the same time, it is important to
note the fact that even in the case of formal
equivalence of certain structures, the implementation
of structural transformations can take place in the
process of translation due to the peculiarities of
speech usage (the so-called "speech preferences").
The discrepancies between the grammatical systems
of the Uzbek and English languages are especially
pronounced in the presence of article forms in English
and their absence in the Uzbek language. We use a
textbook example of matching two phrases «Я
никогда не любил Людмилу» and «Я никогда не
любил Людмилы» in order to illustrate the
implementation of the functions of the article in
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
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VOLUME
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Pages:
01-09
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OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
translation: I have never loved Ludmilla и I have never
loved a Ludmilla.
There are various ways to convey the meaning of the
English article into Uzbek, namely:
а) sim
ple omission of the form ("zero" article): They sat
down at the table and began to dicuss the situation. -
Они сели за стол и начали обсуждать ситуацию. He
has broken an arm. -
Он сломал себе руку.
b) changing the order of the sentence members: A girl
entered the room. -
В комнату вошла девушка. The
girl entered the room. -
Девушка вошла в комнату.
c) lexical ways (adding various determinants): I saw a
man -
Я увидел какого
-
то мужчину. You are a tyra
nt! -
Ты настоящий тиран! That's a man!
-
Это настоящий
мужчина! We haven't got a minute to lose.
-
Нельзя
терять ни единой минуты. The problem is not
resolved. -
Эта проблема пока не решена. The man is
mortal. -
Всякий человек смертен. That's the man
-
Вот
тот человек. I am not the person
-
Я не тот
человек, которого вы ищете.
The soldered nature of the English predicate explains
the wide distribution in the English language of
syntactic constructions that include an object
attribute. The English language widely uses in such
constructions the verbs of possession (to have),
desires (to want), which cannot be used in similar
constructions of the Uzbek language: I want my steak
big. The use of such structures is very effective in the
direction of the translation "Uzbek - English". When
translating from English into Uzbek in such cases,
literalism should be avoided. Translations of the type: I
expected him to arrive at dinner time. -
Я ожидал
увидеть
его
прибывшим
во
время
обеда
противоречат критерию “naturalness” and are
perceived as tracing papers from a foreign language
unusual for the Uzbek language.
The most striking difference between the English
predicate and the Uzbek one is that it has a more
typical analytical form, i.e. using a complex predicate
consist
ing of several elements: Она вскрикнула.
- She
gave a cry. This does not mean that it is impossible to
use analytical structures such as "glance" or "shout" in
Uzbek and, accordingly, simple verbal predicates in
English. ( to cry, to look и т.д.) In this c
ase, we are
talking about the so-called "speech preferences" In the
Uzbek language, you can say: He helped and He
helped; The work is going well and They are working
successfully, however, in general, the analytical
predicate is more typical for the English language than
for Uzbek. At the same time, the English predicate is
characterized by a nominal structure, and the Uzbek
structure “predicate + circumstance” regularly
corresponds
to
English
nominal
predicative
constructions: She sings beautifully. - She is a good
singer; Он пьет
- He is a big drinker.
CONCLUSION
Translation is a mental activity, the process of
transferring content expressed in one language by
means
of
another
language.
Among
the
transformational transformations, the following types
are distinguished: lexical, grammatical, syntactic,
semantic, morphological and others. At the word-
building level, transformations require taking into
account the following features: word-building suffixes
and prefixes in different languages differ both in
productivity and in additional meanings; Uzbek affixes
carry more stylistic resources than English affixes. At
the morphological level, translation transformations
are as follows: categorical replacement, partial
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
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VOLUME
03
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Pages:
01-09
SJIF
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(2022:
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)
OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
language
replacement,
morphological
lexical
replacement, antonymic translation.
The use of translation transformations at the syntactic
level includes the union and division of a sentence,
translation
transformations
with
non-specific
constructions, the replacement of a phrase with a
word and vice versa, the replacement of syntax in
phrases
and
sentences,
addition,
omission,
rearrangement. Translation of the grammatical
categories of the Uzbek language requires knowledge
of the linguistic features of the English language and
includes the translation of the predicate, infinitive,
gerund and gerund constructions, participles and
gerund constructions, absolute constructions, modal
verbs, emphatic constructions, elliptic constructions,
articles, asyndetic constructions, sentences with
negative constructions and translation of headings.
The prospect of the study is a comparative analysis of
the Uzbek and English languages, which makes it
possible to find out the typical grammatical difficulties
of translation associated with the specifics of each
language.
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