Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
12
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
12-16
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.914
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In the article the linguistic and poetic features of ornithonyms used in the Karakalpak folk aitys were analyzed. Their
possibilities of creating an artistic image are studied.
KEYWORDS
Karakalpak folk aitys, ornithonyms, simile, metaphor, poetic speech, linguopoetics, linguopoetical analysis, artistic
image.
INTRODUCTION
Ornithonyms, that is, bird terms, have their place in the
vocabulary of any language. They are used in the folk
language for various stylistic purposes, apart from
their direct meaning. "The image of the birds has a
significant place in the folk creation. They are often
found in poems, tales, epics, legends, proverbs". [11: 7].
The ornithonyms are also productively used in
Karakalpak folk aitys in various stylistic services. In this
scientific work, we aimed to make a lingupoetic
analysis of the bird terms used in Karakalpak folk aitys.
The reason is that the study of the language of folk oral
works from the lingupoetic point of view is one of the
urgent problems facing the modern Karakalpak
linguistics.
Research Article
THE LINGUOPOETIC ANALYSIS OF ORNITHONYMS IN KARAKALPAK
FOLK AITYS
Submission Date:
December 07, 2022,
Accepted Date:
December 13, 2022,
Published Date:
December 17, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume02Issue12-03
Nasirova Aizada Pishenbayevna
Karakalpak State University Named After Berdakh, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
13
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
12-16
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.914
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
A lot of scientific works on ornithonyms have been
made in world linguistics. The ornithonyms in the
Karakalpak language are widely studied in the
monograph of M. Khojanov [11: 4]. The historical-
etymological analysis, lexical-semantic and stylistic
peculiarities of the bird terms are mentioned here.
In the vocabulary of the language of Karakalpak folk
aitys, there are many words related to bird breeding.
As it is known from the history, the birds played an
important role in the daily and cultural life of the
Karakalpak people from early times. Our people have
domesticated them since ancient times, used them for
breeding and in hunting.
In the language of aitys, the following words related to
the birds are used:
Buldırıq degen qus boladı,/ Bu
ǵ
ı
p barsa
ń
att
ı
rmayd
ı
(There is a bird called a grouse, / If you go bending, you
can’t shoot) [5: 285]. Kúygelek degen qus boladı,/
Iynelikten jem aladı (There is a bird called Kuygelek, /
He eats the dragonfly) [5: 286]. Qumırı degen qus
boladı,/ Párin tartsań bos boladı (There i
s a bird called
Turtledove,/ If you pull by the feather, it is soft) [5: 322].
Kólden úyrek ushadı, Aralasıp
ǵ
az benen (Ducks fly
from the lake, mixed with goose) [5: 324]. Sh
ı
msh
ı
q
att
ı
m gez benen,/ Kábab ettim duz benen (I shot a
sparrow while travelling, / I made kebabs with the salt)
[5: 325]. Qıran búrkit ushadı aspan menen,/ Ámiwdár'ya
tógilmeydi tasqan menen (The eagle flies from the sky,
/ Amudarya does not spill even overflows) [5: 326].
In the given examples, the ornithonymous words
buldırıq, kúygelek, qumırı, shımshıq, búrkit are used in
their direct meaning. These ornithonyms mainly are
often met in the deserts of the Central Asia.
The bird terms are widely used in Karakalpak folk aitys,
especially in riddle aitys. For example:
Otız eki máyekten,
Esapsız shóje shı
ǵ
ad
ı
, (Out of thirty-
two eggs, innumerable chicks come out) [5: 304].
Palapan
ǵ
az
ı
m baylawl
ı
, Bun
ı
tabar barmeken (My
gosling is tied, and who can find it) [5: 309]. Tús kórdim
túnde, ne yaqsh
ı
tús,/ Qol
ı
mda jipek bawl
ı
q
ı
rq qara
qus,/ Qo
lımnan qırq qara qus ketti ushıp,/ Jigitshe,
shayır bolsań bul sózge tús, (I had a dream at night,
what a good dream,/ Forty steppe eagle with a silk
string in my hand,/ Forty steppe eagle flew away from
my hand,/ Young man, if you are poet, come to this
w
ord) [5: 312]. Alpıs úyrek, toqsan
ǵ
az,/ Aylan
ı
p ushar
p
ı
r-p
ı
rlap,/ Eki lash
ı
n, bir su
ń
qar,/ T
ı
nbastan ushar
s
ıń
q
ı
ldap, (Sixty ducks, ninety geese,/ Flying around
and fluttering,/ Two falcons, one hawk,/ Constant fly
sounding) [5: 308].
In the first example, thirty-two teeth in a person's
mouth are shown. In this example, the teeth are not
hidden under the word sho’je (chick) in vain. The
reason is that the smallness of the chick is expressed in
a metonymic way. The answer to the riddle in the next
example is the human eye. In the third example, forty
steppe eagles mean 40-day period after giving birth. In
the last example, the sixty ducks, the ninety geese
explain the veins in the div of man, two falcons and
one hawk mean two human eyes and tongue. A
wonderful puzzle model has been created, by
assimilating the sharpness of eyesight to falcon and
the swiftness of a tongue to a hawk.
Aldı menen, Aq Meńesh, quwımdı kór,/ Bir ózi qazanıńa
sıyarmeken, (First of all, Ak Menesh, look at my swan,/
whether he fits in your pot alone) [5: 337]. Tuy
ǵ
ı
n
ı
m
túnde toy
ǵ
an, tama
ǵ
ı
toq,/ Jan
ı
mda qálpesi tur, qay
ǵ
ı
s
ı
joq, (My white goshawk is full at night, / his cage is near
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
14
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
12-16
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.914
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
me, doesn
’
t have sadness) [5: 341]. Kólinde qasqaldaq,
úyrek, quba
ǵ
az,/ Dún'yan
ıń
a
ń
lar
ı
múytende bard
ı, (In
the lake there are coot, ducks, geese, / the world hunts
are in muyten) [5: 355].
In the given examples, we can see the unique rich
nature of the Karakalpak people, thanks to the names
of the ornithonyms: quw, tuy
ǵ
ı
n, qasqaldaq, úyrek,
quba
ǵ
az.
Saw
ısqan, ala
ǵ
ar
ǵ
a
–
málim qus
ıń
,/ Aytay
ı
n haq
ı
yqatt
ı
jek kórse
ń
de, (magpie, gray crow, birds you know,/
Even if you hate I tell the truth) [5: 350]. Saw
ı
sqann
ıń
alas
ı
,/ A
ǵ
ı
nan kóp qaras
ı
, (The gray of magpie, black is
more than the white) [5: 326]. Esitilgen qulaqtan,/
Búlbúl dawısı qala ma?/ Kimler ashıq boladı,/ To
ǵ
ayda
ǵ
ı
ǵ
ar
ǵ
a
ǵ
a, (From the heard ear,/ Will the sound of the
nightingale remain?/ Who will love,/ To the crow in the
forest) [5: 352]. Maqta
ǵ
an mergenleri
ń
kún kórip júr,/
At
ı
p jep mushtay qoyan,
qır
ǵ
aw
ı
ld
ı
, (Your proud
hunters are making a living,/ Shooting and eating
rabbits and pheasants) [5: 350].
In some cases, the ornithonyms are also used to show
bad habits and flaws in human behavior. In the first
example, the name of the wild birds is used
simultaneously and gives the negative meaning. In the
second example, the ornithonym is used in the sense
of disdain and discrimination. In the next example, the
antithesis method, that is, the relationship between
good and bad antonyms is skillfully created with the
help of ornithonyms búlbúl-
ǵ
ar
ǵ
a (nightingale-crow).
In the last example, we can see that pheasant is used
in the sense of a small bird in the aitys series, even
though it is a large bird compared to the other birds.
This is used to explain the full life of own country in
comparative side.
Ornithonyms are productively used in folk aitys,
especially for stylistic purposes. "The stylistic functions
of ornithonyms appear in relation to people's
recognition of objects, events, phenomena, and signs"
[11: 55].
Shımshıqqa shilter taqqanday,/ Arba jolda óńkigendey,
(As if sparrow worn the torch,/ As a cart fades on the
road) [5: 318]. Tosınnan jaw kelse de, tartınba
ǵ
an,/
Kóldegi úyrek,
ǵ
azday
ǵ
a
ń
q
ı
lda
ǵ
an, Qudasha, sálem
berdim kóriwden-aq,/ Júzleri
ń
jaz
ǵ
ı
ta
ń
day jarq
ı
lda
ǵ
an,
(Even if the enemy comes suddenly, he didn't hesitate,
/ like A duck on the lake, quacked a goose, Kudasha, I
greeted you from the moment I saw you, / Your face
shone like a summer morning) [5: 339]. A
ń
l
ı
s
ı
p ushqan
japalaqtay,/
Joqa
rı
kótermeyseń
qaba
ǵ
ıń
d
ı
,/
Shawq
ı
msh
ı
l, qopal jigit kórinese
ń
,/ Jaqt
ı
rmad
ı
m
q
ı
r
ı
nlap qaraw
ıń
d
ı
(Like an owl that flew hunting, / You
don't raise your eyebrows, / You look like a rude,
impolite guy, / I didn't like your sharp look) [5: 345].
Jolawsh
ı
, sóyle
ońlanıp,/ Qanatıń quwday qomlanıp,
(Pedestrian, talk correctly, / Your wings are spread like
a swan) [5: 359].
In the given examples, the terms of the birds were
basis for the creation of simile tool of description and
provide a special meaning sharpness. In the first
example, through the simile “as if sparrow worn the
torch” the walk of a person is given in a figurative way.
In the next example, the human action is depicted on
the basis of simile, and the harmony of the following
rows is ensured. In the third example, a person's
actions are represented in a figurative form based on
the simile, and give the negative meaning. Also, it was
basis to the reliable transmission of the opinion in the
following rows. In the last example, the simile quwday
(like a swan) is used in relation to a person, and is
considered the result of figurative thought. In this,
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
15
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
12-16
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.914
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
more attention is paid to the inner feelings and
behavior of a person than to his actions. From the
stylistic point of view, the full meaning of the word is
preserved in similes, but not in metaphors. As we have
seen from the examples, similes are used in aitys
related to the main idea and composition of the aitys
and served to reveal the main idea of the aitys.
In the examples given above, almost all of the artistic
tools are used in relation to people. "The meaning of
ornithonyms used in language-based communication is
very broad. Most of the time, in the basis of them there
is a person. Therefore, they are given with
metaphorical, expressive, semantic-stylistic colors" [11:
52].
Qılarıńdı óziń bil, arıw Meńesh,/ Qolıńa bir aq suńqar
qondı kelip, (You know what to do, beauty Menesh,/ A
white hawk landed on your hand) [5: 331]. Párwaz eter
sen sha
ǵ
lasa
ń
búlbúlim,/ Sen zarlama, sende meni
ń
kewilim, (My nightingale will fly if you call, / Don't
worry, you are in my heart) [5: 369]. Qız –
qızıl gúl
bolar,/ Jigit
–
búlbúl bolar, (The girl will be a red flower,/
The boy - a nightingale). [5: 277]. Sárwi a
ǵ
asht
ıń
shaqas
ı
nda, Seyil etpege búlbúl kerek, (On the branch
of the old tree, to walk I need nightingale) [5: 287]. Bir
juwap bar
–
búlbúl,/ Bir juwap bar
–
dúldúl, (There is
one answer - nightingale, / There is one answer
–
deaf)
[5: 272].
In these examples, ornithonyms are basis for the
creation of metaphors. Metaphors are the most
characteristic among the trope types, they are
effective in expressing emotional-expressiveness, and
they appear as a result of the mastery of the creator
and strong figurative thinking. At the same time,
metaphor is considered as a linguistic phenomenon
that shows the lexical meaning. In the first example
through the ornithonym “white hawk” the poet
Ajiniyaz expresses himself. The bird term was skillfully
used in a figurative meaning, giving high evaluation to
himself. The falcon is considered a powerful, agile,
predatory bird. According to these signs, they are
included in the meaning of expressiveness in the aitys
series. In the next example, the meaning of a girl's love
for a boy, inner feeling, is expressed by means of
ornithonym nightingale. Because the nightingale is a
small, sweet-sounding bird, explain the positive
feelings in a figurative way. In the third example,
among our people, calling a girl as a red flower and a
boy as a nightingale is a metaphor which formed from
early times. In the fourth example, the ornithonym
nightingale has explained the meaning of sweetheart.
In the last example, this word is used to explain
ingenuity and eloquence.
Qápesten buzıp ushqan qarshı
ǵ
aman,/ Araldan keldim,
sh
ı
n
ı
n aytsam sa
ǵ
an, (I am hawk who broke the cage, I
came from Aral, if I told you the truth) [5: 339]. Álbette,
qır
ǵ
ı
y bolsa
ń
, qor
ǵ
alarsa
ń
,/ Jeri
ń
nen ay
ı
r
ı
lmas-e
ń
she
ń
gellegen, (Of course, if you are a goshawk, you
protect yourself,/ You will not lose your land
measured) [5: 350]. Esik al
dı a
ǵ
ı
n dár'ya,/ Bolsa
ń
búlbúl,
ba
ǵ
da sayra, (The river flows in front of the door,/ If you
are a nightingale, sing in the garden) [5: 323]. Ózi
ń
poshsha tor
ǵ
aysa
ń
,/ Jol ústine qonasa
ń
, (You are a lark,
/ you land on the road) [5: 327]. Sar
ı
sh
ı
msh
ı
q bolay
ın,/
Bir wádede turayın,/ Sizden bizge shay kelgende,/
Juwap urıp alayın, (Let me be a yellow sparrow,/ Let me
stand by one promise,/ When tea comes to us from
you,/ I will answer) [5: 280].
In the first example, an ornithonym hawk is used to
indicate that it is powerful and has no equal in the aitys.
In the second example, the term wild bird is also given.
Wild birds have more power than domestic birds.
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
16
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
12-16
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.914
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Therefore, wild birds are often used to describe
strength. In the next example, the ornithonym
nightingale is used in the sense of weakness. In the
fourth example, the lark is a small bird like a
nightingale, so it is used to express the meaning of
weakness and limp. In the last example, the
ornithonym the yellow sparrow comes in the
metaphorical sense, is used in the artistic tool, and
acquires a figurative meaning.
Metaphor is considered a necessary sign that shows
the expressiveness and degree of imagery of an artistic
work. "The meanings of metaphors involving
ornithonyms are wide and diverse. Depicted events,
actions, phenomena, and objects unfold before our
eyes, including their internal and external individual
characteristics, on a figurative background, their
qualitative characteristics are vividly and artistically
displayed, creates a great impression on the reader"
[11: 51-52].
In short, in the language of folk aitys, we can see that
the bird terms are often used, and it is skillfully used
both in the literal sense and in the variable sense. In
particular, it is used in stylistic services and is of great
importance in the effective and figurative delivery of
ideas. Along with that, the service of ornithonyms was
great in enlivening the lines of aitys and providing them
with compactness.
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