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ABSTRACT
Modern Turkic languages are equal successors of the ancient Turkic language. Each of these languages has passed its
own development steps as a separate language, and today the same process continues too. Such changes were
caused by the way of life, social conditions, climate and other peculiarities of the Turkic peoples. However, as the
specialists point out, among the Turkic languages, the Yakut language retains most of the elements particular to the
ancient Turkic language. Uzbek, Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Turkmen languages underwent phonetic, lexical-
semantic, and grammatical changes after they had emerged as separate languages from Old Turkic language. It is also
important for Turkology to compare and draw conclusions about the current state of the ancestor language and its
derived languages, such as Uzbek and Turkish, Kyrgyz and Turkish, Uzbek and Kazakh languages.
KEYWORDS
Uzbek, Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Turkmen languages.
INTRODUCTION
As a result of comparing the work "Devonu lugotit
turk", which reflects the later period of the Old Turkic
language, with the lexical structure of modern Uzbek
and Turkish literary languages, lexical and semantic
changes in ancient Turkic words can be observed. In
our article, the semantic changes of a number of
Research Article
ANCIENT COMMON TURKIC WORDS AND MODERN TURKIC LANGUAGES
(IN THE EXAMPLE OF UZBEK AND TURKISH DIALECTS)
Submission Date:
December 01, 2022,
Accepted Date:
December 05, 2022,
Published Date:
December 09, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume02Issue12-01
Odilov Yorqinjon Rakhmonalievich
Leading Researcher Institute Of Uzbek Language, Literature And Folklore Of The Academy Of Sciences Of
Uzbekistan, Dsc., Professor, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
2
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
02
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SSUE
12
Pages:
01-07
SJIF
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(2021:
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705
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(2022:
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)
OCLC
–
1121105677
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–
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Publisher:
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Servi
ancient Turkic words in modern Uzbek and Turkish
languages are studied on the basis of the text “Devonu
lugotit turk”. Semantic changes in the ancient Tu
rkic
words such as: 1) Semantic development; 2) narrowing
of the meaning; 3) expansion of the meaning; 4) the
emergence of a new meaning are highlighted in it.
In addition, in a separate part of the article, the
retention of common-Turkic ancient words in modern
Uzbek and Turkic dialects and its causes are discussed.
For example, the word aba is a common-Turkic word
and does not exist in modern Turkish literary language,
but exists in Turkic dialects: “Aba. i. (Eski Türk. apa)
halk ağzi. Abla, büyük kiz kardes. (Türkçe Sözlük, 2007,
с. 1). The word aba does not exist in modern Uzbek
literary language either, because the changes in the
society have affected the literary language and caused
the word aba to disappear from the literary language,
but it exists in Uzbek dialects in Namangan and means
“mother”. Such a study of the dialects of the languages
makes it possible to draw important conclusions about
the path of independent development of the Turkish
and Uzbek languages, to reactivate the words of the
Turkish and Uzbek dialects in literary languages.
In ancient times, the Turkic peoples lived in the
territories from the Arctic Ocean to the Persian Gulf.
Even now, most of them live in territory of Central Asia,
Turkey, the Balkan Peninsula, Azerbaijan, Russia, and
the Ukraine. The ancestor language of these Turkic
peoples is the ancient Turkic language, and most of the
common Turkic words have been preserved in modern
Turkic literary languages in different degrees, some of
them have kept their ancient meanings, and some of
them have undergone semantic changes. In addition,
most of these words have undergone phonetic-
phonological changes and have reached the present
days. Another group of words have not been
preserved due to political and economic factors.
The obsolescence of common Turkic words and
getting out of use, of course, did not happen suddenly,
but gradually, in each of the Turkic languages, they
became archaic and ceased to be used in different
times. Or ancient common Turkic words are obsolete in
a certain modern Turkic language, and are still actively
used in another Turkic language. Formal-semantic
changes also occurred in each language in a particular
way. Some words have preserved their ancient form
and phonetic-phonological features now, and some
have undergone such changes.
The semantic changes in the ancient common Turkic
words mainly occurred in the literary forms of modern
Turkic languages, but the Turkic dialects preserved
most of the ancient words. For example, aba is a
common Turkic word, used in the Old Turkic language
in different phonetic variants: aba, apa, appa and
meant "father", "uncle" (by father), "grandfather",
"mother". (Sevortyan, 1974, p. 1). Mahmud Koshgari
noted that this word was Oghuz and meant "mother",
it was pronounced apa with a hard p sound in the
Qarluq Turkmen language, and it was pronounced with
a thick a sound in the Tubut language under the
influence of Arabic, and meant "father" (Koshgari,
1960, p. 113). It seems that the word aba was
polysemantic even in the period of the ancient Turkic
language, but over time it became monosemantic in
Turkic dialects, the archaism of the meanings occurred.
The word aba exists neither in the modern Turkish
literary language, nor in the modern Uzbek literary
language, but it has been preserved in the modern
Turkish and Uzbek dialects as the amount of meaning
has decreased, and having lost the polysemantic
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
3
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
02
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12
Pages:
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(2022:
5.
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1121105677
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feature. Particularly, the following meaning of the
word aba in modern Turkish dialects is noted in "Türkçe
Sözlük": Aba. noun. (Eski Türk. apa) halk ağzi. Abla,
büyük kiz kardes (Türkçe Sözlük, 2007, с. 1). If we pay
attention, there are no meanings of "father", "uncle",
"grandfather", "mother" in Turkish dialects, but a new
meaning was produced keeping the meaning of
"elderly relative" in the old Turkic language ( "opa").
The phonetic-phonological structure did not change.
This word does not exist in the form of aba in
modernUzbek literary language, the reason for this is
that the word ano entered the Uzbek language in the
period of the old Turkic language, and it caused the
word aba to disappear from the common literary
language. In the Uzbek dialects of Fergana and
Namangan, the word aba is used in the meaning of
"mother" (Torakulov, 1971, p. 57). The phonetic-
phonological structure has not changed in Uzbek
dialects either, but, unlike the Turkish language, it has
preserved the ancient meaning of "mother", but the
meanings of "father", "uncle", "grandfather" have
become archaic, these meanings are loaded on
individual words like “father”, “uncle”, “grandfather”.
In the Oghuz group dialects of the Uzbek language, the
old Turkic variants of the word aba such as apa, ane are
used in the meaning of "mother" too (Abdullayev,
1966, p. 27). In the Turkish literary language, it is used
in the form of anne, and the word abla means "sister".
The word ona, which replaced the word aba, is also
considered a common Turkic word. The reason why we
call the word "mother" a common Turkic word is that
it is still used in several Turkic languages such as Uzbek,
Turkish, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Kazakh, and Uyghur with
some phonetic changes.
It became clear from the study of dictionaries related
to the history of the lexicon of Turkic languages that
the common Turkic word aba ceased to be used in the
old Turkic language in the XI-XIV centuries and in the
old Uzbek language in the XV-XIX centuries, and of
course , these changes in the language of these periods
also related to the current Turkish language. In
particular, "Kutadgu Bilig" written in the old Turkish
language in the second half of the XI century, and
"Hibatul Haqayiq" written two centuries later in the
Kashgari
language,
"Qissayi
Rabguzi"
and
"Muhabbatnama" written at the beginning of the XIV
century, the word aba was not used, but the word ano
was used to mean "mother". In the dictionary
"Attuhfatuz zakiyatu fillugatit turkiya" (a unique gift
about the Turkish language (Kipchak language), a
monument of the Kipchak dialect of the XIII-XIV
centuries), it is noted that the Kipchaks used the word
ana in the meaning of "mother" (AZFT, 1968, p. 11).
The word aba was not used either in the sources of the
Old Uzbek language that were in use in the XV-XIX
centuries. We have studied the works of Atai, Lutfi,
Navoi, Babur, Muhammad Salih and found out that the
word ona was used instead of the word aba in them
too. Now we will quote the lines from some works
where the word ona is used in order to prove our
opinion:
Ahmad Yugnakiy: Ata bir, ana bir uyalar bu xalq.
(Hibatul haqoyiq)
Alisher Navoi: Boshni fido ayla ato qoshig‘a,
Jismni qil sadqa ano boshig‘a. (Hayratul
-abror)
Bobur: Bori o‘g‘lonlaridin uluq men –
Zahiriddin
Muhammad Bobur edim; mening onam Qutluq
Nigorxonim edi. (Boburnoma)
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Thus, Turkic dialects are an important source of words
characteristic to the ancient Turkic language, and their
comparative study in a synchronic-diachronic context
is one of the urgent issues of Turkology.
Another common Turkic word living its second life in
dialects is the word bibi in the old Turkic language. In
the language of Alisher Navoi's works, the word "bibi"
means "respectable woman, housewife, lady,
mistress" (ANATIL, 1983, p. 288). Xojakim, bibi borida
dodakka aylang‘ay, bibining iffat etagi kulg‘a
bulg‘ong‘ay. (Mahbub ul
-qulub)
According to "Türkçe Sözl
ȕ
k", the word bibi belongs
to the noun group, and in the dialects of the Turkish
language, it is used in children's language in the
meaning of "babanin kiz kardesi, hala" (Fath
er’s sister).
Moreover, as an obsolete word, it also had the
meanings "hanim, hanimefendi" (Istanbul, 2007, p.
134). It seems that the old meaning of this word is
exactly the same as "respectable woman" in the works
of Alisher Navoi. From the point of view of the Modern
Uzbek literary language, the word bibi is obsolete, it is
used in Uzbek dialects in the meaning of "parent's
mother, grandmother": Tanglayim ko‘targan bibim
bechora. Kim edi, Bilmayman, o‘lgandir esiz. G. Gulam.
(My poor grandmother who raised my palate. I don't
know who she was, maybe she is dead..)
Thus, the common Turkic word bibi is used in the
meaning of "father's sister" in the dialects of the
Turkish language and in the meaning of "parent's
mother, grandmother" in the dialects of the Uzbek
language. In the dialects of the Uzbek and Turkish
languages, the common Turkic phonetic-phonological
structure of the word bibi has not changed, but it has
become a kinship term determined by age.
In modern Turkish and Uzbek dialects, the phonetic-
phonological structure of the common Turkic word
root has changed, but there are also some words
whose meanings has not changed. One of such word is
biltur(gı). In the works of Alisher Navoi, it is mainly used
to express the meaning of "last year" in the form of
bilturgi: Bo‘lmangiz mag‘ruri husn, ey sho‘xlarkim, bog‘
aro Siz kibi bilturg‘i gullardin biri paydo emas. (Don’t be
proud of your beauty, oh you spirited, there is no one
of the last year flowers like you in the garden). (Badayi
ul-bidoya) It is used in "Baburnoma" in the form of
biltur in the meaning of "last year": Shoh Muhammad
Ma’rufkim, biltur kelganida anga ulug‘ rioyat qilib,
Soran viloyati berilib edi, necha qatla yaxshilar bordi.
(When Shah Muhammad Ma'ruf came last year, he was
honored and given the province of Soran, how many
good people came).
This word, which exists in the old Turkish language in
the form of beldir, is not found in the modern Turkish
literary language, but in modern Turkish dialects, it is
used in the form of belder, with a partial loss of sound.
In modern Turkish dialects, the synharmony of “e” is
used in both syllables, having lost the inconsistency of
the old Turkish language. Originally, this word was in
the form of biltir in the ancient Turkic language,
because "in the earliest period of the Turkic language,
there was no e vowel, and the vowel e is a later
phenomenon for Turkic languages. Even today, there is
no vowel e for the Siberian Turks. Instead of it, the
short i vowel is used" (Mirtojtev, 2017, p. 36). One of
the main reasons for the preservation of the old Turkic
case, that is the short i vowel in the language of the
Siberian Turks is the lack of external influences on their
languages. The ancient Turkic word biltir
–
belder in
modern Turkish dialects is explained in "T
ȕ
rkçe Sözl
ȕ
k"
as follows: Belder. halk a
ğ
zi. (Eski T
ȕ
rk. beldir) Çeçen
yil.
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(last year) (Türkçe Sözlük, 2007, p.133). In the dialects
of the Uzbek language, the ancient phonetic-
phonological structure of this word has changed, that
is, the harmony of short i has changed to another
harmony of short vowel (u) and has taken the form of
bultur. In modern Uzbek dialects, bultur also means
"last year" (O'TIL, 2020, 371).
It is also observed that the meanings of ancient Turkic
words have been preserved in the dialects of the
Turkish and Uzbek languages. The ancient Turkic root
verbs were mostly monosyllabic (Baskakov, 1941;
Ghulomov, 1975, p. 70; Mirtojiyev, 2017, p. 42). If the
views of Turkologists such as N. Baskakov, Y.
Kajibekov, and A. Gulomov are generalized, it is
determined that the ancient common Turkic roots CVC,
VC, CV are phonetically structured in the Turkish
language (Baskakov, 1952, p. 100). The monosyllabic
words with the same phonetic structure as above are
actively used in modern Turkic languages too.
However, in the period of the Old Turkic language, the
word-forming and form-forming suffixes in many
ancient Turkic roots remained and became two-syllable
words. One of such words is belä. In the oldest Turkic
language, it was in the form of bel - in the CVC phonetic
structure, and later the formative suffix -ä was
attached to this stem, which meant continuity. It was a
morphological rule to add the formative -ä to ancient
Turkic verbs, because the action expressed by the verb
belä- is a continuous, non-one-time process. In the
ancient Turkic language, the verb belä meant "to tie" a
child to a cradle, a swing, etc. In modern Turkic
languages, this word is also used in the word
combinations such as beshikka belamoq (to strap into
a cradle). The case we focused on is the words
belek/belak, which are formed by adding the noun
forming suffix -k to the verb belä-. The law of
synharmonism has been preserved in the word belek in
Turkish dialects. This word is explained as follows in
"T
ȕ
rkçe Sözl
ȕ
k": Belek. isim. (
˂
bele-k) halk a
ğ
zi.
Çо
cuk
kunda
ğ
i:
Çо
cuk olsam beleklere belensem (Âsik Veysel)
(Türkçe Sözlük, 2007,
с
. 122).
Due to the influence of Arabic and Persian languages,
and due to the several changes in writing standards,
the law of synharmonism has been violated in the
Uzbek language. Accordingly, in Uzbek dialects, it has
become belak. In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the
Uzbek Language" it is explained as follows: Belak. dial.
Baby swaddling cloth; diaper (EDUL, 2020, p. 219).
If we pay attention, the common etymological
meaning of the words belek/belak, derived from the
ancient Turkic root belä-, has been mainly preserved,
the same semantic development has occurred in the
Turkish and Uzbek dialects, the phonetic-phonological
structure of the word has partially changed in Uzbek
dialects.
In the ancient Turkic language, the word baraq meant
"a fluffy dog with long wool" (Koshgari, 1960, p. 359;
DS, 1969, p. 83). This word is also used in modern Turkic
languages. This word does not exist in modern Turkish
literary language, but it exists in Turkish dialects. In
T
ȕ
rkçe Sözl
ȕ
k, it is noted that the common Turkic word
barak is a noun, that it was also used in the form of
barak in the old Turkish language, and that it exists in
the modern Turkish dia
lects as “halk ağzi” in the
meaning of “bir cins t
ȕ
yl
ȕ
av köpe
ğ
i
”
(Türkçe Sözlük,
2007, p. 105). It should be noted that in the dialects of
the Turkish language, the meaning of the old Turkish
language has been preserved, but the phonetic-
phonological structure has adapted to the rules of the
Turkish language: the sound q has been replaced by k.
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
6
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
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The ancient Turkic word baraq is used in the form of
baroq in modern Uzbek literary language and Uzbek
dialects. Such a formal change (change of the sound a
to o) is due to the violation of the law of synharmonism
in the Uzbek language. In addition, the meaning of
common Turkic word baraq has also changed, that is,
in the Uzbek language, this word is used not for a dog,
but for a fluffy cat. In our opinion, this may be caused
by the fact that dogs with long and fluffy wool are not
raised in the conditions of Uzbekistan.
A large number of words in the ancient Turkic language
went out of use due to various socio-economic,
political and cultural factors, and these words were
replaced by Arabic, Persian or European words. Our
observations showed that no borrowed word removed
any of the old Turkic words from the Turkic dialects,
but this did not happen in the Uzbek dialects, or vice
versa. Such universal processes are, of course, the
result of the natural development of the Uzbek and
Turkish languages. For instance, a word in the form of
apkalamak exists in Turkish dialects and is interpreted
as follows: Apkalamak halk ağzi. Birisini yardemci ve
destek olmak, himâya etmek (To help and support
someone, to protect someone) (Türkçe Sözlük, 2007,
p. 63). This word is not found in Uzbek dialects or in
Uzbek literary language. Thus, the ancient Turkic
lexeme has been preserved in the dialects of the
Turkish language, but another word has taken its place
in the Uzbek language.
The survival and semantic development of some
common Turkic words were different. That is, a certain
polysemantic word is used in one case with the
corresponding meanings in the dialect, in another case
in the literary language. For instance, in the ancient
Turkic language, there was a verb bič
- and had the
following meanings: 1. To cut. Čyesäk jaslïg ersä, bičär
men ulï - If the flower is harmful, I will cut it from the
root. (Kutadgu bilig) 2. To gather, to collect harvest:
Tikän tarïgan er üzüm biçmäz ol - He who sows thorns
does not gather grapes. (Hibät ul-
haqājïq) (DS, 1969, p.
98). Furthermore, the fact that the words such as
bičaci (cutting), bičim (slice, cut), bičγu (a tool for
cutting things), bičγuč (scissors) made from this verb
are given in Devonu lugotit turk (Koshgari, 1960, p. 53,
376, 52, 421) means that this common Turkic root was
active. The root of the words "bıçak" in modern Turkish
language and "pichoq" in the Uzbek language is the old
T
urkic verb bič
-.
In modern Turkish literary language and dialects, from
the verb bič
-
the words such as bıçık (isim, halk ağzında.
Sel veya dere yatağı), bıçaklamak (1.
-
i. Bıçakla kesmek.
2. -
i. Bıçakla yaralamak), bıçılgan (1. isim, halk ağzında.
Azmış, yayılmış yara. 2. isim, halk ağzında. Hayvanların
tırnak kökünde oluşan yara) are made.
The phenomenon that is the object of the research
happened in the word biçilgan. In the dictionary, the
word biçilgan is explained as follows: Biçilgan i. (Eski
T
ȕ
rk beçilgan
“ç
atlak
˂
biçil-mak
“
biçilmek, kecilmek
”
)
halk a
ğ
zi. 1. Bâre hayvanlaren, özellikle atlaren
ayaklarenda gör
ȕ
len tehlikeli iltihapli yara. 2. Sif. Böyle
bir yaras
ɩ
olan (hayvan). 3. Tehlikeli, azmiş, onulmaz
(yara) (Türkçe Sözlük, 2007, с. 133). The dictionary
entry confirms that this word is a dialect word.
This common Turkic word biçilgan exists in the modern
Uzbek literary language, but it has undergone a
completely different semantic development: it is far
from its meaning in Turkish dialects and has become
homonymous words. In the "Explanatory Dictionary of
the Uzbek Language" the word biçilgan is explained as
follows: Bichilgan I 1. Castrated
–
i.e., male animals’
gonads and testicles removed. 2. Cut for sewing, put on
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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a pattern for sewing. Bichilgan II to become red as a
result of friction and inflammation, shredded (about
skin folds, corners of lips).
The meaning of the word Bichilgan II is closer to the
meaning in Turkish dialects, because the same part of
the skin is injured as a result of "becoming red due to
friction and inflammation, shredded".
In short, since Turkic dialects are less impacted by non-
linguistic influences, they have preserved many units
characteristic to the ancient Turkic language, and
economic and political influences have mainly
impacted on the lexicon of the literary language.
Through the comparative study of Turkic dialects in this
aspect, the specific features of the ancient Turkic
language, which is the ancestor language of the Turkic
peoples, to which extent the ancient words have been
preserved in modern Turkic languages, and what
phonetic and semantic changes have occurred, are
determined.
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Abdullayev F. O‘zbek shevalari leksikasi. –
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2.
Alisher Navoiy asarlari tilining izohli lug‘ati
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-jild.
–
Toshkent: Fan, 1983.
3.
Attuhfatuz zakiyatu fillug‘atit turkiya (АЗФТ). –
Toshkent: Fan, 1968.
4.
Baskakov N.A. Nogayskiy yazik i yego dialekti.
–
M.-
L., 1941.
5.
Baskakov N.A. Karakalpakskiy yazik. II. Fonetika i
morfologiya.
–
M.: Nauka, 1952.
6.
Drevnetyurkskiy slovar (ДС). –
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Mahmud Ko
shg‘ariy. Devonu lug‘otit turk. 1
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Toshkent, Fan, 1960.
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Mirtojiyev M. Turkiy tub so‘zlar tadqiqi. –
Toshkent:
Fan, 2017.
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Sevortyan E.V. Turkiy tillarning etimologik lug‘ati. –
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Türkçe Sözlük.
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Istanbul, 2007.
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To‘raqulov O. Qo‘qon gruppa shevalari leksikasi:
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