Volume 04 Issue 09-2024
12
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
09
P
AGES
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12-19
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Awais Khan’s literary excellence “In the Company of Strangers” revolves around the female characters, in which he
engages in the complicated themes of relationships, social expectations, self-fulfilment, women empowerment, and
feminist creation. Through his writings, having portrayed different age groups and social classes with great sensitivity,
he presents his groundbreaking work as a vital platform to give extended voice to the featured stories that would
ordinarily not be heard in mainstream anglophone Pakistani literature. Through the novel under analysis, the writer
reinforces the literary landscape of the country, adding the depth and complexity of stories that shine the light on the
manifold diversities of women's experiences. By employing the idea o
f ‘gender’ proposed by Simon de Beauvoir and
Judith Butler respectively, this paper aims to unmask the patterns of female self-drive and marks of domestic violence
intricated in the structures of endocentric capitalism.
KEYWORDS
Research Article
EXPLORING ECHOES OF EMPOWERMENT AND ANDROCENTRISM: A
FEMINIST STUDY OF AWAIS KHAN’S “IN THE COMPANY OF
STRANGERS”
Submission Date:
September 01, 2024,
Accepted Date:
September 06, 2024,
Published Date:
September 11, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume04Issue09-03
Muhammad Rehan Sabir
Department of Literature, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
Maryam Asim
Department of Literature, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
Munazza Jamshed Khan
Institute of Language and Literature, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Haseeb Nawaz
Department of Literature, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages
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VOLUME
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ISSUE
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OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Societal expectations, Domestic violence, Feminist viewpoint, Generational trauma, Pakistani society, Androcentrism,
Gender representation.
INTRODUCTION
Awais Khan's "In the Company of Strangers" embarks
on a transformative odyssey, boldly challenging
androcentrism with arras of female narratives.
Characters like Mona and her friends take center stage,
skillfully navigating away from traditional male-centric
perspectives. The exploration of domestic violence
within fractured marriages, such as Bilal and Mona's,
becomes a poignant lens, revealing the intricate
manifestation of gender-based power dynamics
ingrained in societal structures. Through a feminist
lens, the analysis exposes the complex interplay
between traditional gender roles and societal
expectations, shedding light on the systemic roots of
domestic violence. Beyond individual cases, the novel
advocates for a comprehensive approach to challenge
and transform societal norms perpetuating violence
against women, especially in the third world.
Moreover, the narrative deals with the enduring
phenomenon of generational trauma experienced by
women across successive epochs in Pakistani society.
Rooted in feminist perspectives, the text meticulously
examines persistent suffering attributed to deeply
ingrained patriarchal structures. By scrutinizing
historical and sociocultural contexts, the research
underscores how traditional gender norms perpetuate
cycles of discrimination and violence, with each
generation inheriting the struggles of its predecessors.
Unveiling the intergenerational transmission of
societal attitudes contributing to women's trauma, this
research fosters a nuanced understanding of
generational suffering, advocating for transformative
measures that challenge established norms, dismantle
oppressive structures, and pave the way for a future
where women break free from the shackles of
inherited pain.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:
Awais Khan's “In the Company of Strangers” presents
a nuanced exploration of gender dynamics, particularly
challenging androcentrism through a feminist lens. To
understand the theoretical underpinnings of the
novel's feminist mosaic, it is crucial to delve into the
ideas of gender and womanhood as proposed by
Simone de Beauvoir and Judith Butler.
Simone de Beauvoir, in “The Second Sex,” critically
examines the male-centric perspective that dominates
societal discourse. Her assertion that “Women have no
grasp on the world of men because their experience
does not teach them to use logic and technique” (de
Beauvoir, 1953) highlights the inherent biases in
traditional gender roles. This quote underscores the
limited scope of women's experiences within a
patriarchal framework, where male-centric logic and
techniques define the norm. Beauvoir's declaration
that “One is not born, but rather becomes, woman”.
further emphasizes the constructed nature of
femininity (SS 283/2:13). Women, according to
Beauvoir, are not predetermined entities; instead, their
identity evolves through societal expectations and
norms.
Khan's novel aligns with Beauvoir's perspective by
unraveling the intricacies of female experiences that
are often overlooked or deliberately ignored by the
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OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
male-dominated societal discourse. The characters,
especially Mona and her friends, serve as vehicles for
navigating away from traditional male-centric
perspectives. Through their narratives, the novel
challenges the notion that women are inherently
bound to a specific role or experience, highlighting the
diversity and complexity of the female identity.
Judith Butler, in “Gender Trouble,” extends Beauvoir's
argument by proposing that the concept of 'woman' is
a continuous process, constantly in flux. She argues, “If
there is something right in Beauvoir's claim that one is
born, but rather becomes a woman, it follows that
woman itself is a term in process, a becoming, a
constructing that cannot rightfully be said to originate
or to end” (Butler, 1990, p.45). This conceptualization
of gender as performative and fluid resonates with the
unfolding narratives in “In the Company of Strangers”.
The characters, through their actions and choices,
actively engage in the construction of their identities,
challenging the predefined roles imposed by society.
Trinh T. Minh-
ha’s assertion that "Despite all our
desperate, eternal attempts to separate, contain and
mend, categories always leak" (Trinh T. Minh-ha ,1989 ,
p.79) complements Butler's theory by emphasizing the
impossibility of rigidly defining gender categories. This
concept is in line with the experiences of Khan's
characters, who frequently overcome the limitations
placed on them by social conventions. The story serves
as an example of how attempts to limit people to
particular gender categories are fundamentally
incorrect since identities and experiences are too
dynamic and complicated to be cleanly classified.
Furthermore, Sara Suleri's statement that "Men live in
homes, and women live in bodies"(Sara Suleri, 1989,
p.143 ) also adds another layer to this discussion,
highlighting the embodied nature of female
experiences in contrast to the spatial domains
traditionally occupied by men.
The novel's exploration of domestic violence within
fractured marriages aligns with Butler's emphasis on
gender as a discursive practice open to intervention
and resignification. By shedding light on the systemic
roots of domestic violence, Khan's work underscores
the urgent need for societal intervention to challenge
and transform norms perpetuating violence against
women.)
The intergenerational trauma experienced by women,
as depicted in the novel, also aligns with feminist
perspectives. The analysis of generational suffering,
rooted in historical and sociocultural contexts, mirrors
the way traditional gender norms perpetuate cycles of
discrimination and violence. By examining the
inherited struggles of each generation, the research
advocates for transformative measures that challenge
established
norms
and
dismantle
oppressive
structures.
In conclusion, the theoretical framework drawn from
Simone de Beauvoir and Judith Butler's perspectives
on gender provides a robust foundation for
understanding
and
unraveling
the
gendered
discourses in Awais Khan's “In the Company of
Strangers”. The novel engages with and challenges
traditional gender norms, inviting readers to
contemplate the evolving nature of femininity and the
urgent need for societal transformation to empower
women and break free from the shackles of inherited
pain.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
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Publisher:
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Servi
In its exploration of the transformative potential of
female-centric narratives and the bold challenge
against androcentrism, the novel aligns itself with the
profound voices of feminist literary giants. Through the
reference to leading feminist literature, the portrayal
of Mona and her friends with the nuanced complexity
just as the theorization of Hooks on intersectionality
which raised a caution on a monolithic focus on gender
rather than profound comprehension of the conjoining
element of race and class connection sounds the alarm
(Riley, 2018).
The book "The Second Sex" by Simone de Beauvoir is
regarded as an opening chapter of feminist
existentialism (Simons, 2001). Echoing the statement
that women have historically been defined in the light
of men’s perspective, the author of this novel re
-
identifies a male-centered view through the
deconstruction process. The narrative's focus on
female characters at the forefront resonates with
Beauvoir's call for women to define themselves
independently (Crawford, 2013).
Channeling the spirit of Audre Lorde, a feminist poet
and essayist, the novel confronts societal issues
through personal narratives, particularly in its
exploration of intricate power dynamics within
marriages (Lorde, 2004). The adoption of a feminist
lens, as advocated by Lorde, serves to illuminate
societal structures perpetuating domestic violence.
The discussion of generational trauma aligns with the
work of Adrienne Rich, a feminist poet and essayist.
Rich's exploration of women's experiences across
time, paralleling the novel's scrutiny of generational
trauma in Pakistani society, underscores the
importance
of
understanding
historical
and
sociocultural contexts to dismantle patriarchal
structures (Kidwai, 2001). In conclusion, the novel's
engagement with feminist thought weaves a rich
nexus, incorporating the insights of Hooks, de
Beauvoir, Lorde, and Rich. By skillfully intertwining
these perspectives into its narrative, "In the Company
of Strangers" contributes significantly to the ongoing
discourse
surrounding
gender
representation,
domestic violence, and generational trauma in
literature, offering readers a profound and
transformative literary experience.
ANALYSIS
Drawing from the feminist perspectives of Simone de
Beauvoir, Judith Butler, Trinh T. Minh-ha, and Sara
Suleri, the novel deconstructs conventional gender
norms and highlights the fluidity and complexity of
female identity. The challenges and resiliency of the
characters depict the never-ending process of
becoming where societal norms and individual
experiences converge. As Khan strongly demonstrates
through Mona's introspection, “She marveled at her
div’s capability
to respond to Bilal even now, after all
the violence. Maybe a part of her had never ceased
loving him, or maybe she was deluding herself,” (Khan,
2019, p.82 ) the novel underscores the enduring impact
of relationships and the intricate ways in which love
and trauma coexist.
Mona, as a main character within the complex
interweaving of the Lahore elite class house, embodies
a complex narrative shaped by past trauma and a
current sense of neglect. Her experiences are
underscored by a haunting past sexual incident that
has left an indelible mark on her psyche. This trauma
casts a shadow over Mona's pursuit of love within the
confines of her marriage, compelling her to seek
emotional fulfillment. The societal expectations and
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pressures inherent in the elite class milieu contribute to
her sense of isolation and the desperate search for a
connection that transcends the superficialities of her
social standing. Mona's character thus becomes a
poignant exploration of the profound impact of
trauma and societal expectations on an individual's
quest for love and fulfillment within the context of the
Lahore elite class.
Within the framework of feminist theory, Mona's sense
of safety around her husband can be seen as a
manifestation of the pervasive gaze dynamics
embedded in typical Pakistani societal norms (Zia,
2014). The prevalent male gaze on women often
creates an environment where women may seek
refuge within the perceived safety of traditional roles,
such as marriage. Mona's reliance on her husband for a
sense of security is influenced by the fear of navigating
societal change and challenging established gender
roles. As Mona describes the gaze of the policeman at
Meera’s party as in chapter five:
“They watched her with an unreserved stare, their eyes
shining like a
hungry dog’s.” (Khan, 2019, p.40 )
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The metaphor underscores the predatory nature of
this gaze, highlighting the discomfort and vulnerability
experienced by women like Mona in such a scrutinizing
environment (Carroll & Tolan, 2023). This vivid
portrayal serves as a stark commentary on the power
dynamics ingrained in societal norms, where women
contend with objectification and unwarranted
attention.
Within the context of Pakistani culture, Mona's
extramarital affair with Ali disrupts prevailing binary
norms surrounding marital fidelity. This act challenges
the traditional dichotomy of loyalty and betrayal,
offering a deconstructionist lens to the complexities of
relationships within the cultural framework. Pakistani
society often adheres to strict norms regarding marital
fidelity, and Mona's deviation from this norm serves as
a deconstructive exploration of societal expectations.
The affair becomes a subversive space, unraveling the
assumed
certainties
associated
with
marital
relationships in Pakistani culture. In applying
deconstructionist theory to Mona's choices, the
narrative exposes the fluid and intricate nature of
human connections, shedding light on the cultural
nuances that shape and, in turn, are shaped by such
relational complexities. Moreover,Bilal and Mona's
marriage is marked by elusive mysteries, encapsulated
in Mona's poignant reflection after more than two
decades together. As in chapter five she admitted that;
“It had been more than two decades, and she had
come no closer to guessing the true nature of the
person she shared her bed with. Maybe she never
would”. (Khan, 2019, p.42 )
The passage of time has failed to bridge this emotional
distance, leaving Mona grappling with the realization
that she may never truly comprehend her partner. The
uncharted territories within their relationship point to
an underlying sense of disconnect, highlighting the
enigmatic nature of their union and the challenges they
face in achieving a deeper, more meaningful
connection.That's the main reason behind Mona's
decision to have Ali by her side.
Within the novel, Meera emerges as a bold feminist
protagonist, fearlessly challenging societal norms and
emdiving a beacon for the empowerment of women
through outspoken defiance and a steadfast
commitment to gender equality.
As in first chapter Mona reminisces about her best
friend's profound statements, she recalls, 'If they can
stare so openly, then why can't we?'. (Khan, 2019, p.21)
As the narrative unfolds, Meera becomes a symbol of
strength, liberating herself from traditional constraints
and paving the way for a more equitable story. The
novel's exploration of Pakistani society intricately
begins with Meera's powerful statement, resonating
with the core of feminist discourse. Through a
meticulous examination of societal norms, Meera
questions the unequal dynamics of gaze, accentuating
the imperative for women to embrace the freedom of
looking openly. This prompts a critical exploration into
the intersection of feminism and cultural expectations
within the South Asian context. Meera's remark
functions as a profound feminist critique, spotlighting
the double standards ingrained in Pakistani society
concerning public gazes. It underscores the feminist
discourse's advocacy for gender equality in the realm
of observation, challenging the traditional constraints
placed on women's behavior.
Another female leading character is Bilal’s mother
Nighat. Her statement and behaviour towards Mona in
chapter twelve is true depiction of acceptance of
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gender discrimination in cultural context of Pakistani
society.As she says;
“A woman should always know her place," says I.
Weak,lustful little creatures women are. Keep them on
a short leash or risk finding them glued to the first man
available.” (Khan, 2019, p.79 )
This novel also delineates patriarchal norms and how
gender
roles
influence
Night's
perceptions,
contributing to her dissatisfaction. The examination of
power dynamics within the family reveals traditional
expectations shaping Mona's experience and
influencing Nighat's advice to her son Bilal in chapter
fifteen when she says to his son Bilal that:
“You are so much like your father, and yet so
different.You have a heart,Bilal,even if you don't know
it yet” (Khan, 2019, p.141 )
Nighat's guidance not to emulate his father
underscores a desire for a shift in prevailing gender
norms.
Women's solidarity plays a pivotal role in addressing
domestic violence within familial contexts, as
exemplified in the case of Nighat and her daughter-in-
law Mona. In this scenario, the collective support of
women emerges as a powerful force against the
perpetration of domestic violence by Bilal.As Nighat
says:
“Do right by your wife, Bilal,or I promise you I will assist
her in getting rid of this violent marriage. If she wants
out, I will make sure she gets out.” (Khan, 2019, p.142 )
It not only challenges traditional power dynamics but
also contributes to a broader societal shift in
perceptions surrounding domestic violence. The
support for Nighat's daughter-in-law within the
framework of women's solidarity represents a tangible
manifestation of feminist ideals, fostering empathy,
understanding, and a shared commitment to
dismantling oppressive structures within the family
unit.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the literary narrative intricately weaves
together the lives of three female leads, Mona, Meera,
and Nighat, within the fabric of Lahore's elite class. The
feminist perspective in the novel is explicit through the
lives of all these leading female characters figuring a
way to find their subjectivity and identity. They are on
a quest to discover an inner drive that can navigate
them to their feminine ‘self’. Mona's poignant
exploration of trauma and societal expectations
reveals the profound impact on her quest for love,
highlighting the complexities ingrained in the cultural
milieu. Meera emerges as a bold feminist protagonist
challenging norms, symbolizing strength
and
advocating for gender equality through her fearless
defiance. Nighat's lack of resistance to gender
discrimination looks like her embracement of the social
culture, meaning how women are treated in Pakistan.
They weave a texture of stories that discuss how
relationships, stereotypes, and role of women change
inside the cultural milieu of the elite society of Lahore.
Moreover, by using the perspectives of feminism and
gender as presented by de Beauvoir and Butler
respectively, this study unravels the status of women
in a patriarchal society where women are taken as
commodity
and
a
subject
of
gender-based
discrimination. This article also accentuates how
women under the wholesome burden of exploitation
try to raise their voices in order to be a part of the
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hegemonic & cultural representations of their
respective society.
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Lorde, A. (2004). Conversations with Audre Lorde:
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Riley, C. (2018). Feminism and Women's Writing: An
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