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УДК: 612:591.1
CHANGES IN COPPER METABOLISM UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
HELMINTHS
Khudjanova M.A.
PhD. Senior Lecturer, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Samarkand University named
after Zarmed.
usmankulova07@mail.ru
Khasanova S.B.
Assistant, Department of Physiology, Samarkand State Medical University
Abstract:
The article presents information about changes in copper metabolism under the
influence of helminths and their consequences. Trace elements, like vitamins, have high
biological activity and even in small doses exert a powerful influence on the regulation of
various physiological functions of the div. The high activity of trace elements is due to
their close interaction with biologically important and active organic substances [1].
It is known that copper participates in oxidative and hematopoietic processes, converting
iron into an organically bound form and actively contributing to the formation of the main
respiratory pigment, hemoglobin, which increases oxygen uptake by tissues [9].
Animal deviations in normal metabolism can be caused by an imbalance of trace elements in
the div. A deficiency of trace elements leads to various reproductive disorders, resulting in
the birth of weak, non-viable animals with low vitality. Changes in the balance of trace
elements in animals can contribute to the development of numerous endemic, physiological,
and genetic diseases [4].
During our research, we observed the development of signs of microelementosis at the
stages of parasitic invasion in all groups of experimental animals, which led us to analyze
the dynamic changes in copper levels in the blood, as one of the most important trace
elements playing a significant role in the functioning of the div.
Keywords:
Trace elements, vitamins, helminthiasis, cytochrome, oxidative stress,
antioxidant system, hematopoiesis.
Objective:
To study and analyze changes in copper metabolism and their consequences in
living organisms under the influence of various helminths.
Materials and methods of the study.
Karakul lambs of the "Karnab" factory type were
used as the object of the experiment. All lambs used in the experiment were isolated and
raised in conditions not affected by natural helminths, healthy from other infectious and non-
infectious diseases. Initially, clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters of the div
of all control and experimental lambs were determined 3 times, and then the lambs allocated
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for the experiment were infected by introducing a pure culture of motile and viable invasive
strongyllate larvae (Marshallagia, Nematodirus, Chabertia) into the abdominal cavity
through the mouth using a rubber probe. For the experimental study of marshallagiasis,
nematodirosis and chabertiosis, 20 karakul lambs aged 3-4 months were selected and
divided into groups. The selected lambs were divided into groups by sex, weight and
physiological parameters.
Group 1: 5 lambs, served as a control group
Group 2: 5 lambs infected with invasive larvae of marshallagia.
Group 3: 5 lambs infected with invasive larvae of nematodires.
Group 4: 5 lambs infected with invasive larvae of chabertia.
For this, 5000 samples of invasive larvae per lamb were used.
The material for infecting karakul lambs were invasive larvae of strongylates obtained from
donors. The eggs and invasive larvae of Marshallagia, Nematodirus and Chabertia were
collected and cultured using the standard method of "Helmintholarvoscopy" by Fulleborn.
All lambs used in the experiment were taken and raised in conditions not affected by natural
helminths, healthy from other infectious and non-infectious diseases.
During the entire experiment, physiological parameters of experimental and control lambs
were measured twice, in the morning and in the evening: div temperature (by rectum),
heart rate (by anterior pulse artery), respiratory rate (by expansion and narrowing of nasal
openings). All experimental animals were slaughtered in the last 70-75 days of observation
(after invasive infection) and subjected to a complete helminthological study using the
method of Academician K.I. Scriabin. The obtained results were analyzed in detail,
physiological, pathological and biological changes in the condition of each lamb were
described.
Before invasive infection with parasites, blood was taken from the upper vein of all
experimental and control animals and preliminary parameters were identified. The following
parameters were obtained 5, 10, 15, 25, 30, 40, 50, 65, 70 days after invasive infection and
were analyzed. The concentration of copper ions in the blood was determined by ion-
selective ((A.A. Ostroushko, M.Yu. Sennikov).) and atomic absorption spectrometric (AAS)
methods. The differences between the mean values in the control and experimental
groups were calculated using the Student method, and the data obtained were processed
using the methods of variation statistics. The arithmetic mean of each sign (M) was
calculated with its error (m) and the coefficient of variability (C%). The degrees of
reliability (P) of differences between the group indicators were determined. Before the
experimental infection, the copper content in the blood of the experimental and control
sheep averaged 1.07±0.06 mg/l, which corresponded to the norm. From the 10th day of
invasive marshallaghiasis infection, the copper level in the blood decreased significantly and
amounted to 0.97±0.02 mg/l, and on the 15th day - 0.81±0.04 mg/l, which was significantly
lower than the initial values. In the following days of the disease, the copper content
continued to decrease sharply, and by the 50th day of invasion (on the 50th day) its level
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was 0.51±0.01 mg/l, which was two times lower than at the initial stage and in the control
sheep.
In experimental nematodosis, the copper content in the sheep's blood did not differ from that
in marshallaghiasis. From the 10th day of invasion, the copper level began to decrease and
amounted to 0.92±0.04 mg/l. From the 20th day, the decrease intensified, and the low
copper concentration remained until the 65th day of invasion (see Figure 1).
In the first days of invasion, the copper content in the lambs' blood significantly decreased,
reaching 0.67±0.05 mg/l by the 10th day. However, unlike marshallaghiasis and
nematodirosis, the copper level in the blood decreased moderately, i.e., no sharp drop was
observed, and throughout the disease it remained significantly lower than the initial and
control values. Therefore, based on the above, it can be concluded that the hematological
and clinical changes that occur in helminthiasis are directly related to changes in the copper
concentration in the blood. In addition, against the background of a decrease in the
concentration of copper in the blood, lambs experience symptoms such as shortness of
breath, first hyperemia, then anemia, weakness, diarrhea, discoloration of wool, and
hematologically - a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin levels.
Figure. The amount of copper (mg/l) in the blood of black sheep, M±m. (n=5).
Some physiological and clinical signs that occur before death, such as impaired motor
coordination, paresis and paralysis of the limbs, are probably associated with a decrease in
the level of copper in the blood. Helminths, feeding in the host organism, also absorb copper.
For example, parasites in the gastrointestinal tract directly absorb copper, which can lead to
its deficiency in the host organism.
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Helminths affect the host immune system, causing the production of various cytokines and
other immunological factors that affect copper metabolism. Some cytokines can lead to the
redistribution of copper and its accumulation in tissues.
Impaired antioxidant defense and oxidative stress: Helminths cause oxidative stress in the
host organism, which increases the need for copper. Oxidative stress reduces the
effectiveness of antioxidant systems, which also increases the need for copper. There are a
number of enzymes in the div that require stable copper activity.
Helminths can affect the activity of these enzymes directly or indirectly. For example,
enzymes such as cytochrome C oxidase play an important role in the process of energy
production, and helminth infestation disrupts this process. The consequences of copper
deficiency in helminth infestation can be varied. Copper plays a key role in the synthesis of
hemoglobin. Helminth infestation can lead to copper deficiency, which in turn can cause
anemia (lack of blood). Copper is also essential for the immune system. Its deficiency can
lead to a weakened immune system and decreased resistance to disease. Copper is important
for growth and development. Copper deficiency can disrupt normal growth and development
in children and adolescents.
Conclusion
Helminth infestation has a serious impact on copper metabolism in the div. These effects
can negatively affect various physiological processes in the div, which can lead to
deterioration in health. In order to prevent parasitic helminth infestation and to effectively
treat it, it is important to study copper metabolism theoretically and practically.
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