Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025): International journal of medical sciences

Meningitis is an inflammation of the central nervous system, primarily affecting the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This disease can be caused by viruses or bacteria. Viral meningitis usually has a mild course and often resolves on its own, but bacterial meningitis develops rapidly and can lead to serious complications. Viruses such as enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and rubella virus can cause meningitis. Bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae are responsible for more severe forms of meningitis. Due to the rapid progression of the disease, quick diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Common symptoms of meningitis include headache, neck pain, fever, and vomiting. Antibiotics are used for bacterial meningitis, while pain relievers and fever-reducing medications are used for viral meningitis. Vaccination and adherence to high hygiene standards are effective preventive measures against meningitis. This article provides detailed information on the causative agents, development process, diagnostics, treatment methods, and preventive measures of meningitis based on medical scientific sources.

Despite the improvement and possibilities of intrauterine diagnosis and improvement of the quality of imaging technology, a further increase in congenital heart pathology is predicted.

The most common variants of CHD, diagnosed already in infancy, are septal defects: ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect, which make up one third of all congenital heart defects..

Hypoxic disorders caused by congenital septal defects cause multiple organ dysfunction, aggravate the initially burdened perinatal background and is one of the main causes of disorders of the physical and neuropsychiatric development of this category of children.

Acute cholecystitis is one of the most common diseases of the abdominal cavity. Materials and methods. The study material was the medical records of 77 patients operated on in the Khankinsky district hospital in 2023 for acute cholecystitis within 72 hours of the onset of the disease. Results and discussion. Our univariate analysis of variance allowed us to establish that there is a significant difference in average values between the groups of patients with catarrhal and destructive acute cholecystitis according to a number of studied indicators, which allows them to be used as prognostic factors for the detection of acute destructive cholecystitis. Conclusion. In order to timely resolve the issue of urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a regional hospital, the diagnosis of acute destructive cholecystitis with a high degree of reliability can be established by identifying a combination of clinical, ultrasound signs and changes in functional liver tests.

The aesthetic impact of standard thyroid gland (TG) surgery on the anterior neck surface does not satisfy the ever-increasing demands of modern society. This situation establishes the necessity of creating novel methods for carrying out TG surgery.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most persistent and widespread infectious diseases worldwide, posing a serious public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where healthcare resources are often limited. Despite significant advancements in medical research and disease control efforts, TB continues to affect millions of people each year, leading to severe health complications and, in many cases, fatal outcomes if left untreated. Effective management of TB heavily relies on early detection, precise diagnosis, and timely initiation of appropriate treatment regimens to prevent disease progression and transmission.

This study provides an in-depth analysis of modern diagnostic techniques that have revolutionized TB detection and management, focusing on molecular, radiological, and immunological approaches. Molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays and the GeneXpert MTB/RIF system, offer rapid and highly specific detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including resistance to rifampicin, a key first-line drug. These techniques play a crucial role in addressing the growing challenge of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) by enabling early identification of drug-resistant strains, allowing for prompt adjustments in treatment strategies.

In addition to molecular diagnostics, radiological techniques remain essential tools for TB detection, particularly in cases where microbiological confirmation is challenging. Chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans are widely used to assess lung involvement, detect cavitary lesions, and monitor disease progression. These imaging modalities, when combined with clinical symptoms and laboratory findings, significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy, particularly in patients with extrapulmonary or latent TB infections.

Immunological tests, including interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) and the traditional tuberculin skin test (TST), are valuable for identifying latent TB infections and assessing immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While these methods do not differentiate between active and latent TB, they play a critical role in screening high-risk populations, such as healthcare workers, immunocompromised individuals, and close contacts of TB patients.

To provide practical insights into the real-world applications of these diagnostic techniques, this study presents case studies of hypothetical patients, illustrating how various diagnostic tools are utilized in different clinical scenarios. These case studies highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in TB diagnosis, where laboratory findings, imaging results, and clinical evaluations are integrated to ensure accurate disease detection and effective patient management.

The findings of this research emphasize the necessity of combining traditional diagnostic methods with emerging technologies to improve the overall accuracy and efficiency of TB detection. Integrating advanced molecular testing, radiological assessments, and immunological screening into routine clinical practice can significantly enhance early detection rates, facilitate timely treatment initiation, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. Furthermore, the adoption of innovative diagnostic strategies contributes to global TB control efforts, helping to reduce disease transmission and mitigate the impact of TB on public health systems worldwide.

This study explores the lexical differences in terminology related to life activities in English and Uzbek. Life activities encompass various domains such as work, family, leisure, health, and spirituality, all of which are deeply embedded in a culture’s worldview. By examining and comparing these terms, the research highlights how each language reflects its respective cultural values. English, rooted in individualistic cultural norms, emphasizes personal achievement and autonomy, while Uzbek, influenced by collectivist principles, prioritizes family and community. The findings demonstrate the pivotal role language plays in shaping cultural attitudes and social behaviors.

The rise in aggressiveness among adolescents is a complex psychological phenomenon with significant implications for mental and physical health. Recent years have seen a troubling increase in aggressive behaviors, impacting not only the individuals involved but also families, schools, and communities.

This study aims to investigate the multifactorial causes of adolescent aggression, exploring biological, environmental, and psychological influences. Utilizing a humoral approach based on Ibn Sina's “The Canon of Medicine,” the research seeks to develop innovative strategies for preventing health-related consequences associated with aggressive behavior. Ibn Sina's theory provides a framework for understanding how dietary influences and temperament traits interact to shape behavior.

The investigation will focus on the relationships between adolescent temperament and dietary habits, identifying nutritional patterns that may exacerbate or mitigate aggression. By analyzing these interactions, the study aims to formulate a comprehensive model for effective interventions applicable in various settings, including homes and schools.

Ultimately, this study seeks to contribute to the discourse on adolescent mental health and behavior management, emphasizing the importance of a holistic understanding of aggression to promote well-being and healthier behavioral patterns.

The article discusses the results of field research conducted on the territory of Olmaliq for engineering and seismological justification of the master plan for the development of the city. Geophysical and engineering-geological surveys were carried out to assess the influence of soil conditions on seismic intensity parameters. Calculated values of peak ground accelerations on a free surface were obtained using the STRATA program. Based on a generalization of field and laboratory engineering-geological data, sections and a map of the engineering-geological zoning of the city of Olmaliq were compiled.

This article provides general information on the methods for calculating the seismic impact in assessing the stability of slopes and covers the main methods used in this area. Methods for calculating the seismic impact in assessing the stability of slopes are of great importance in modern construction and geotechnical engineering. These methods are used to determine the movement of the soil during an earthquake and its effect on structures, as well as to ensure the safety and strength of structures. The development and improvement of methods for calculating the seismic impact will increase the safety of construction projects and create the possibility of implementing them in complex natural conditions. This article discusses the methods for calculating the seismic impact used in assessing the stability of slopes and their practical significance. The results of the study are presented based on the H/V method, i.e. the Response spectrum.

The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced a variety of challenges, particularly for pregnant women and their newborns. Neonatal respiratory issues in infants born to mothers infected with COVID-19 have emerged as a significant concern. This article examines the respiratory complications seen in neonates born to COVID-19-positive mothers, including the mechanisms behind these complications, the severity of symptoms, and the strategies used for managing these conditions. Additionally, it reviews the existing literature on the effects of maternal COVID-19 infection on neonatal lung development, birth outcomes, and the overall prognosis for infants. The goal of this review is to shed light on the potential risks and inform clinical practices to better manage neonates in the post-pandemic era.

Background/purpose: Using artificial intelligence to “detect cephalometric landmarks” can effectively improve dentist’s effectiveness. This study evaluated dental students’ satisfaction with the use of artificial intelligence to detect cephalometric landmarks in 2023 and 2024 at Tashkent State Dental Institute, Uzbekistan.

Macroscopic changes of the heart in autopsy and forensic medical histology materials, morphometric parameters in microscopic general-morphological and histochemical staining methods were studied from 20-60 and over 40 subjects with sudden cardiac death in research and control groups. Morphometric studies of macroscopic, microscopic typical and atypical cardiomyositis in cardiac geometry, age-related changes of neurodystrophic disorders in the nervous system were revealed.

This article discusses the role of traditional medicine in the treatment of chronic gastritis, a pressing issue in the medical field. Gastritis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the gastric mucosa. It is classified into acute and chronic types. In children, gastritis often develops during periods of rapid growth, such as between the ages of 5-6 and 9-12. The disease negatively affects the primary functions of the stomach, primarily leading to disruptions in its secretory function. According to statistics, gastritis is observed in more than half of the world’s population, with approximately 90 million cases recorded in 2013. The likelihood of developing the disease increases with age. A healthy diet, regular physical activity, and medicinal herbs play a crucial role in preventing and treating gastritis. This issue is widespread globally and affects healthcare systems. Therefore, comprehensive strategies are necessary to prevent and combat gastritis.

In the syndrome of premature ventricular excitation (PVE) of the heart, part of the ventricular myocardium or the entire myocardium is activated by impulses conducted through accessory pathways (AP), and patients sooner or later develop tachyarrhythmic attacks, which under certain conditions are transformed into atrial and ventricular fibrillation, posing a threat to the patient's life.

Manifestations of PVE are rare - from 0.15 to 3.1% of the general population, including 9% of the total number of children with cardiac arrhythmias. This disease manifests itself in different forms - from constant clinical and electrophysiological manifestations in the manifest form to the absence of any subjective and objective symptoms in the latent form.

 Acute double cervical spine injuries in children present a unique and complex challenge to medical professionals. These injuries typically involve two or more levels of the cervical spine and may be caused by trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents, falls, or sports-related incidents. The early management of these injuries is crucial to minimize neurological damage and prevent long-term disability. This article explores the specific principles of early treatment, emphasizing prompt diagnosis, stabilization, and appropriate intervention strategies to optimize outcomes in pediatric patients with double cervical spine injuries.

This article examines the role of family upbringing, parental control, and strategies for increasing young people’s responsibility for their own health. Drawing on research in psychology, pedagogy, and public health, it highlights how the family environment and parental guidance serve as fundamental factors in fostering healthy lifestyle habits and preventive behaviors among adolescents. In addition, the paper discusses evidence-based measures that can be implemented to encourage young people to develop a sense of responsibility for their personal well-being.

 Children’s health is influenced by a multitude of factors, including psycho-social determinants (such as family environment, social status, and stress levels) and chemical agents present in the external environment (including air pollutants, pesticides, and heavy metals). This article reviews current research on how these factors interact and jointly affect children’s physical and mental well-being. It highlights multi-factorial mechanisms, discusses potential long-term consequences, and provides recommendations for prevention and mitigation.

Negative attitudes and behaviors from peers and society at large can profoundly affect children’s well-being. This article explores how social rejection, stigma, bullying, and prejudice contribute to adverse mental and physical health outcomes in children. Drawing on current research in psychology, pediatrics, and sociology, we examine mechanisms through which negative social experiences impact self-esteem, stress responses, and long-term health trajectories. Finally, we discuss evidence-based strategies for prevention and intervention, highlighting the importance of a supportive school and family environment.

Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. Preventing these diseases is crucial for ensuring the health and well-being of the pediatric population. This article explores the strategies and practices that are most effective in preventing infections in children. It emphasizes vaccination, hygiene practices, early detection, and education as key preventive measures. By highlighting the importance of proactive healthcare, the article aims to provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals and parents to reduce the burden of infectious diseases in children.

Maternal mortality is an integral indicator of reproductive-age women’s health, reflecting the impact of economic, socio-hygienic, and medical-organizational factors at the population level. It also serves as a measure of the effectiveness of maternal and child healthcare services. This article discusses the work of midwives and junior nurses within medical teams serving pregnant women, as well as the opportunities available for nurses today. Additionally, the article provides insights into screening examinations designed to further improve women’s health. Information is also provided on comorbidities in pregnant women and the “Healthy Family Room” initiative established in local communities.

The article explores the significance and methodologies of constructing robust knowledge bases for Decision Support Systems (DSS) within primary healthcare settings. DSS play a pivotal role in assisting healthcare professionals by providing data-driven insights and recommendations based on patient data, clinical guidelines, and medical research. This article discusses various models, including expert systems, ontological models, case-based reasoning (CBR), and machine learning techniques, that are used to construct these knowledge bases. Additionally, it highlights key algorithms such as decision trees, Bayesian networks, neural networks, and natural language processing (NLP) that are crucial for processing, analyzing, and retrieving relevant knowledge from vast datasets. The paper also addresses the importance of regularly updating knowledge bases to maintain their accuracy and relevance. By incorporating these advanced computational models and algorithms, primary healthcare systems can enhance decision-making, improve diagnostic accuracy, and provide personalized, efficient care to patients. The article emphasizes the potential of DSS to improve overall healthcare outcomes through intelligent and evidence-based recommendations.

The early years of life are critical for physical and mental development, which form the foundation for a child's lifelong health, learning, and socialization. Physical and mental development in infants is influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, nutrition, and caregiving practices. This article explores the key stages and milestones in the physical and mental development of infants, highlighting the importance of early intervention, optimal nutrition, and supportive caregiving. It also discusses how early experiences impact brain development, cognitive abilities, and emotional regulation, setting the stage for future learning and social integration.

Infertility is a reproductive health disorder characterized by the inability of a male or female to conceive, which is a widespread issue worldwide. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the types of infertility, its main causes, diagnostic methods, and modern treatment approaches. Additionally, the psychological and social impact of infertility, along with preventive measures, are discussed.

This study examines the principles for managing children with endocrine disorders, with a specific focus on diabetes mellitus. The paper reviews modern approaches, including pharmacotherapy, dietary management, physical activity, psychological support, and educational interventions for children and their families. The methodology is based on a systematic literature review, analysis of clinical guidelines, and empirical data collection through surveys and expert interviews. The findings indicate that a multidisciplinary and individualized approach significantly improves glycemic control, reduces the risk of complications, and enhances the overall quality of life for pediatric patients.

 This study examines various rehabilitation methods in children with cerebral palsy, emphasizing a functional and integrative approach to enhance motor, cognitive, and social outcomes. The investigation focuses on traditional physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, as well as innovative techniques such as robot-assisted therapy and virtual reality-based interventions. A systematic review of the literature, surveys among therapists, and case studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of these methods. The results indicate that a multimodal rehabilitation program significantly improves motor function, reduces spasticity, and enhances quality of life by leveraging neuroplasticity. The paper discusses practical aspects of integrating these methods into clinical practice and offers recommendations for future research.

This study investigates the pathomorphological and morphofunctional changes in the adrenal glands under the influence of Leontoside in a model of experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, a major cardiovascular condition, has widespread systemic effects, including on the adrenal glands, which are critical in regulating the body's stress response and metabolic functions. Leontoside, a glycoside compound, has been proposed to have therapeutic properties in cardiovascular diseases, but its specific effects on adrenal morphology and function have not been extensively studied. In this experimental study, we explore the alterations in adrenal tissue structure, function, and biochemical composition in atherosclerotic rats treated with Leontoside. The results provide insights into the potential effects of Leontoside on adrenal health and its broader implications in managing atherosclerosis-related changes in the endocrine system.

Coronary artery disease is an acute or chronic damage to the heart muscle, which is caused by the reduction or cessation of blood supply to the myocardium as a result of pathological currents in the coronary artery system.

This study investigates the prevalence and trends of diabetes mellitus in the Bukhara region over the past five years. Statistical analysis indicates a steady increase in the incidence rate, with the number of diagnosed cases rising from 2.1% to 2.8% of the total population. The research highlights key contributing factors such as sedentary lifestyles, dietary habits, genetic predisposition, and environmental influences. Data from national and international health organizations, including the WHO and the International Diabetes Federation, provide a broader perspective on diabetes trends in Uzbekistan. The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining statistical analysis, medical examinations, and surveys to assess the disease's progression. Findings suggest that by 2030, if current trends persist, the diabetes burden in the region will increase significantly, necessitating enhanced preventive measures and healthcare strategies. The research underscores the importance of early diagnosis, public awareness, and national health programs in mitigating the long-term impact of diabetes in Uzbekistan.

Lymphadenopathy (LAP) is a disease characterized by enlargement of one or more groups of lymph nodes (LNs). This disease occurs in both young children and adults and requires special diagnostic and treatment methods. Thus, this article examines the incidence of lymphadenopathy and the factors of its occurrence in 210 patients aged 5 to 17 years, and also presents the results of the study. Eleven factors that cause lymphadenopathy in children are listed, and clear recommendations for their diagnosis are given.

Forensic Methodology and criminology are related fields that focus on the investigation and analysis of crime. Forensic science applies scientific methods to the collection and analysis of evidence, while criminology studies the social and psychological aspects of crime and criminal behavior.

The complex interaction between forensic  Methodology and criminology has become a central element of the modern justice system, shedding light on complex criminal behavior and supporting the pursuit of justice. In essence, forensic science encompasses a variety of disciplines that use scientific methods to collect, analyze, and interpret evidence  from crime scenes. This analysis not only helps to accurately reconstruct the crime scene, but also helps to identify the perpetrator through techniques such as DNA analysis, ballistics, and toxicology. Criminology, on the other hand, is concerned with the psychological and sociological underpinnings of criminal behavior, seeking to understand the motives and effects of crime on society. Together, these fields create a comprehensive framework for investigating criminal activity, emphasizing the importance of scientific inquiry in the pursuit of truth and the effective implementation of legal procedures.

This scientific field examines the causes of the abandonment and rejuvenation of myopia in adolescents in the mountainous and foothill areas of the Andijan region, risk factors affecting the development of the disease, their origin, etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, complications and methods of their elimination. Treatment in the field of treatment is laid in a broad modern direction.

This article provides information about drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Drug-resistant tuberculosis occurs when mycobacteria become resistant to the main antituberculosis drugs. This disease, unlike regular tuberculosis, is much more difficult to treat and requires long-term special drugs. The article provides detailed information about the clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment methods and prevention of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Early detection and proper treatment of tuberculosis are important in preventing drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.

One of the most important issues related to the use and elimination of electronic medical equipment for a medical worker is its electrical safety. The patient, due to various reasons (detoxification of the body, the effects of anesthesia, weakness, the presence of electricity in the body, i.e. direct connection of the patient to the electrical circuit, etc.), is in a particularly dangerous electrical environment compared to a healthy person. To prevent electrical hazards, it is necessary to observe safety precautions.

HIV infection can significantly change the functioning of various organs and systems, including the hemostasis (blood clotting) system. HIV-infected children have various disorders, such as an increased tendency to thrombosis or, conversely, bleeding, which can lead to complications. Evaluation of the coagulogram helps in the diagnosis of these disorders.

The purpose of the work is to study the blood coagulation parameters in children with HIV infection at different clinical stages.

Materials and methods. In the course of the work, 89 children aged 4 to 18 years suffering from HIV infection were examined. The average age of the patients was 9.8 ± 0.49 years. The patients were divided into 4 main groups depending on the clinical stage of the disease.

Among these coagulation parameters, a reliable decrease in the platelet aggregation index was noted with normal platelet count, PTI, thrombin time and plasma fibrinogen.

Conclusions. Disturbances in the coagulogram in children at different clinical stages of HIV infection are represented by a decrease in the aggregation capacity of platelets, which is detected already at the initial stages of the disease.

This article will analyze the traumatic eye injuries of patients admitted to the Eye Diseases Department of the Andijan State Medical Institute Clinic between January 31, 2024 and December 31, 2024. The main causes and structure of injuries, the structure of complications, as well as the main types of surgical treatment are analyzed. 

This scientific article discusses molecular genetic aspects in the pathogenesis of angle-closure glaucoma, as well as the etiology and pathogenesis of various types of this disease. The contribution of some genetic determinants to the development of the primary closed-angle form of glaucoma is analyzed. Pharmacogenomic studies have been shown to identify genetic factors that determine the side effects of pharmacotherapy.

In a scientific article risk factors affecting the development of retinal dystrophy in developed myopia in adolescents and the relevance of prevention of their elimination are shown. Today, one of the urgent problems of ophthalmology is the disease of clinical refraction, which is an epidemic of the 21st century. The aim was to study the reason why the disease index increases from year to year, the age of the disease and, as a result, the increase in disability.

This article explores the significance, similarities, and differences between English and Uzbek proverbs, highlighting their educational and communicative functions. This expanded discussion further illustrates how proverbs shape communication, culture, and education in English and Uzbek societies.

Diabetes mellitus, today is a worldwide problem. The number of patients is steadily growing from year to year and according to WHO, for the last 30 years, has increased more than 5 times, and at the moment is more than 500000 million people, in the Republic of Uzbekistan, about 300000 thousand people, that is about every 11 adults in the world suffer from this disease. According to the number of complications, diabetes mellitus is one of the main causes of death (AsfandiyarovaN.S., 2015, Dedov I.I., 2018, Chuan L.L., 2013, Pan X., 2020).  The most significant complication, at present, is diabetic foot syndrome, which affects about 8-10% of all patients with diabetes mellitus and is the main cause of all lower limb amputations at various levels. One of the complications of SDS, is osteomyelitis of the bones of the foot, developing against the background of infection of soft tissues and bones of the foot, with diabetic neuropathy and osteoarthropathy, according to one study complicates the course of the disease in 15% of patients (Hinchliffe.,2016, Walsh.,2017., Marphy- Lovoie.,2021), according to other data up to 50-60% ( Lazaro Martinez.,2019., Antsyferov M.B., 2007, Dedov I.I., Jeffcoate W., 2004) and leads to limb amputations. "International Working Group on the diabetic foot, 2015", considers the "gold standard" in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in SDS, clinical, radiographic picture, bacteriology and histology of bone tissue. Detected microflora growth and histologic findings of bone infection are important for the diagnosis.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects more than 5% of the world population. The third disease in the structure of causes of death is DM [I.I. Dedov, T.L. Kuraeva, V.A. Peterkova, V.V. Potemkin, E.G. Starostina, N.E. Yuldashova, N.E. Suleimanova, Z.H. Lapasova, N.N. Yormukhamedova, Finucane MM, Danaei G, Ezzati M, Ahmad O, Singh GM, Danaei G, Farzadfar F, Stevens GA, Woodward M, Wormser DK, Jeon CY, Murray MB, Lipsky B., Berendt A., Deery H.G.,Currently, there are more than 350000 thousand officially registered patients in Uzbekistan. Various foot problems occur in every second patient with diabetes, the number of lower limb amputations in patients with diabetes in the Republic of Uzbekistan is 20-30 times higher than the number of amputations in patients without diabetes. Lethality, in case of amputation at the level of the shin, is 5-20%, at the level of the thigh 10-40% of operated patients [Askarov T.A., Hamdamov B.Z., Akhmedov R.M., Safoev B.B., Jalilova Z.O., Dovlatov S.S., Teshayev SH.J.]. Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is diagnosed in 8-10% of diabetic patients [DedovI.I., Udovichenko O.V., Grekova N.M., Galstyan G.R., Shestakova M.V., Vikulova O.K.,]. In 20-25% of cases in patients with SDS there are various purulent-necrotic lesions [Golbraik VA, Sitarkov SV, Bensman., Hall P.A., Levison D.A., Woods A.L., Kellock D.B., Watkins J.A., Barnes D.M., Gillett C.E., Camplejohn R., Dover R., Khamraeva F. M., Nazarova S. K., Fayzieva M. F.]. Purulent-necrotic manifestations of SDS are the most frequent cause of amputation and mortality of patients in this category of patients [Grekova N.M., Bordunovsky V.N., Ignatovich I.N., Bensman S.V., Burleva E.P., Aszmann O.C., Boulton AJ.M.,].

This research work include relevant information about different results those taken from Electromyographic exam in patients who are suffering from type 2 Diabetes mellitus with different body mass indexes. That may help us to explain the negative impact of the obesity in the development of neurological complications in Diabetic patients.

Iron deficiency anemia is a prevalent condition caused by insufficient iron levels, leading to inadequate hemoglobin production and reduced oxygen transport in the body. This condition arises due to dietary deficiencies, chronic blood loss, malabsorption disorders, or increased physiological demands such as pregnancy. Common symptoms include fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, and treatment includes dietary adjustments, iron supplementation, or medical intervention in severe cases. Preventing iron deficiency anemia requires maintaining a balanced diet and addressing underlying health issues. Early detection and treatment are crucial in managing the condition and preventing complications.

Keloid is a pathological scar that forms after injuries, cuts, or surgical interventions, differing from the normal scarring process. This article provides comprehensive information on the clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and modern treatment methods of keloid scars.

This article analyzes the pathologomorphological features observed in the placenta of women who died from uterine bleeding. During the study, thrombosis, necrotic changes, fibrinoid degeneration and villous atrophy were found in the blood vessels of the placenta. These changes were the cause of increased bleeding and the occurrence of severe pathological conditions in the female body. The results of the study emphasize the need for early detection of pathological conditions of the placenta and the implementation of preventive measures. This work is of practical importance for improving diagnostic and treatment methods for dangerous conditions during pregnancy.

Weight problems, once considered a trouble broadly speaking in affluent countries, has now grow to be a worldwide epidemic affecting humans of all ages and backgrounds. The speedy increase in body weight round the arena has alarming outcomes for public health, normally due to its robust correlation with the upward thrust in chronic illnesses. this text explores the interconnectedness of obesity and persistent illnesses, the global scope of the problem, and the urgent want for comprehensive strategies to address this urgent public health issue.

Lymphadenopathy (LAP) is a disease characterized by enlargement of one or more groups of lymph nodes (LNs). This disease occurs in both young children and adults and requires special diagnostic and treatment methods. Thus, this article examines the incidence of lymphadenopathy and the factors of its occurrence in 210 patients aged 5 to 17 years, and also presents the results of the study. Eleven factors that cause lymphadenopathy in children are listed, and clear recommendations for their diagnosis are given.

Chronic periodontitis (CP) is the most common periodontal pathology, leading to dysfunction of the dentofacial system. Sixty patients with CP were examined. All patients underwent an assessment of their periodontal tissues according to the following indices: PMA, API, and SBI. To study the hypoxia, the functional activity of erythrocytes was studied using spectroscopy. It has been established that in CP, changes in periodontal tissues are accompanied by suppression of erythrocyte functional activity and the development of hypoxia, which requires correction.

The study included a total of 150 people aged 18 to 30 years. The OHI-S (simplified Green-Vermilion Oral Hygiene Index) and Silness Loe indices were used to assess the oral hygiene and determine plaque thickness. Most often, inflammatory processes in the gums, namely, chronic catarrhal gingivitis, were detected in patients with fixed dentures in the oral cavity or with malocclusion, which are among the main risk factors for periodontal disease in young people aged 18 to 30 years.

In today’s globalized medical environment, mastering standardized anatomical terminology is not merely an academic requirement but a critical skill for clear and precise communication. Latin, as the foundational language of Western medicine, has helped create a universally recognized system of anatomical names. Even though modern medical practice relies on various vernacular languages, Latin-based terms ensure that healthcare professionals worldwide can describe anatomical structures consistently [1]. This standardization is particularly crucial in clinical and research contexts, where misunderstandings in terminology can lead to diagnostic errors, treatment delays, or flawed interpretations of data [2].

Moreover, studying Latin enhances students’ ability to decode complex scientific terms in other medical fields, such as pharmacology, pathology, and surgery. By understanding the roots, prefixes, and suffixes derived from Latin (and Greek), future physicians and researchers can more readily grasp new or evolving terminology. In an era of rapid medical advances, the ability to adapt to innovative concepts is essential [3]. Latin thus serves as both a historical touchstone and a modern tool, providing medical professionals with a linguistic foundation for lifelong learning and effective international collaboration [4].

This article provides information about the methods of artificial nutrition of critically ill patients, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their effects on the patient’s body. Enteral and parenteral types of artificial nutrition, conditions for their use and beneficial effects on patients are covered. The article also discusses modern methods of artificial nutrition, rules and problems of their use.

The article analyzes the necessity and importance of the transition to a green economy, the structure of the green economy and its features, the problem of the development of environmental awareness, aspects related to the definition of its psychological characteristics. The current problems of the sustainable development of the national economy of Uzbekistan, the formation of the science of “green economy” in the world and the development of human capital for the “green economy” as a practical direction for ensuring “green growth” are studied.

Myocarditis in children is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle (myocardium) that occurs in most cases as a result of infectious damage or an autoimmune process [1,2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), myocarditis remains one of the important causes of hospitalizations in pediatric practice, especially in preschool and early school-age children [3]. Meanwhile, the true prevalence of childhood myocarditis may be underestimated due to diagnostic difficulties and frequent asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic course [4].

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) represent one of the most significant challenges in pediatric cardiology and cardiovascular surgery worldwide [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the incidence of CHDs ranges from 8 to 12 per 1,000 live births [2]. In the structure of childhood mortality, cardiovascular pathology remains one of the leading causes, with CHDs accounting for 30–45% of all mortality associated with congenital developmental anomalies [3].

The prevention of secondary adentia—a progressive tooth loss phenomenon following initial dental extractions or periodontal degradation—is a critical challenge in dental medicine, particularly among women of childbearing age. Given the central role of calcium in bone metabolism and alveolar bone preservation, the strategic application of calcium medications has garnered increasing attention as a prophylactic measure. This review synthesizes current evidence on the algorithmic use of calcium supplementation, evaluates its effectiveness in stabilizing alveolar bone density, and outlines an integrated clinical approach for reducing the incidence of secondary adentia in this vulnerable population.

This article discusses modern methods of preventing gingivitis in adults. Gum disease is one of the most common dental problems affecting the quality of life of patients. Despite the availability of effective treatments, in the early stages many people do not pay enough attention to the primary symptoms such as redness, bleeding gums and discomfort in the oral cavity. However, the lack of timely treatment can lead to the development of serious complications, including chronic periodontitis and tooth loss. The article analyzes the main causes of gingivitis, risk factors, modern preventive measures and treatment methods to reduce the likelihood of inflammatory processes in the gums.

The article analyzes the problems of agriculture in Samarkand region in the early years of independence, the decisions taken by the Republic of Uzbekistan, the regional administration to address these issues, the development of agriculture in the region and international cooperation in agriculture.

In this article, we will provide information after studying hereditary metabolic diseases (HMD) where epilepsy manifests prominently. In the process of analyzing the database, we identified IMD associated with various types of epilepsy, which we classified according to the IMD classification based on classical pathophysiology and classified according to the factors associated with the selected seizure (neonatal seizures, infantile spasms, myoclonic seizures, and characteristic EEG patterns) and the possibility of treating the underlying metabolic defect. In addition, we analyzed the clinical severity level to compare the phenotype with biochemical characteristics, genotype, and delayed initiation of pyridoxine. As a result, we classified according to the clinical severity scale as follows: 1) global developmental delay/intellectual disability; 2) age of seizure onset before pyridoxine treatment; 3) current seizures during treatment. An expanded list of IMD, an overview of the main clinical signs, and the recommended diagnostic and therapeutic approaches may be useful for epileptologists and healthcare professionals assisting patients with metabolic disorders.

 This article explores the suicidal motives and behaviors of patients who have engaged in incomplete suicide attempts. It examines the psychological, emotional, and situational factors driving these behaviors, as well as the key risk factors and behavioral patterns associated with incomplete suicide. The piece highlights the complexities of ambivalence, the desire to escape pain, and the role of self-harm and impulsivity in these cases. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of comprehensive clinical assessments, psychotherapy, crisis intervention, and support systems in preventing future suicide attempts and improving mental health outcomes. The article serves as a resource for healthcare professionals working with individuals at risk of suicide.

This article discusses the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the nervous system in children, other organs of the nervous system, the number of nerve cells in the cerebral hemispheres of the baby, blood vessels, the subcutaneous fat layer of babies, baby care, brain development, spinal cord and peripheral nerves, the predominance of reflex activity, high excitability, insufficient development of inhibitory processes, the peculiarities of the development of the autonomic nervous system, and factors affecting the development of the nervous system in children.

This article discusses digestive disorders in children, causes of dyspepsia, causes of the increase in the disease among children, abnormal nutrition, intestinal microflora disorders, lack of digestive enzymes, viral and bacterial infections, stress and psychological factors, body weight loss of 500-800 g in one or two days, a sharp decrease in urine output, the issue of hospital treatment of toxic dyspepsia, prevention of dyspepsia, aphthous stomatitis of the oral mucosa in children, the use of complex treatment due to the viral nature of the disease.

This scientific article provides an in-depth analysis of the etiology, clinical course, complications, and treatment methods of recurrent exudative otitis media (REOM) in children. Exudative otitis media is a common pediatric condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear due to inflammation. The disease often progresses asymptomatically, leading to hearing impairment, decreased concentration, and the risk of chronic otitis. The article examines the primary causes of REOM, including infectious, anatomical, immunological, and allergic factors. The main pathogens include bacterial infections (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae) and viral agents (influenza, adenovirus). Additionally, adenoid hypertrophy and anatomical features of the Eustachian tube play a crucial role in the disease's pathogenesis. Diagnostic methods include otoscopy, tympanometry, audiometry, and laboratory tests. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition and include conservative and surgical approaches. Pharmacological therapy involves antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, mucolytics, and immunomodulators. In cases of recurrent or persistent fluid accumulation, surgical interventions such as myringotomy, tympanostomy, and adenoidectomy are recommended. The article also highlights the importance of preventive measures, such as protecting children from respiratory infections, strengthening immunity, managing allergic factors, and early diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy. The study results indicate that early diagnosis, comprehensive treatment, and preventive strategies for REOM in children help prevent hearing loss and improve overall health. This article serves as a valuable resource for pediatricians, otolaryngologists, and other specialists.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of common brain diseases among middle-aged individuals, including their main symptoms, diagnosis, and modern treatment methods. Research shows that neurological disorders are most prevalent in the 40-60 age group. This paper includes detailed scientific and practical information on early detection, prevention, and effective treatment approaches for these diseases.

In medicine, surgical practice holds a special place. A common belief among people is that "if a patient does not recover with medication, surgeons will operate and fix the problem." Compared to therapeutic practice, surgical procedures are often a significant psychological test for both patients and their loved ones. Therefore, just like in other medical fields, psychological support plays a crucial role in surgical practice. Every student choosing surgery as a profession must understand this aspect. Minor surgical procedures have become widely used in medicine in recent years and are considered among the most effective treatments. These procedures are designed to address various medical issues in a convenient and safe manner. This article examines the effectiveness, safety, and impact of minor surgical interventions on patients.

The article examines the psychosocial aspects of the obesity problem in Uzbekistan, with a focus on the influence of socio-cultural factors, psychological traits, and lifestyle on the development of this disease. Obesity in Uzbekistan has become a serious public issue that requires a comprehensive approach, including both medical and social measures. The paper analyzes statistical data on the prevalence of obesity in the country, dietary habits, physical activity, and attitudes toward health among various age and socio-economic groups. Special attention is given to the influence of traditions and cultural norms on body perception, as well as the role of stress and depression in the development of obesity. The study emphasizes the need for the implementation of preventive and educational programs aimed at changing lifestyle and improving the psychosocial climate to address this issue in Uzbekistan.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of conditions, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This study examines MS among physicians, analyzing its genetic predisposition, external risk factors, and pathophysiological mechanisms. The role of insulin resistance, adipocyte dysfunction, and free fatty acids in exacerbating metabolic disturbances is discussed. Various definitions and diagnostic criteria for MS are compared, highlighting inconsistencies in global prevalence estimation. Finally, pharmacological interventions, particularly metformin, are reviewed as a treatment option for MS when lifestyle modifications prove insufficient.

The article presents the results of physical and mechanical characteristics of cellulose materials, the composition of element-containing fire retardant compositions for modifying cellulose materials, during wet processing of samples of modified textile material based on cellulose with a fire retardant, it is possible to judge by the change in the mass of samples. Moreover, short-term heat fixation, especially under some pressure, contributes to the simple fixation of the mixture on the material. They show the absence of strong chemical bonds in the samples obtained during short-term processing of the vermiculite mineral to obtain a fire retardant suspension for materials to impart thermal and fire-protective properties.

Tooth loss accelerates the physiological age-related atrophy of the alveolar processes and jaws in general. Tooth extraction quite often remains a traumatic procedure, leading to direct destruction and loss of bone tissue of the alveolar process and surrounding soft tissue. The morphological changes that occur after the removal of a tooth or tooth root can be reduced by using techniques aimed at preventing these changes. The effectiveness of osteoplastic materials is largely due to the presence of minerals and soft collagen fibers in their composition. In biochemical blood tests, the study of indicators reflecting metabolic processes in the bone tissue of the jaws revealed differences in the content of water-soluble proteins and peptides, as well as enzyme activity, depending on gender.

This study investigated the impact of maternal stress on pancreatic development in rat offspring. Morphological analyses of the pancreas at various postnatal stages revealed a developmental delay and altered acinar cell development in the experimental group compared to controls. Notably, changes in both exocrine and endocrine cells were observed from the third day of the experiment in all stressed animals, including destructive changes in the mitochondria of acinocytes. Specifically, morphometric analysis showed a decrease of up to 4% in pancreatic acini diameter and an 18% reduction in acini height in the experimental group relative to controls. These hemomicrocirculatory changes, characterized by interstitial stroma swelling and cellular dystrophic changes, were most pronounced on day 14 and correlated with destabilization of acinocyte membrane structures. These findings suggest that maternal stress induces significant morphological changes in offspring pancreatic cells, potentially leading to chronic pancreatitis. The experimental design involved subjecting pregnant rats to a stress-inducing maze environment, with offspring pancreases examined histologically at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days postnatal.

This article focuses on the analysis of modern 3D navigation methods in orthognathic surgery for precise control of bone fragment positioning. The advantages and features of navigation systems, their impact on surgical accuracy and postoperative outcomes are examined. Based on literature analysis, key aspects of intraoperative control using 3D technologies are presented.

Back pain is often the leading cause of activity limitation in people of working age and sharply reduces the quality of life in older patients. Studies show that from 60% to 80% of the population of industrially developed countries suffer from back pain of various origins [Burulin A.A., 1986, Jennifer L.K., Anne L.G., 1990, Kuznetsov V.F., 2004, Pedachenko E.G., Kushchaev S.V., 2004].

Cerebrovascular diseases are one of the pressing medical and social problems of our time [Vereshchagin N.V., Piradov M.A. 2002; Vilensky B.S. 1995,1999; Gusev E.I., Skvortsova V.I. 2001; Skvortsova V.I. et al. 2001; Murray C.J.L., Lopez A.D. 1997J. In the last decade, there has been a clear tendency towards an increase in the incidence of stroke at a young age [Begidova N.M. et al., 2003, Burtsev E.I. 1986; Deev A.S., Zakharushkina I.V. 2000; Deev A.S. et al., 2003; Elchaninov A.P. et al., 2002]. In our country, as in most countries of the world, the problem of cerebral circulatory disorders, the basis of which are vascular lesions of the nervous system, continues to be one of the most important in modern medicine [Vereshchagin N.V., Varakin Yu.L. 2001; Gusev E.I. et al., 2001; Zakharushkina I.V. et al., 2003; Kalashnikova L.A. et al., 2003]. In most cases, vascular damage to the brain is multifactorial - caused by a combination of several risk factors, including genetic ones [Vereshchagin N.V., 2003; Skvortsova V.I. et al., 2001; Suslina Z.A. et al., 2004; Heiss W.-D., 2003; Shlonkowska A., 2003]. One of the important risk factors for cerebrovascular accidents in young people is rheumatic diseases [Ivanova M.M., 2001; Kazanchyan P.O. et al., 1991; Kalashnikova L.A., 1997; Nasonov E.L. et al., 1999]. Rheumatic diseases (RD) belong to a group of diseases that are characterized by the development of autoimmune processes against antigens of almost all organs and tissues of the body, which is often combined with the formation of autoantibodies with organ-nonspecific properties [Nasonov E.L., 1998; Nasonov E.L. et al., 1999]. Over the past decade, Russia has seen an increase in the total number of patients with rheumatic diseases by more than 3,230 thousand or 35% [Folomeeva O.M. et al., 2001, 2002].

The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in the general population is 0.2 - 2%, but in certain groups of the population, in particular, among the elderly, it reaches 15%, so hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine diseases. Overt hypothyroidism is an absolute indication for replacement therapy with thyroid hormones. Currently, L-thyroxine monotherapy is mainly used for replacement therapy of hypothyroidism, although studies that would directly compare it with L-T4 + LТЗ combination therapy have been virtually non-existent to date. In recent years, reports have begun to appear in the literature on some advantages of L-T3 + L-T4 combination therapy for hypothyroidism. A number of studies indicate positive dynamics of psychological indicators against the background of L-T4 + L-T3 combination therapy compared to L-T4 monotherapy. On the other hand, some studies have not confirmed the advantages of combination therapy compared to L-T4 monotherapy. Thus, to date, there is no clear data on the possible advantages and disadvantages of combination therapy L-T4 + L-T3 compared to L-T4 monotherapy. It should be noted that, despite the simplicity and convenience of L-T4 monotherapy, some patients, for various reasons, are in a state of chronic decompensation of hypothyroidism, or, despite maintaining a normal TSH level, present complaints characteristic of hypothyroidism, which to some extent may be evidence of the imperfection of this replacement therapy.

Is accompanied by an expansion of indications for surgical interventions previously considered impossible, in particular, in elderly and senile patients (Gorilovsky L.M., 1993; Kosachenko V.M., 2005, etc.) - According to epidemiological data from the Russian Federation, in recent years the proportion of gerontological patients undergoing hospital treatment has been significantly increasing, and according to UN forecasts, the number of elderly and senile people in the world by 2010 will amount to 15% of the total population (Burov N.E., 2000; Gorilovsky L.M., 1999; Seltsovsky A.P., 1999, etc.). In this regard, the problem of treatment and, in particular, anesthetic care for this category of patients is extremely urgent. It is well known that during the aging process, numerous involutional changes occur in the body, characterized by a decrease in the functional capabilities of organs and systems, a decrease, and in some cases, a perversion of metabolic processes, a decrease in the reactivity of the body and resistance (or resistance) to stress effects (Fedorovsky N.M., 2002; Folkes-Crabbe.D., 1993, etc.).

 This article provides extensive information about hepatitis B, C, D, and liver cirrhosis. The origins, clinical course, diagnostics, treatment methods, and prevention measures of these viral diseases are described in detail. The global epidemiology, statistical indicators, and the impact of liver diseases on human health are highlighted. The article also focuses on modern treatment methods and innovative approaches.

This article provides information about the negative effects that bronchoectasis disease and its causes can have on human health. Based on practical experiences, various processes are presented in tabular form, and the information collected by the author serves as a practical guide for specialists in the field and individuals with a high interest in the subject.

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is a pathological condition in which the pressure inside the skull increases, significantly affecting brain function. The main causes of this condition include hydrocephalus, brain tumors, head trauma, and intracranial hemorrhages. The diagnosis of increased intracranial pressure is carried out through clinical examinations and modern imaging techniques such as CT and MRI. Treatment involves diuretics, surgical interventions, and supportive therapies. This article analyzes the various causes of intracranial pressure, its pathophysiological mechanisms, and modern treatment approaches.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a systemic disease characterized by accumulation of uremic toxins, impaired microcirculation, and activation of systemic inflammation. These processes have a significant impact on periodontal tissues, enhancing inflammatory responses and leading to destruction of connective and bone tissue. This article reviews the pathophysiological mechanisms linking CRF with inflammatory periodontal diseases, including the role of uremic toxins, calcium-phosphorus imbalance, and oxidative stress. Promising therapeutic approaches, including the use of biomarkers , new-generation antioxidants, and regenerative technologies, are also discussed. This work highlights the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with CRF to minimize negative consequences on the periodontium.

Seasonal allergic rhinitis with  of the disease beginning of plants flowering to the period correct If a person body the disease brought releasing to the allergen , that is this of the plant flower to dust very sensitive if so , then in cases of the disease clinical signs develops. Seasonal allergic rhinitis current on the day whole world along this including In Uzbekistan also wide widespread seasonal, clinical to the character has was allergic disease is considered.

This article explores the significant role of medical psychology in maintaining mental health. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature of medical psychology, which integrates psychological principles within the healthcare system to address both the mental and physical aspects of patient care. The article covers key functions of medical psychology, including psychological assessment, therapeutic interventions, stress management, support for chronic illness and pain management, and the promotion of behavioral changes for better health. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of collaboration between medical psychologists and other healthcare professionals, ensuring a holistic approach to patient treatment. The article concludes by emphasizing the growing importance of medical psychology in improving overall well-being and providing comprehensive mental health care.

Determination of the functional state of the organism and its own systems of tissue metabolism is associated with the definition of t. Called. Biological age! The latter may be an objective assessment of the age and development of the human condition and perhaps to predict life expectancy. In ontogenesis (especially in its later stages), the mechanism of formation of protective reactions of the organism occupies an important place physiological system of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, in which the important role played by the adrenal cortex. With its careful study of the age (in the ontogenetic aspect) specified age features reactions to changing life situations. Uneven changes in regulation and adequate adaptation of an organism is determined preserving the homeostasis of the organism aging the decline in non-monetary. Presents objective, important scientific and historical factors to determine the biological age.

Bartholin’s cyst is a common gynecological disorder in women that occurs due to the obstruction of the Bartholin gland ducts. This article provides detailed information on the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Bartholin’s cyst. In addition, preventive measures are analyzed, emphasizing personal hygiene, immune system strengthening, and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections as crucial aspects of prophylaxis.

This article discusses the main pathogens responsible for dermatovenereal diseases, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It highlights their characteristics, modes of transmission, and health impacts. Additionally, the paper emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, prevention strategies, and treatment options to reduce the burden of these infections on public health.

Proper nutrition plays a crucial role in ensuring the health of both the mother and the developing fetus during pregnancy. This article discusses the importance of balanced nutrition during pregnancy, the nutrients essential for fetal development, and the dietary recommendations for pregnant women. The article also highlights common nutritional deficiencies in pregnant women and the impact of an inadequate diet on maternal and fetal health. Special attention is given to food groups, vitamins, and minerals required for a healthy pregnancy, with practical advice for women to maintain optimal nutrition throughout their pregnancy journey.

Measles is an acute infectious disease of viral etiology with an extremely high degree of contagiousness.

The causative agent is the measles virus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, genus Morbillivirus.

The clinical picture of measles is characterized by the development of fever reaching high values ​​(up to 40.5 ° C), inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity (including the so-called Belsky-Filatov spot), upper respiratory tract, conjunctivitis, as well as a characteristic maculopapular rash on the skin. The disease is accompanied by severe intoxication, general weakness and sometimes progressive complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis or diarrhea. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2018, about 140 thousand people died from measles worldwide, most of whom were children under five years of age. Despite significant progress in global vaccination, measles remains one of the leading causes of childhood mortality in developing countries, accounting for 1.3% of all child mortality in 2016. The sharp increase in measles cases in 2017 is due to insufficient vaccination coverage and decreasing herd immunity, which has led to measles outbreaks in various regions of the world. Gaps in immunization remain a key factor contributing to the spread of the infection. In the Russian Federation, the incidence of measles in 2018 was 1.7 cases per 100,000 people, indicating the presence of localized outbreaks of the disease despite existing prevention measures.

The impact of COVID-19 on lung function is the most important in the post-coronavirus period. The effects of experimentally induced inflammation of the respiratory tract have not been thoroughly studied. The pathogenesis of the development of fibrosis in the lungs is local and systemic production of proinflammatory cytokines, followed by narrowing of the respiratory tract. In the post-COVID years, there are many studies describing the signs of pulmonary fibrosis, such as increased fibroblast proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix in the late stages of acute lung inflammation. This article describes the modeling of fibrosis in an experiment induced by daily exposure to nitrogen dioxide in the upper respiratory tract of experimental animals.

Thus, it should be noted that the modeling we have chosen seems possible and effective, which allows us to study the mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis development and ways of early diagnosis, timely treatment and prevention.

The article presents information about changes in copper metabolism under the influence of helminths and their consequences. Trace elements, like vitamins, have high biological activity and even in small doses exert a powerful influence on the regulation of various physiological functions of the body. The high activity of trace elements is due to their close interaction with biologically important and active organic substances [1].

It is known that copper participates in oxidative and hematopoietic processes, converting iron into an organically bound form and actively contributing to the formation of the main respiratory pigment, hemoglobin, which increases oxygen uptake by tissues [9].

Animal deviations in normal metabolism can be caused by an imbalance of trace elements in the body. A deficiency of trace elements leads to various reproductive disorders, resulting in the birth of weak, non-viable animals with low vitality. Changes in the balance of trace elements in animals can contribute to the development of numerous endemic, physiological, and genetic diseases [4].

During our research, we observed the development of signs of microelementosis at the stages of parasitic invasion in all groups of experimental animals, which led us to analyze the dynamic changes in copper levels in the blood, as one of the most important trace elements playing a significant role in the functioning of the body.

Bone growth and development are essential processes in the human body that ensure proper skeletal structure and function. Ossification, the process by which bone tissue is formed, and remodeling, the continuous reshaping of bone throughout life, are key elements of skeletal development. This article provides an overview of bone growth, ossification types, and the mechanisms of bone remodeling. Understanding these processes is crucial in areas such as orthopedics, aging, and regenerative medicine. The relationship between genetic factors, mechanical forces, and environmental influences on bone health is also explored.

 In this article, we will discuss the main aspects, diagnosis, and treatment methods of membrane pathologies and thalassemia diseases. Spherocytosis, Elliptocytosis, Thalassemias discussed, As a result of studies, it was found that the pathogenetic components of thalassemia (hemic hypoxia, hypersideremia) themselves lead to a decrease in cellular and humoral immunity and contribute to an increase in the level of the disease.

This article analyzes nosogenic neuropsychopathological conditions in women with reproductive system cancer. The clinical and psychosomatic features of the disease, as well as the identified psychopathological and neuropsychological disorders, were studied. Through detailed psychodiagnostics and neuropsychological tests, the impact of changes in women's emotional-cognitive composition not only on physical but also on mental health has been demonstrated. The impact of high levels of mental states, stress, and anxiety on women with reproductive system cancer, as well as comprehensive treatment measures in the healthcare system, were discussed. It turned out that the psychosomatic factors of the disease and neuropsychopathological disorders have a great influence on the physical condition of women and treatment methods. The article also recommends effective treatment and rehabilitation methods.

Vitamin C is an exogenous compound required for various metabolic processes; therefore, effective delivery is critical to maintaining body homeostasis. The pharmacokinetics of vitamin C and its low amounts in processed foods require its continuous supplementation. In this article, we present a review of a new liposomal vitamin C formulation free of harmful organic solvents. The formulation was quantitatively characterized in terms of its chemical composition and nanostructuring. Encapsulation of vitamins and minerals in liposomes helps improve overall bioavailability.

The prevalence of dental caries among the pediatric population remains a pressing issue in our time, with particularly high rates observed in early childhood. According to specialists, several studies have demonstrated that children with dental caries harbor a significant number of cariogenic microorganisms in the oral cavity. A dental examination was conducted to determine the intensity and prevalence rates of caries among school-aged children residing in Nukus city. A total of 87 children were examined, and the caries intensity in boys showed a decline from the previously recorded moderate level to a lower level. In girls, a decrease in intensity was attributed to strict adherence to oral hygiene practices.

Electronic tax services have significantly transformed the global tax administration landscape by increasing convenience and enhancing control mechanisms for taxpayers. The digitization of tax processes has streamlined compliance, improved transparency, and reduced inefficiencies associated with traditional tax filing methods. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of electronic tax services, their advantages, challenges, and future prospects. Through statistical data and case studies from various countries, the study highlights how digital tax solutions improve taxpayer satisfaction, boost government revenue collection, and ensure compliance.

 In this article we consider the impact of educational programs on the health status of the population. The relevance of the study is due to the increasing need for disease prevention and raising awareness of a healthy lifestyle in the conditions of modern medicine and social changes. The aim of the work is to assess the impact of educational programs on improving health indicators and formation of healthy behavioral strategies among adults. Research methods included a cross-sectional survey of 150 participants aged 20 to 60 years, analyzing self-reported data and objective health indicators using the SPSS statistical package. The results showed that individuals who participated in the educational programs demonstrated a higher level of knowledge about the principles of a healthy lifestyle, as well as improved physiological indicators compared to the control group. The discussion of the results suggests the significance of educational initiatives in preventing chronic diseases and improving the quality of life of the population.

View The incidence of myopia in different regions of Uzbekistan in the structure of organ diseases ranges from 20 to 45.7 %. It is known that 22% of the visually impaired are young people, and the main cause of disability is high-grade myopia [ 10 ] . Both in our country and abroad , high - grade myopia in adolescents and "young adults " is often combined with pathology of the retina and optic nerve , which complicates the prognosis and course of the pathological process [10]. The medical and social significance of the problem is complex myopia It is further exacerbated by the impact on people of working age.

Over the past three decades, there has been an increase in axial farsightedness among young populations around the world, mainly in West and East-West Asia. This is caused primarily by hereditary factors, pregnancy defects, and with them the level of illumination and the color of various colors, the quality of daily diet, outdoor activities, environmental conditions and a number of other factors. which is explained by stress factors in preschool organizations and secondary schools. The state of health of students studying in schools and the degree of their mastery of subjects, resistance to environmental factors, the functional state of organs and systems, associated mainly with visual activity and its acuity, are presented in a number of scientific publications.

In Western and East-West Asia, there is an increase in axial hyperopia among the young population in the last three decades. Which is caused by hereditary factors or pregnancy defects.

This scientific to patients with epilepsy carbohydrates included food consumption to do and standards dedicated . In the article wrong eating mi o pi ie development factor as seeing will be released . Mi o pi ya with number of sick patients screening method with the help of analysis done. The author of fast food to the body the effect learned​ Received to the information based on balanced diet my opium in development play a big role was determined .

Cortisol is a hormone produced in the adrenal cortex. It protects the body from stress, regulates blood pressure, and is involved in the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates . The secretion of cortisol is regulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which is produced in the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the bottom of the brain. The concentrations of ACTH and cortisol in the blood are regulated by the feedback method. A decrease in the concentration of cortisol increases the production of ACTH, which stimulates the production of this hormone until it returns to normal. An increase in the concentration of cortisol in the blood, on the contrary, leads to a decrease in the production of ACTH.

A comprehensive approach to the prevention and treatment of scleromalacia, one of the severe complications of myopia, requires various treatment methods. The course of this disease complete clinical examination , optical correction , functional and medicine therapy . Strong muscles and mi o pik eyes hemodynamics improving antioxidant and vasoconstrictive to the effect local​​ and systemic medicines about word was conducted . Glasses with the help of of targeted optical correction modern methods , optical reflection to make methods , locomotion system for exercises and in children , accommodation status, different physical​ and in hardware techniques given . General physical activity , physical exercises and of sport to the goal compatibility , especially open in air , but in conditions of hypoxia to see organs condition with related known restrictions with is displayed . Complex treatment modern approaches and main standards in "clinical recommendations". own on the contrary found .

Measles is an acute infectious disease of viral etiology with an extremely high degree of contagiousness.

The causative agent is the measles virus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, genus Morbillivirus.

The authors analyzed the results of surgical treatment of 1929 patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis (CCC). In the course of the study, the indications and contraindications to various methods of cholecystectomy were clarified, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each of them were identified. This has significantly improved the effectiveness and safety of surgical interventions. The results of the study demonstrate the possibility of a personalized choice of surgery method, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient and the characteristics of the disease.

Human morphology, the study of the structure and form of the human body, plays a critical role in advancing medical science and practice. This article explores the significance of human morphology research in various medical fields, including anatomy, pathology, and surgical procedures. By examining the structural variations in human bodies, researchers can enhance diagnostic accuracy, improve surgical outcomes, and develop personalized treatment plans. The integration of advanced imaging techniques and 3D modeling has revolutionized the way medical professionals understand human morphology, leading to innovative approaches in education and clinical practice. This article also discusses the implications of human morphological studies in understanding genetic disorders, aging processes, and the development of new medical technologies. Through a comprehensive review of literature and recent findings, this study aims to highlight the indispensable role that human morphology research plays in modern medicine.

The liver is a heterogeneous tissue, the functional unit of which, the lobule— continues to baffle morphologists for more than 300 years. Surprisingly, regardless of the angle at which the liver is cut, it mostly has the same histological appearance, i.e. multiple units with a hepatic venule (also known as a central vein) surrounded in the center by about 4-6 portal areas. This phenomenon is the basis for the liver to be called having an "isotropic parenchyma," and it contributes to a mysterious, complex, three-dimensional architecture. Trying to understand three-dimensionality has helped us better understand liver function.

90 women were under observation. Of these, 60 patients (main group) operated on with a diagnosis of follicular ovarian cysts, taking Midiana® as an adjuvant therapy in the postoperative period, and 30 operated patients with the same diagnosis, but who refused hormonal adjuvant therapy. The use of the combined estrogen-gestagenic drug Midiana as part of adjuvant therapy confirmed its high efficiency in restoring fertility by 4.1 times (in 85% of patients) and preventing recurrence of follicular ovarian cysts, which allows it to be recommended to women after laparoscopic surgery.

The article is devoted to diagnostic methods, therapeutic options, and management algorithms for patients with isthmic-cervical insufficiency (ICI). Acquired and congenital abnormalities of the cervix are risk factors for the development of ICI. The diagnosis is valid only during pregnancy. A shortening of the length of the cervix of less than 25 mm indicates the presence of ICI and the risk of premature birth. The optimal time for the initial assessment of the length of the cervix is 16-20 weeks. If the length of the cervix is more than 25 mm, but less than 30 mm, micronized progesterone 200 mg is prescribed into the vagina for preventive purposes from 19 to 34 weeks. When ICI is detected after 24 weeks, the method of choice is the appointment of micronized progesterone and the installation of an obstetric discharge pessary. Shortening of the length of the cervix up to 24 weeks of pregnancy is an indication for surgical correction and cerclage followed by micronized progesterone therapy. The use of a differentiated management algorithm for patients with ICI reduces the likelihood of unexpected premature birth and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Keywords: isthmic-cervical insufficiency, premature birth, miscarriage, cerclage, obstetric pessary, micronized progesterone, cervicometry, elastometry.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common infectious pathologies of women of childbearing age. Bacterial vaginosis is a condition in which the normal vaginal microflora, represented mainly by lactobacilli, is replaced by numerous anaerobic and other opportunistic flora. Dysbiosis has been linked to complications such as rupture of the membranes, premature birth, infections of the chorion, amnion, and amniotic fluid., intrauterine fetal death. This suggests the need for screening for bacterial vaginosis and its treatment before pregnancy.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a qualitative and quantitative disorder of the microflora of the urogenital tract. In BV, there is an absence or decrease in the total number of lactobacilli and an increase in the number of anaerobic microorganisms, such as Gardrenella vaginalis, Prevotella, Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus, Bifidobacterium, Sneathia, Leptotrichia, and other BV-associated bacteria [1]. BV is common in patients of reproductive age. The prevalence of BV in pregnant women is 8-51% [2]. BV in pregnant women is caused by complications during pregnancy, in particular chorioamnionitis, spontaneous miscarriage, premature rupture of the membranes, premature birth (PR) and a deficiency in the child's body weight at birth. Globally, the rate of neonatal mortality associated with HIV reaches 2.9 million. Over 80% of neonatal mortality is accounted for by newborns with OD, 2/3 of whom are premature, 1/3 are full–term infants with low body weight [3]. In the study by X. Zhang et al. Of the 186 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 106 had an abnormal composition of the vaginal microflora. Patients with abnormal microflora showed a high incidence of premature rupture of the membranes (32.1%), PR (7.5%) and choriamnionitis (2.5%) [4]. 

Currently, statistics show that women of reproductive age are prone to oncological diseases. The onset of the disease and the death rate depend on the geographical features of the permanent place of residence of women, and this indicator differs in the west and east of Eurasia. At the same time, the main problem of medicine remains timely detection of oncological diseases.

The article considered the main indices aimed at determining the degree of gum inflammation and methods of their application.