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INDEX ASSESSMENT OF THE DEGREE OF PERIODONTAL INFLAMMATION
Topilova Surayyo Sh.-
1st year master
Khaitova Saida Khasanovna-
assistant
Muratova Saodat Kadirovna-
PhD scientific director
Termez University of Economics and Service
Abstract:
The article considered the main indices aimed at determining the degree of gum
inflammation and methods of their application.
Keywords:
Periodontal index, gingival index, gum bleeding index.
Inflammatory processes in the gum area are a problem that every person faces to a greater or
lesser extent and which is quite common in people of different ages. Periodontal indices
were proposed to identify inflammatory processes in the gum, as well as an objective
assessment. Which allow you to assess the dynamics of periodontal disease.
Indices that determine the degree of gum inflammation
• Papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA)
• Gingival index
• Periodontal index (PI)
• Gingival bleeding index
One of the most frequently used indices is the papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA)
proposed by I. Shour and M. Massler. It allows to objectively evaluate the degree of
inflammation in the gum. The evaluation is carried out using an iodine solution, which is
applied to the gums. The degree of tissue inflammation is determined by the reaction to the
irritant. In this case, the gum is divided into 3 parts: interdental gingival papillae (P),
marginal part of the gum (M), alveolar part of the gum (A). I. Shour and M. Massler
proposed evaluation by the presence or absence of inflammation in individual parts of the
gum with an index of 0 or 1 for each examined tooth. Based on these studies, C. Parma
(1960) proposed to evaluate inflammation in individual parts of the gum. It is assessed on a
scale from 1 to 3 points: inflammation of the gingival papilla - 1 point, inflammation of the
marginal part of the gum - 2 points and inflammation of the alveolar part of the gum - 3
points. The overall index is expressed as a percentage - assessment criteria:
30% and below - mild gingivitis;
From 30% to 60% - moderate gingivitis;
From 60% and above - severe gingivitis.
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In 1963, scientists H. Lee and P. Silness proposed a gingival index that allows you to assess
the degree of gum inflammation. In this case, the condition of the gums is examined from
the vestibular, lingual, medial and distal surfaces. The surfaces of the teeth are assessed on a
scale from 0 to 3:
0 - normal gums;
1 — mild inflammation (slight discoloration, slight swelling, no bleeding when touched)
2 — moderate inflammation (gingiva is hyperemic, swollen, bleeds when touched)
3 — severe inflammation (marked hyperemia and swelling, high risk of spontaneous
bleeding, minor erosions are sometimes observed)
The scores are summed up and divided by 4 (the number of surfaces) to find the index of the
tooth being examined.
Evaluation criteria:
0.1-1 — mild gingivitis.
1.1-2 — moderate gingivitis.
2.1 and more—severe gingivitis.
Periodontal index — PI proposed by A.L.Russel in 1956, makes it possible to take into
account the presence of not only gingivitis, but also other symptoms of periodontal
pathology: tooth mobility, periodontal pocket depth, degree of resorption of the alveolar
process, etc. The assessment is carried out as follows: opposite each tooth, appropriate
assessments are given, reflecting the state of the periodontal tissues. The following
assessments are used
0 — no obvious signs of inflammation, disruption of the structure and functions of the
periodontium;
1 — mild inflammation of the gums;
2 — gingivitis, inflammation of the gums around the tooth (no periodontal pocket)
4 — initial degree of resorption of the interalveolar septa;
6 - gingivitis with formation of periodontal pocket, without visible impairment of
periodontal functions;
8 - severe destruction of periodontal tissues with loss of chewing function, loose tooth. To
calculate the index, the obtained scores are summed up and divided by the number of
examined teeth; The index values are as follows:
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0.1–1.0 - initial and mild periodontal pathology;
1.5–4.0 - moderate periodontal pathology;
4.0–4.8 - severe periodontal pathology.
The bleeding index (H.R.Muhlemann, A.S.Mazor, 1958) allows for an objective assessment
of the severity of gingivitis. Using a periodontal probe, pass along the gingival groove from
the base of the papilla to the apex, along the distal and mesial surfaces of the tooth. After 20-
30 seconds, the intensity of bleeding is determined and recorded in 4 degrees
1 degree - single point bleeding;
2 degree - light bleeding along the edge of the papilla;
3 degree - moderate bleeding, filling the interdental triangle with blood;
4 degree - profuse bleeding that occurs immediately after probing.
These indices reflect the degree of gum inflammation and are taken into account when
making a diagnosis, as well as assessing the quality of oral hygiene. Calculating the indices
helps the doctor to determine the causes of gum disease, and is also important in choosing
the right methods for preventing periodontal disease.
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