International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
111
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijmscr
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
PAGE NO.
111-113
10.37547/ijmscr/Volume05Issue05-22
General Information About Metabolism and Methods of
Their Study
Odilova Shakhnoza Khayrulloevna
Assistant teacher of the International Faculty of the Tashkent Medical University, Uzbekistan
Alimov Sobir Mukxammad ogli
Assistant teacher of the International Faculty of the Tashkent Medical University, Uzbekistan
Received:
31 March 2025;
Accepted:
29 April 2025;
Published:
31 May 2025
Abstract:
In this article, detailed theoretical information about the process of metabolism in the div is covered.
It also provides information about the metabolism map, metabolic pathways and methods of studying
metabolism. In addition, opinions about how important the process of metabolism is in the health and functioning
behavior of the div are expressed.
Keywords:
Metabolism, learning methods, metobolism map, metabolic pathway, protein, carbohydrate,
organism.
Introduction:
Metabolism, processes of its occurrence
in the human div, when an opinion is expressed about
the work mechanism, first of all about what is
metabolism, need to know information. It is known
that a person receives food from the external
environment, food in the div substances that are
changed, digested, and released from residual
substances is an exchange. Energy is created as a result
of the exchange of substances. This is energy at the
expense of the organs, the cells multiply, the young
organism grows and develops, the div constant
temperature is ensured. Metabolism is two closely
related processes, passes through assimilation and
dissimilation. Cells of food components transition is
called assimilation. Components of cells as a result of
assimilation will be updated, they will increase. The
younger the organism, the more active the assimilation
passes, which ensures the growth and development of
a young organism [1].
Metabolism is highly integrated, goal oriented is a
process in which the environment and the cell are
involved in multienzyme systems exchange of matter
and energy is provided between them. Metabolism due
to this, the following processes take place in the cell:
1. Obtaining energy from the external environment. It
is organic matter it can be in the form of chemical
energy or solar energy.
2. Decomposition of exogenous substances in cell
organelles
and
transformation
of
cellular
macromolecular components into precursors.
3. Synthesis and decomposition of macromolecules. A
series of metabolic reactions, especially central
metabolic pathways are the same in all living
organisms. Krebs to these cycle, glycolysis, biosynthesis
of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, etc. A living organism
is affected by the external environment and depending
on the use of what food products, the metabolic
directions will change possible to a certain extent. For
example: glycolysis processes prevail in anaerobic
conditions, and in aerobic conditions - Krebs cycle and
oxidation-phosphorylation processes prevails.
Several types of metabolic pathways are distinguished:
1. Central metabolic pathways - several hundred grams
of proteins, carbon dioxide, CO2, H2O and energy as a
result of fat decomposition is formed.
2. Secondary metabolic pathways are specific
substances formation in the cell. For example,
hormones, toxins, coenzymes and others. Their
amount is measured in mg. 3. Cyclic metabolic
pathways. They are characteristic of microorganisms.
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International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research (ISSN: 2771-2265)
they use oxalate as cell fuel.
Currently, more than 2000 enzymes are involved in
cellular
metabolism
participation
has
been
determined. Some of them are basic, others
participates in secondary metabolic events. But theirs
everything is inextricably linked. Their schematic view
make up the metabolic card.
METHODS
Methods of studying metabolic processes are mainly
divided into two groups divided into: examinations
carried out on the whole organism and carried out in
isolated parts of the div disintegrating methods.
Studying the metabolism of substances in the whole
organism. This is a process carried out in several
different ways. Knoop badge in the early 20th century
fat in the div using the phenyl radical as a molecule.
It was determined that acids are decomposed by β
-
oxidation. Substance different heavy isotopes or
radioactivity in the study of exchange from isotopes
(deuterium, 2H, 15N, 13C, 18O, 32P, 33P, 14C, 35S,
131I, 59Fe, 24Na) also widely used. Only with the
metabolism of various substances determination, using
the methods of determining the breath coefficient, also
substance the status of the exchange can be
determined. When disintegration methods are used,
the organism is isolated taken parts - organs, sections
of tissues, fractions of cells organelles and even some
enzymes and other systems can also serve as
inspection objects. Taken in this the results show the
metabolic process in the whole div is valuable as a
step biochemical. Different in the organs isolated from
the div by studying the arterio-venous difference of
their indicators biological processes can be studied.
Including in the liver from ammonia formed from the
breakdown of amino acids formation of uric acid was
determined in this way. In this way excess of lactic acid
in the blood flowing from the muscle, flowing from the
liver it was found that there is no lactic acid in the
blood. Cut tissue into special solutions containing
nutrients if incubated, according to the change in the
composition of the solution, it is possible to think about
the metabolic process taking place in the tissue. The
method of centrifugation from the composition of
tissue homogenate to isolate different organelles and
different subcellular particles possible by studying
subcellular elements separately it is determined in
which processes they participate. For example:
ribosomal - in protein synthesis; mitochondrial
enzymes - tissue respiration participation in the
acquisition has been determined. A living organism is
characterized by the exchange of matter and energy
different from inanimate nature. Eating and breathing
are external to the div not only a connecting factor
with the environment, but also matter and energy is
one of the main stages of exchange. The main meal
components: protein, carbohydrates, fats, energy for
the div source and plastic material. Diary of the div
5.5% of energy needs come from carbohydrates, 15%
from protein and 30% is covered by fat breakdown
(catabolism).Catabolism consists of 3 stages: In the first
stage, carbohydrates - hexoses, glucose, fructose,
galactose: from proteins - amino acids; Glycerin and oil
from fats acids are formed. The amount of energy
released in these processes almost not much, and the
total energy of nutrients is approximately it is 0.6-1%.
In the second step, monosaccharides and glycerol are
converted into pyruvate, and fatty acids turn into
acetyl-CoA, amino acids into pyruvate, acetoglutarate,
acetoacetate,
succinate
and
acetyl-CoA.
This
approximately 30% of the energy in nutrients is
released during the phase.4 final products formed in
the third step: acetyl-
CoA, α
-ketoglutarate, succinate
to CO2 and H2O in the citric acid cycle breaks down. As
a result, 60-70% energy is left from nutrients
separates.Taking the example of breaking down 1
molecule of glucose, the total is 38 a molecule of ATF is
synthesized, and in the 1st stage - 2 molecules of
pyrozum
acid and 8 molecules of ATF are synthesized; In the 2nd
stage - 2 molecules acetyl-CoA, 2 molecules of CO2 and
6 molecules of ATF are synthesized; 3-stage - 4
molecules of CO2 and 24 molecules of ATF are formed
[11].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The validity of most commercially available metabolic
cart is mostly unknown. Thus, we aimed to determine
the accuracy, precision, within-subject reproducibility,
and concordance of RMR and RER measured by four
commercially available metabolic carts [Cosmed Q-
NRG, Vyaire Vyntus CPX, Maastricht Instruments
Omnical, and Medgraphics Ultima CardiO2]. Further,
we studied whether a previously proposed simulation-
based post-calorimetric calibration of cart readouts
[individual calibration control evaluation (ICcE)] modify
the RMR and RER reproducibility and concordance
[8,9]. The validity of a metabolic cart can be
determined [4,6,7] by (i) assessing its accuracy (i.e. the
proximity of measurements to trace- able standards
and precision (i.e. the variability in repeated measures
of the same magnitude by controlled pure gas in-
fusions [nitrogen (N2) and CO2]; (ii) assessing its
accuracy and precision by alcohol burning tests, and;
(iii) assessing the within-subject reproducibility (i.e. the
variability in repeated measures performed in
individuals under the same conditions, thereinafter
called reproducibility)[3,5]. For many of the
commercially available metabolic carts, there is no
International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
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International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research (ISSN: 2771-2265)
published validity data for RMR and RER while some
metabolic carts have provided unacceptable accuracy,
precision, and/ or reproducibility. Of note, most studies
examining the ac- curacy and/or precision of different
metabolic carts have not compared them within the
same settings and conditions or have not used recently
manufactured metabolic carts [2,10,12].
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it can be said that the div manages the
nutrients it receives from the external environment
through the process of metabolism. For this reason, it
is important to study this process, deepen the essence
of its stages, and strengthen knowledge in this regard.
looking at the content of the researches, we can say
that they have not been fully completed and that there
is a need to conduct many researches in this regard in
the future.
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