International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
92
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijmscr
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
PAGE NO.
92-95
10.37547/ijmscr/Volume05Issue05-19
Analysis of The Harmfulness of Tobacco Smoking
Through the Reliability Coefficient
Bahramov Rustam Rakhmatullayevich
Assistant of the Department of "Medical Biology, Physics, Informatics and Microbiology", Zarmed University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Haydarova Naila Pardaboy qizi
Student of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarmed University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Husanova Mehribon Sherzod qizi
Student of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarmed University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Mahmudova Nilufar Husniddin qizi
Student of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarmed University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Received:
31 March 2025;
Accepted:
29 April 2025;
Published:
31 May 2025
Abstract:
We know that smoking is harmful to human health. But it is very difficult for us to follow this, because
a person can find himself in different situations. There are happy days, there are anxious days. Then we smoke
tobacco to distract ourselves, and every time such a situation occurs, we start smoking tobacco and we develop a
tendency to do so.
Keywords:
Nicotine, lung cancer, heart attack, t-Reliability coefficient, MS Excel program.
Introduction:
Another harmful product for the human
div is tobacco. We know that smoking tobacco is
harmful to human health. But it is very difficult for us
to follow this, because a person can find himself in
different situations. There are happy days, there are
anxious days. Then we smoke tobacco to distract
ourselves, and every time such a situation arises, we
start smoking tobacco and we develop a tendency to
do so. Today, tobacco smoking kills more than 8 million
people worldwide every year. After evidence emerged
that smokers are at a higher risk of developing severe
COVID-19 than non-smokers, millions of people
decided to quit smoking. After 20 minutes of quitting
smoking, the heart rate decreases. Within 12 hours, the
level of carbon monoxide in the blood drops to normal.
Within 2-12 weeks, blood circulation improves and lung
function returns to normal, says the World Health
Organization website. “Within 1
-9 months, cough and
shortness of breath decrease. Within 5-15 years, the
risk of stroke decreases to the level of a non-smoker.
Within 10 years, the risk of dying from lung cancer is
halved compared to heavy smokers. Within 15 years,
the risk of developing cardiovascular disease decreases
to the level of a non-smoker. If these are not enough,
here are a few more reasons! - WHO gives the reasons.
The tobacco "mixture" contains several thousand
chemicals! More than a hundred of them are very toxic
to the human div, at least 70 of which are classified
as carcinogens.
Three substances are released from tobacco products:
Nicotine affects the brain within seconds, raising blood
pressure and increasing heart rate. It is nicotine that is
“to blame” for the strong addiction to tobacco! Carbon
monoxide, when carried through the bloodstream,
replaces oxygen, thereby reducing the amount of
oxygen needed for the proper functioning of tissues
and organs.
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93
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International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research (ISSN: 2771-2265)
Figure 1. Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Figure 2. Before and After
Carbon monoxide narrows the small airways in the
lungs and interferes with the supply of oxygen. In
addition, it accumulates in the bronchioles, causing
"smoker's cough" over time and contributing to the
development of many lung infections. Considering all
of the above, it is not surprising that smoking is a major
cause of the following diseases:
•
lung cancer;
•
ischemic heart disease;
•
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition,
smoking
significantly
contributes
to
the
development of:
•
atherosclerosis;
•
cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke;
•
more than 20 types of malignant diseases (oral
cavity, larynx, esophagus, stomach, bladder,
cervix);
•
acute respiratory diseases;
•
asthma / bronchitis (as well as its exacerbation!);
RESULTS
The arithmetic mean
M
of this variational series is determined by the following formula.
N
v
N
i
i
=
=
1
,
(1)
The formula for determining the mean square deviation
G
is expressed as follows.
1
1
2
−
=
=
n
d
G
n
i
i
,
(2)
Now we can express the arithmetic mean precisely using
G
.
To do this, the error of the arithmetic mean is
determined using the following formula:
n
G
m
=
, when n = greater than 30,
(3)
1
G
−
=
n
m
, when n = less than 30,
(4)
Using these formulas, we determine the Reliability Coefficient as follows:
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International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research (ISSN: 2771-2265)
𝑡 =
|𝑀
1
− 𝑀
2
|
√𝑚
1
2
+ 𝑚
2
2
;
For example:
For reference, let's look at the respiratory rate of 10 smokers per minute and the number of breaths
these smokers took after physical exercise and find the confidence coefficient. For this, we use mathematical
statistical formulas:
Number of breaths at rest
Number of breaths after exercise
23
30
22
29
21
28
22
27
20
29
23
30
21
28
24
33
22
31
21
30
Results
Number of breaths at rest
Number of breaths after exercise
М
1
= 21,9;
М
2
= 29,5;
G
1
= 1,20;
G
2
= 1,72;
m
1
= 0,40;
m
2
= 0,57
𝑡 =
|𝑀
1
− 𝑀
2
|
√𝑚
1
2
+ 𝑚
2
2
=
|21,9 − 29,5|
√0,40
2
+ 0,57
2
=
|−7,6|
√0,16 + 0,33
=
7,6
√0,49
= 10,9
In our example, t = 10,9. This indicates that the difference between the control and experimental groups is very
significant. In this case, the significance level is less than P = 0.1%.
CONCLUSION
The result shows that all medical institutions in my
country are being equipped with modern digital
medical technology devices. Through digital medical
technologies, qualified doctors are making quick and
accurate diagnoses of patients' diseases and
preventing diseases. The accuracy and clarity of the
images guarantee that the doctor will not make an
error in the diagnosis of the patient. Modern digital
medical technology devices include computed
tomography, ultrasound, cardioecho, laboratory
equipment and other medical devices.
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