Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
90
International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2265)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
P
AGES
:
90-95
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2021:
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(2022:
5.
893
)
(2023:
6.
184
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Aluminum is ubiquitous; the third most common element of the earth's crust. It is naturally released to the
environment from the weathering of rocks and volcanic activity. Human activities such as mining also result in the
release of aluminum to the environment. Aluminum levels in environmental media vary widely depending upon the
location and sampling site. In general, background levels of aluminum in the atmosphere are low, typically ranging
from about 0.005 to 0.18 μg/m3. Much higher levels are routinely
observed in urban and industrial locations. Aluminum
levels in surface water is usually very low (<0.1 mg/L); however, in acidic waters or water high in humic or fulvic acid
content, the concentration of soluble aluminum increases due to the increased solubility of aluminum oxide and
aluminum salts. Its concentration in soils varies widely, ranging from about 7 to over 100 g/kg.
KEYWORDS
Aluminum, Aluminum salts, Aluminum oxide.
INTRODUCTION
In the environment, aluminum exists in only one
oxidation state (+3), and does not undergo
oxidationreduction reactions. It can react with other
matter in the environment to form various complexes.
The fate and transport of aluminum is largely
controlled by environmental factors such as pH,
salinity, and the presence of various species with which
it may form complexes. In general, the solubility and
mobility of aluminum in soil is greatest when the soil is
rich in organic matter capable of forming aluminum-
Research Article
THE GENERAL EFFECT OF ALUMINUM ON THE BODY
Submission Date:
May 21, 2023,
Accepted Date:
May 26, 2023,
Published Date:
May 31, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/Volume03Issue05-13
A. R. Ergashov
Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijmscr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
91
International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
(ISSN
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2771-2265)
VOLUME
03
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90-95
SJIF
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(2021:
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184
)
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
organic complexes and when the pH is low, such as in
areas prone to acid rain or in acidic mine tailings. The
general population is primarily exposed to aluminum
through the consumption of food items, although
minor exposures may occur through ingestion of
aluminum in drinking water and inhalation of ambient
air. Aluminum found in over-the-counter medicinals,
such as antacids and buffered aspirin, is used as a food
additive, and is found in a number of topically applied
consumer products such as antiperspirants, and first
aid antibiotic and antiseptics, diaper rash and prickly
heat, insect sting and bite, sunscreen and suntan, and
dry skin products. The concentration of aluminum in
foods and beverages varies widely, depending upon
the food product, the type of processing used, and the
geographical areas in which food crops are grown.
Based on th
e FDA’s 1993 Total Diet Study dietary
exposure model and the 1987
–
1988 U.S. Department
of Agriculture (USDA) Nationwide Food Consumption
Survey, the authors estimated daily aluminum intakes
of 0.10 mg Al/kg/day for 6
–
11-month-old infants; 0.30
–
0.35 mg Al/kg/day for 2
–
6-year-old children; 0.11 mg
Al/kg/day for 10-yearold children; 0.15
–
0.18 mg
Al/kg/day for 14
–
16-year-old males and females; and
0.10
–
0.12 mg Al/kg/day for adult (25
–
30- and 70+-year-
old) males and females. Users of aluminum containing
medications who are healthy (i.e., have normal renal
function) can ingest much larger amounts of aluminum
than in the diet, possibly as high as 12
–
71 mg Al/kg/day
from antacid/anti-ulcer products and 2
–
10 mg Al/kg/day
from buffered analgesics when taken at recommended
dosages [1,2].
Gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum is low,
generally in the range of 0.1
–
0.4% in humans, although
absorption of particularly bioavailable forms such as
aluminum citrate may be on the order of 0.5
–
5%.
Although large bolus doses of as much as half a gram
of aluminum as aluminum hydroxide throughout the
day can be ingested during antacid therapy, absorption
of aluminum hydroxide is usually ≤0.01% of the intake
amount. Bioavailability of aluminum varies depending
mainly on the chemical form of the ingested compound
(i.e., type of anion) and the concurrent exposure to
dietary chelators such as citric acid, ascorbic acid, or
lactic acid. The total div burden of aluminum in
healthy human subjects is approximately 30
–
50 mg.
Normal levels of aluminum in serum are approximately
1
–3 μg/L. Of the total div burden of aluminum, about
one-half is in the skeleton, and about one-fourth is in
the lungs.
There are numerous studies that have examined
aluminum’s potential to induce toxic effects in huma
ns
exposed via inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure. Most
of these findings are supported by a large number of
studies in laboratory animals. Occupational exposure
studies and animal studies suggest that the lungs and
nervous system may be the most sensitive targets of
toxicity following inhalation exposure.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Respiratory effects, in particular impaired lung
function and fibrosis, have been observed in workers
exposed to aluminum dust or fumes; however, this has
not been consistently observed across studies and it is
possible that co-exposure to other compounds
contributed to observed effects. Respiratory effects
(granulomatous lesions) have also been observed in
rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs. There is concern that
these effects are due to dust overload rather than a
direct effect of aluminum in lung tissue. Occupational
studies in workers exposed to aluminum dust in the
form of McIntyre powder, aluminum dust and fumes in
potrooms, and aluminum fumes during welding
provide suggestive evidence that there may be a
relationship between chronic aluminum exposure and
subclinical neurological effects such as impairment on
neurobehavioral tests for psychomotor and cognitive
performance and an increased incidence of subjective
neurological symptoms. With the exception of some
isolated cases, inhalation exposure has not been
associated with overt symptoms of neurotoxicity. A
common limitation of these occupational exposure
studies is that aluminum exposure has not been well
characterized. The available animal inhalation studies
are inadequate for assessing the potential for
aluminum-induced neurotoxicity because the only
neurological end points examined were brain weight
and histology of the brain; no function tests were
performed.
There is limited information on aluminum toxicity
following dermal exposure. Application of aluminum
compounds to the skin, such as aluminum chloride in
ethanol or alum, may cause rashes in some people. Skin
damage has been observed in mice, rabbits, and pigs
exposed to aluminum chloride or aluminum nitrate,
but not following exposure to aluminum sulfate,
aluminum hydroxide, aluminum acetate, or aluminum
chlorhydrate. There is a fair amount of human data on
the toxicity of aluminum following oral exposure.
However, the preponderance of human studies are in
patients with reduced renal function who accumulated
aluminum as a result of long-term intravenous
hemodialysis therapy with aluminum-contaminated
dialysis fluid and, in many cases, concurrent
administration of high oral doses of aluminum to
regulate phosphate levels (i.e., reduce uptake of
phosphate by binding it in the gut) and have limited
usefulness in predicting toxicity in the general
population because the very large aluminum exposure
levels and impaired renal function results in aluminum
accumulation. Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome (also
referred to as dialysis dementia) can result from this
accumulation of aluminum in the brain. Dialysis
encephalopathy is a degenerative neurological
syndrome, characterized by the gradual loss of motor,
speech, and cognitive functions. Another neurological
effect that has been proposed to be associated with
aluminum exposure is Alzheimer’s disease. Although a
possible association was proposed over 40 years ago,
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Publisher:
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this association is still highly controversial and there is
little consensus regarding current evidence. A number
of studies have found weak associations between
living in areas with elevated aluminum levels in drinking
water and an increased risk (or prevalence) of
Alzheimer’s disease; other studi
es have not found
significant associations. In contrast, no significant
associations have been found between tea
consumption or antacid use and the risk of Alzheimer’s
disease; although the levels of aluminum in tea and
antacids are very high compared to drinking water,
aluminum from these sources is poorly absorbed [3,4].
The available data do not suggest that aluminum is a
causative agent of Alzheimer’s disease; however, it is
possible that it may play a role in the disease
development. Aluminum is found in several ingested
over-the-counter products such as antacids and
buffered aspirin; clinical studies on health effects of
aluminum medicinals in people with normal renal
function have been identified. These aluminum-
containing products are assumed to be safe in healthy
individuals at recommended doses based on historical
use. The assumed safety of aluminum is also partly due
to the generally regarded as safe (GRAS) status of
aluminum-containing food additives. However, there is
some indication that adverse effects can result from
long-term use of aluminum-containing medications in
some healthy individuals. There are a number of case
reports of skeletal changes (e.g., osteomalacia) in
adults and children with normal kidney function due to
long-term antacid use for the treatment of
gastrointestinal disorders. These skeletal effects are
secondary to hypophosphatemia and phosphate
depletion caused by aluminum impairing phosphorus
absorption by binding with dietary phosphorus [5,6].
There is a rather extensive database on the oral toxicity
of aluminum in animals. These studies clearly identify
the nervous system as the most sensitive target of
aluminum toxicity and most of the animal studies have
focused on neurotoxicity and neurodevelopmental
toxicity. Other adverse effects that have been
observed in animals orally exposed to aluminum
include impaired erythropoiesis in rats exposed to 230
mg Al/kg/day and higher, erythrocyte damage (as
evidenced by decreases in hemoglobin, hematocrit,
and erythrocyte osmotic fragility, and altered
erythrocyte morphology) in rats exposed to 230 mg
Al/kg/day and higher, increased susceptibility to
infection in mouse dams exposed to 155 mg Al/kg/day,
delays in pup maturation following exposure of rats to
53 mg Al/kg/day, and decreases in pup div weight
gain in rats and mice exposed to 103 mg Al/kg/day and
higher. Neurodegenerative changes in the brain,
manifested as intraneuronal hyperphosphorylated
neurofilamentous aggregates, is a characteristic
response to aluminum in certain species and non-
natural exposure situations generally involving direct
application to brain tissue, particularly intracerebral
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
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and intracisternal administration and in vitro
incubation in rabbits, cats, ferrets, and nonhuman
primates. Oral studies in rats and mice have not found
significant histopathological changes in the brain
under typical exposure conditions; however, altered
myelination was found in the spinal cord of mouse
pups exposed to 330 mg Al/kg/day on gestation day 1
through postnatal day 35. Overt signs of neurotoxicity
are rarely reported at the doses tested in the available
animal studies ( ≤330mg Al/kg/day for bioavailable
aluminum compounds); rather, exposure to these
doses is associated with subtle neurological effects
detected with neurobehavioral performance tests.
Significant alterations in motor function, sensory
function, and cognitive function have been detected
following exposure to adult or weanling rats and mice
or following gestation and/or lactation exposure of
rats and mice to aluminum lactate, aluminum nitrate,
and aluminum chloride. The most consistently affected
performance tests were forelimb and/or hind limb grip
strength, spontaneous motor activity, thermal
sensitivity, and startle responsiveness. Significant
impairments in cognitive function have been observed
in some studies, although this has not been found in
other studies even at higher doses. Adverse
neurological effects have been observed in rats and
mice at doses of 100
–
200 mg Al/kg/day and
neurodevelopmental effects have been observed in
rats and mice at doses of 103
–
330 mg Al/kg/day
[1,2,7,8].
A number of human studies have examined the
occurrence of cancer among aluminum industry
workers and found a higher-than-expected cancer
mortality rate, but this is probably due to the other
potent carcinogens to which they are exposed, such as
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and tobacco
smoke. Available cancer studies in animals have not
found biologically relevant increases in malignant
tumors. The International Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC) concluded that aluminum production
was carcinogenic to humans and that pitch volatiles
have
fairly
consistently
been
suggested
in
epidemiological studies as being possible causative
agents. The Department of Health and Human Services
and EPA have not evaluated the human carcinogenic
potential of aluminum.
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