International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
11
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
PAGE NO.
11-17
10.37547/ijmscr/Volume05Issue05-03
Selecting the Optimal Method and Technology for
Obtaining Dry Extract of Epilobium Angustifolium
Kh.M. Yunusova
Professor, The Department of Industrial Technology of Medicines, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
N.B. Ilkhamova
Associate Professor, The Department of Industrial Technology of Medicines, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Uzbekistan
Sh.Kh. Sunnatov
Agency for the Development of the Pharmaceutical Industry, Uzbekistan
Received:
12 March 2025;
Accepted:
08 April 2025;
Published:
10 May 2025
Abstract:
This article describes the development of a method and technology for obtaining a dry extract, the yield
of extractives, the content of flavonoids in the extract using various methods and different extractors. Traditional
methods of treatment, as well as traditional recipes for treatment, are widely used today. Plant-derived
compounds are often more biocompatible with human cells compared to synthetic drugs. Treatment of diseases
with medicinal plants, as a rule, does not cause allergies and addiction, is well tolerated, acts more gently, and in
some cases, especially in chronic diseases, has a good lasting effect. According to the principles of rational
pharmacotherapy, the drug should be highly effective, harmless, economically viable and not worsen the quality
of life. And herbal preparations fully meet all these criteria. Physiologically active substances contained in plants
can have a comprehensive effect on various pathological links in the development of diseases [2,3].
Keywords:
Extractant, extraction, ethanol, various factors, maceration, percolation, flavonoid.
Introduction:
Today, chronic prostatitis is one of the
most common diseases in men. According to WHO,
about 9-32% of the male population of the Earth suffers
from chronic prostatitis. Today, prostatitis is commonly
diagnosed in men aged 20 to 40, largely due to
sedentary lifestyles, irregular sexual activity, and
concomitant diseases of the genitourinary system.
Prostate adenoma occurs in every 10 men over 40, in
half of men from 50 to 60 years old, and by the age of
80 already in 80% of cases. In this regard, in order to
increase the range of drugs without side effects for the
treatment of these diseases is relevant. Pharmaceutical
science is constantly looking for new effective drugs,
one of the sources of which is traditional medicine,
which has a lot of information on the use of natural
objects in the treatment of diseases. Natural drugs in
the overwhelming majority of cases have long
established themselves as low-toxic, usually mildly
affecting the human div. In this regard, along with
drugs of synthetic, microbiological and animal origin,
the creation of drugs based on plant components is a
very urgent task. Modern drugs based on plant raw
materials were created as a result of generalization of
the historical experience of the peoples of the world, as
well as research work of domestic and foreign
scientists. Medicinal plants attract the attention of
many. [1-3].
When considering medicinal plants as natural sources
of mineral complexes, it should be borne in mind that
macro- and microelements are in them in an organically
bound, i.e. most accessible and digestible form, as well
as in a set composed by nature. In the fruits of many
plants, the balance and quantitative content of mineral
substances is such that it is not found in other food
products. Currently, 71 chemical elements have been
found in plants [1]. This synergistic interaction of
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International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research (ISSN: 2771-2265)
biologically active substances from one or more plants
is referred to as phytokinetic synergy. [4,5].
Currently, research into medicinal plants and the
development of drugs that are used in folk medicine in
the form of infusions and decoctions are relevant [6]
In modern medical practice, an important place is given
to drugs based on plant materials. In this regard,
opportunities are opening up for the creation of highly
effective dosed drugs with a targeted pharmacological
effect. The solution to this complex problem is due to
the requirement for a scientifically based approach to
drug creation. In this regard, the development of drugs
of plant origin is of interest. The mild therapeutic effect
of drugs from medicinal plant materials with long-term
use and the gradual development of the effect is most
relevant for the treatment of chronic diseases [7,8].
Today, male infertility has become a serious health
problem worldwide, with about 45-80 million couples
recognized as infertile according to WHO. Benign
prostatic hyperplasia and chronic prostatitis are
common diseases of the genitourinary system in men.
Previously, it was believed that this disease occurs only
in old age. The male factor accounts for 50% of cases of
infertility in a couple. A study conducted by Sun H et al.,
from 1990 to 2017, including more than 195 countries,
reported an increase in male infertility by 0.291% per
year, with an upward trend in most countries
(136/195). A potential cause of male infertility may be
inflammatory reactions of the urogenital tract, the
prevalence of which ranges from 6 to 10%, and the
cause of the development of these reactions may be
chronic prostatitis [9].
The problem of chronic prostatitis at the stage of
primary health care is made even more relevant by the
problem of male infertility. In the structure of infertile
marriages, male infertility accounts for about 45%, and
recently there has been a tendency for its constant
growth. Over the past 50 years, the concentration of
spermatozoa in 1 ml has decreased by more than 50%,
which required a revision of normal ejaculate
parameters [8,9]. According to WHO, chronic
prostatitis occurs in 8-10% of men, but taking into
account asymptomatic forms, the prevalence may be
higher. Most often, the disease is detected in patients
aged 30-50. According to WHO, chronic prostatitis
affects about 9% of the male population of the Earth.
Previously, it was believed that this disease occurs only
in old age. Today, prostatitis is diagnosed in 20-40-year-
old men, which is due to low levels of physical activity,
dysrhythmia of sexual life, and concomitant diseases of
the genitourinary system.
According to the World Health Organization, prostatitis
is the leading disease of the male genitourinary system.
According to WHO statistics, prostatitis occurs in the
male population from 22 to 60 years old and exceeds
the number of diagnosed cases of sexually transmitted
diseases and other diseases of the genitourinary
system. According to WHO, urologists diagnose chronic
prostatitis in every tenth patient [10].
Traditional multi-component herbal medicines popular
all over the world are herbal infusions and extraction
preparations, the latter being the most convenient and
well standardized among galenic preparations [5].
Extracts - concentrated extracts, are one of the oldest
medicinal forms of official medicine. After the
discovery of the method for obtaining alcohol, the
ancient Roman physician Galen first introduced the use
of alcoholic extracts from plants - galenic preparations
- into medicine. The result of the further development
of this type of extraction of biologically active
substances from plant material were alcoholic extracts.
In our time, these ancient medicinal categories have
not lost their relevance, they are constantly developing
and, as a result, in many countries they have
pharmacopoeial status [6,7].
When obtaining dry extracts, the maximum yield of
biologically active substances is ensured, which
increases the pharmacotherapeutic effect. The
advantages of dry extracts and dosage forms based on
it are the ease of use and stability during storage. In
addition, standardization of active substances allows
for control at the production stages and the accuracy of
dosing of the finished product, so standardization of
dry extracts and dosage forms is an equally important
task. According to scientific literature, the proportion
of herbal preparations is about 90%, their high
physiological activity is due to the harmonious
combination and interaction of biologically active
substances contained in the drugs used. Therefore,
plants remain an indispensable source for obtaining
drugs with various directions of action. Providing the
population with highly effective, harmless drugs is the
main goal of the modern pharmaceutical industry. The
completeness of the isolation of active substances
depends on a number of factors, the most important of
which are the extraction method, the grinding of raw
materials, the ratio of raw materials and extractant,
etc. [7,8]. Currently, all known extraction methods are
divided into official (traditional) and unofficial
(modern). Traditional extraction methods (percolation
and maceration) are very long and labor-intensive. The
average duration of extraction is from 6 hours to
several days [9].
Experimental section
METHODS
Nowadays, modern extraction methods such as
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International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research (ISSN: 2771-2265)
ultrasound, filtration extraction, supercritical filtration,
etc. are widely used. Using ultrasound with a frequency
of 19-44 kHz, flavonoids, tannins, phenol glycosides,
bound coumarins, anthocyanins, and phenol carboxylic
acids can be extracted from plants with a reduction in
the extraction process by 1-2 orders of magnitude. At
the same time, the yield of extractive substances
increases significantly. For example, the yield of rose
and sea buckthorn oil increases by 10-15%, atropine by
18-25%, valerianic acid by 20%, platifillin by 15%,
furanochromones by 30%, quercetin by 47%,
ergosterol by 45-60%, and ursolic acid by 10%
[10].Процесс
экстрагирования,
как
правило,
включает две фазы:
- osmotic swelling with dissolution of the cell contents
(movement of the solvent into the cell);
- extraction (dialysis), during which extractive
substances are transported from the cell through cell
membranes, pores and capillaries into the volume of
the solvent.
The swelling phase typically lasts 4 to 6 hours and is
influenced by the rate of air displacement from plant
cells. In addition, some air remains inside the cell.
When using ultrasound, a sound capillary effect occurs,
which not only accelerates the displacement of air
bubbles, but also creates conditions for their
dissolution in the liquid. As a result, there is a sharp
reduction in the swelling process of the raw material.
The efficiency of the extraction process is affected by
the morphological and anatomical structure of the raw
material and its dispersion.
For plants, the grass of which has a thin, loose leaf
blade with soft cell membranes and a large number of
intercellular spaces, the particle size does not play a
significant role and can vary from 2 to 8 mm. Such
plants include lily of the valley, wormwood,
peppermint, St. John's wort, Japanese pagoda tree
fruits,
belladonna,
foxglove,
adonis,
yarrow,
chamomile, marigold, etc. Such raw materials swell
quickly [11,12].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The research began with obtaining a liquid extract using
maceration, percolation and repercolation methods.
Improvement and intensification of production in order
to increase the product yield requires a detailed
consideration of various factors affecting the process of
extracting active substances [4,5,6]. Therefore, we
studied the effect of the extractant, its ratio with the
raw material, the degree of grinding of the raw
material, the duration and frequency of extractions on
the yield of bioactive substances, which was
determined by extractive substances, as well as by the
previously developed method for the quantitative
determination of the amount of flavonoids. Based on
the data obtained, it was determined that the method
of extracting herbal collection using maceration and
percolation methods is close in its characteristics to
most known methods and can be used to obtain small
batches of extracts of medicinal plant raw materials.
[7,8]. The main parameters that play a significant role
in this extraction are the extraction conditions, such as
temperature, pressure, fluid flow rate and process
duration.
The type of sample, choice of solvent, method of
fraction collection, degree of raw material grinding, and
raw material humidity are also of certain importance.
High intensity of extraction with a change in the
hydromodulus was noted, which made it possible to
increase the yield of extractive substances by 1.3 times
compared to purified water. The proposed percolation
method contributes to the production of medicinal
products with a high yield of extractable substances at
low energy costs. The search for an extractant and the
choice of extraction conditions for herbal medicines
largely depend on the chemical composition and
pharmacological activity of the active substances. In
addition to selectivity, the extractant should also have
high diffusion capabilities, chemical, biochemical and
pharmacological
indifference,
availability
and
cheapness. The dielectric constant of the extractant, its
viscosity and surface tension are also of no small
importance [9].
The choice of the extractant was carried out by varying
various solvents, by infusing the plant composition at
room temperature and obtaining a liquid extract using
the above methods, followed by determining the
amount of flavonoids in the liquid extract.
The results of the studies are presented in Table 1. As
can be seen from the data provided, the optimal
extractant is 70% ethyl alcohol. Also, analyzing the
results, it can be concluded that when obtaining
bioactive substances from the herb of Fireweed, with
an increase in the concentration of alcohol, the amount
of extractive substances and the amount of flavonoids
decreases.
As can be seen from the data provided, the optimal
extractant is 70% ethyl alcohol. However, analyzing the
results, it can be concluded that when obtaining
bioactive substances from the herb of the narrow-
leaved fireweed (with the conventional name
"Prostad") with an increase in the concentration of
alcohol, the amount of extractive substances and the
sum of flavonoids do not always increase.
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International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research (ISSN: 2771-2265)
Table 1
Yield of extractive substances and the amount of flavonoids
when using different extractants
Extraction
methods
Extractant
Purified
water
30% ethanol 40% ethanol 70% ethanol 90-% ethanol
Yield of extractive substances, %
Maceration
9,23
11,22
15,96
16,44
14,11
Percolation
11,21
15,43
16,87
20,54
10,09
Repercolation
10,98
14,09
14,73
16,96
9,91
Content of total flavonoids, %
Maceration
0,028
0,034
0,039
0,043
0,029
Percolation
0,032
0,037
0,044
0,058
0,036
Repercolation
0,029
0,032
0,039
0,043
0,031
Further studies were devoted to determining the
influence of the main factors on extraction.
Experiments were conducted in the following ratios:
1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40 and 1:50. The optimal phase ratio
corresponding to 1:10 (raw material - extractant) was
established empirically. Some parameters influencing
the speed and completeness of extraction were also
determined. It is advisable to grind the raw material
particles to 2 mm.
Upon subsequent study of the extraction conditions, it
was established that with an increase in time and their
quantity, the yield of extractive substances increases.
The experimental data obtained are presented in Table
2.
Table 2
Yield of extractive substances and the amount of flavonoids
depending on the time and method of extraction
Extraction
methods
Extraction time, h
1
2
3
4
5
Yield of extractive substances,%
Maceration
0,95
1,27
1,26
1,25
1,23
Percolation
1,79
2,67
2,98
4,42
1,75
Repercolation
2,07
2,11
1,92
3,11
1,35
Content of total flavonoids, %
Maceration
0,052
0,061
0,045
0,036
0,024
Percolation
0,067
0,089
0,055
0,045
0,055
Repercolation
0,074
0,091
0,069
0,066
0,087
The optimal phase ratio corresponding to 1:10 (raw
material - extractant) was established experimentally.
It is advisable to grind the raw material particles to 2
mm. Threefold extraction ensures raw material
depletion by an average of 85-90% of the initial content
in the raw material. Losses of biologically active
substances with meal amounted to 8 - 12%. Table 3
shows the generalized results of the studies conducted,
i.e. the influence of the main factors on the extraction
process. Thus, we studied the influence of the
extractant, its ratio with the raw material, the degree
of grinding of the raw material, the duration of
extraction, which was carried out for extractive
substances, as well as according to the previously
developed method for quantitative determination of
the amount of flavonoids.
The established optimal mode of extraction from the
analyzed plant composition, conditions for purifying its
extracts and drying made it possible to subsequently
develop a method for obtaining a dry extract.
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Table 3
Influence of the main factors on the extraction process
Extraction
methods
Extraction conditions
Degree of raw material grinding, mm
more than 2 mm
1
–
2
less than 1
Yield of total flavonoids relative to their content in the raw material, %
Maceration
38,17
69,76
57,42
Percolation
44,28
92,65
74,11
Repercolation
42,05
89,32
69,84
Extraction
temperature
(°C)
30-40
50-60
70-80
90-100
Extraction
methods
Yield of the sum of flavonoids from their content in raw materials %
Maceration
32,98
38,89
54,43
92,15
Percolation
49,65
54,87
93,64
76,89
Repercolation
46,87
49,93
79,72
64,59
General
hydromodule
1:10
1:20
1:30
1:40
Extraction
methods
The yield of the sum of flavonoids from their content in raw
materials,%
Maceration
63,89
59,73
53,11
46,54
Percolation
93,52
88,15
79,66
64,45
Repercolation
81,98
77,91
69,95
60,22
The technological scheme for obtaining dry extracts includes the stages of solid-phase extraction,
evaporation and drying of the concentrated extract (Fig. 1).
taken
made
received
Fireweed herb
swelling
70% ethyl alcohol
percolation
extraction
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International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research (ISSN: 2771-2265)
evaporation
drying
standardization
packaging material
package
finished product
Fig. 1. Technological scheme for obtaining dry extract from the herb of Fireweed
The technology for obtaining dry extract includes the
following stages: raw material extraction to obtain an
aqueous extract, its evaporation, separation and
drying. Evaporation of the obtained liquid extract was
carried out at a temperature of 400C under a pressure
of 0.69 MPa to approximately 1/10 of the initial
volume. The aqueous still residue was drained into a
collector and separated. The purified extract was dried
at a pressure of 5.2 kgf/cm3 (0.52 MPa) and at an inlet
temperature of 2000C, as well as at an outlet
temperature of 800C. The liquid feed rate was
maintained within 2.0-2.5 l/h. Drying of the obtained
extract was carried out in a calorifer drying cabinet,
spray drying and vacuum method. The resulting
finished product is a polydisperse amorphous powder
of dark brown color, hygroscopic. The residual moisture
content of the obtained dry extract is 4.38 - 4.97%.
CONCLUSIONS
Thus, as a result of the conducted scientifically
grounded experiment, a technology for obtaining dry
extracts from Fireweed has been developed. The
proposed
percolation
method
facilitates
the
production of medicinal products with a high yield of
extractable substances at low energy costs. At the same
time, an individual mode has been selected for the
extraction of plant raw materials: ethyl alcohol at a
concentration of 70% has been selected as an
extractant, the raw material size has been set at 2 mm,
and the hydromodulus has been determined
experimentally at 1:10.
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