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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
PAGE NO.
221-227
10.37547/ijp/Volume05Issue05-56
Issues of Effective Integration of Solar Power Plant with Local
Power Grid
Kasimakhunova Anarkhan Mamasadikovna
Ph.D., Professor, Fergana State University, Uzbekistan
Mamarasulov Kudratbek Shukhratbek Ogly
Doctoral student, Fergana State University, Uzbekistan
Received:
23 March 2025;
Accepted:
19 April 2025;
Published:
21 May 2025
Abstract:
The article studies the possibility of improving the most efficient integration of solar power plants (SPP)
with the electric grid by analyzing foreign scientific literature. The reasons for the inefficient integration of SPP
and the power system are identified based on the results of scientific theoretical and experimental works by
leading experts from developed countries. The issues of variability of weather conditions, the influence of external
and internal factors on the operation of the network, the use of the most advanced technologies for managing
the network, the method of accumulating the generated energy by batteries and their impact on the distortion of
the energy parameters of the network are considered. The issues of introducing the technology of modern
converters, anti-islanding, protection, forecasting the "sun-grid" system and smart grid are described. The
methods of various scientists used in the integration of solar photovoltaic plants to electric grids and their results
are discussed. Attention is paid to the development of control algorithms, the creation of simulation schemes of
models. The main directions of methods for efficient connection of SPP to electric grids are indicated. Possible
cases of failure of power plants, power lines and the safety of the entire system are taken into account. The
technical and economic aspects of the problem of the issue under consideration in the construction of integrated
systems in hard-to-reach areas of the planet are considered. It is recommended, as an important step, to optimize
the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, smart monitoring of the generation of electrical power
received from solar power plants, accumulation and consumption of energy by consumers.
Keywords:
Solar power plant, electric grid, integration, efficiency, control, protection, security, continuity,
advanced technology, algorithm.
Introduction:
It is clear that over the last twenty years,
from the point of view of climate change and energy
security, significant work has been done in the field of
integration of alternative sources of electrical energy
with the electricity supply system. The result of this is
an increased interest not only by the public authorities
of energy facilities, but also by the population of
countries. Among non-conventional sources of electric
energy, the generation of the latter and reducing the
consumption of gas fuel in greenhouses, the most
realized by the use of solar energy. Photovoltaic
systems (PV) in this sense are efficient and quite
durable. In addition, they already require relatively low
costs compared to some alternative energy sources
and minimal operating conditions.
In recent years, the integration of solar power plants
into the power grids of the energy system has started
to develop. Such a possibility allows to maximize the
use of converted energy by consumers of different
types such as technological installations of industry and
population. According to the opinion and conclusions
of international observers, as a result of the
development of industry and the increase in the
amount of energy exchange, the amount of CO2 gas
emitted into the atmosphere is increasing[1÷3]. This
can be clearly seen in Figure 1.
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Figure 1. Amount of CO2 gas spreading into the atmosphere [1].
There are some recommendations to address this
problem. The first of them is [2], in order to solve this
problem, the creation within regional, national, or even
global levels of the energy system, linked by larger
interconnected systems, for the sharing of resources.
In this direction, extensive work has been done by the
Global Energy Interconnection Development and
Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO). The second of
them is aimed at the creation of self-managed
sustainable networks for large energy systems,
development of regional solutions and smart energy
systems.
Due to the emerging conditions of local power
producers, many changes in technology and business
are taking place. In particular, this is the case for
generators for various purposes and electricity storage
systems. From a technological point of view, the highly
variable generation of electricity from renewable
energy
sources,
their
operation
and
the
implementation of protection pose particularly big
problems. From a business point of view, electricity
generated by local energy producers belongs to small
electricity consumers. This diversity leads to the
formation of the local market and its development.
The integration of solar power plants covers modern
converter technology, anti-islanding technology,
protection, solar-grid forecasting and smart grid. It is
well known that the electricity generated by solar cells
is directly supplied to the consumer. Excess energy is
recorded by meters. In SES inverters integrated with
power systems, “anti
-
islanding” protection is required
at the moment of blackout in order to stop the power
flow. Modern hybrid inverters and “on
-
grid” inverters
are able to maintain grid stability by controlling the
voltage. Their advanced PV capabilities are tested in
research centers using simulation devices. The
simulation period is conducted under near realistic
conditions and their power reliability and quality
impact are studied.
In case of power increase from the network demand,
when it is transferred from the SES to the power
systems, due to the negative effect on the network
frequency and voltage, the stability of the power
network is disturbed. Therefore, considering the
continuous increase in the number of solar panels, the
reliable management of the integrated solar power
system and its efficient utilization with the power grid
require new management strategies.
The ability to generate electricity from photovoltaic
systems is considered to be the most basic property.
These properties, depending on a variety of indicators,
vary from application to application and technology.
The efficiency is only increased by precise calculation at
the time of installation. However, despite the rather
high accuracy of accounting for all the influencing
factors on the operational properties of SES, there are
a number of problems that arise during their operation
and repair. Especially such problems are often
encountered in the operation of SES in hard-to-reach
areas of the country. In this regard, adaptive
integration approaches should be developed to
eliminate similar problems. In this regard, Internet of
Things (IoT) technology [3] is the most promising in
continuous monitoring of SES systems. The present
technology helps in obtaining accurate and detailed
information on objects and provides new opportunities
for various developments.
Hence, it can be concluded that integration of solar PV
plants to regional power grids is of particular
importance in ensuring sustainability, efficient
utilization of environmentally beneficial sources and
providing diversification of power generation. In
addition, there are opportunities to effectively utilize
alternative energy sources, reduce power loss and
energy independence of the region. It should be noted
that when integrating SES with local power grids,
technical and managerial problems arise in addition to
the above-mentioned. For example, the natural
variability of solar energy, which affects the stable
operation of the grid, contributes to the need to
optimize energy distribution and balancing systems.
For this reason, the integration of SES into local power
grids requires modern control methods, smart grids
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(Smart-Grid) and the introduction of energy storage
technology. In general, the integration of solar
photovoltaic plants to local power grids plays an
important role in ensuring the sustainability of
electricity, improving efficiency, reducing carbon waste
and developing energy generation with innovative
technologies.
METHODS
With the increasing demand of the population for
electricity, the issues of efficient integration of solar
photovoltaic plants to the power grid are becoming
more and more relevant. This is due to the reduction in
the cost of generating electricity in the traditional way,
reducing the need for combustible materials, fossil
fuels. However, the problems associated with the
connection of solar power plants to the power grid, as
well as their impact on efficiency, require the
development of increasingly advanced and optimal
methods of their integration. In this regard, in recent
years, the amount of research devoted to the
integration of solar power plants with power grids has
increased. Our analysis of more than 30 scientific
papers in this direction shows that there are certain
methods of integration of these two sources of
electricity. The used terms such as “integration of solar
photovoltaics to the grids”, “optimization of grid
connected solar photovoltaics”, “new methodology
of
connecting solar photovoltaics to the grids”, “state
-of-
the art analysis of integrating solar photovoltaics” and
their word combinations were used in the search of
IEEE xplore, ScienceDirect, Springer, Scopus, Research
Gate va Google scholar databases in order to find
relevant scientific articles.
The work of the authors [4] presents considerations for
increasing the efficiency of solar energy, reducing the
need for fossil fuel resources and consists of
recommendations of strategies for the formation of
integrated and independent energy systems. It also
proposes the development of energy conservation and
storage technology due to the variability of solar
radiation and the use of advanced grid technologies. In
addition to the proposals, the article considers the use
of additional technological advances, allowing good
integration and the problems associated with this
method. Among the latter are technical issues directly
related to the expansion of the network and
investment costs, difficulties in management and
economic issues reflecting the impact of the socio-
environment.
Researchers led by Rong Hieh recommended the use of
Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) technology in
photovoltaic power generation networks. Their work
proposed to improve the technology with matching the
temperature and degree of illumination of the surface
of the SES. It has developed, in addition to traditional
problem solving algorithms, the most sophisticated
algorithms for plant control [5]. In this work, the
efficiency of power generation has been achieved,
using multi modular converter technology. By
arranging the lighting intensity and temperature with
the help of algorithm, a sophisticated control algorithm
is implemented. By comparing the results, the
superiority of the complex algorithm over the
traditional existing algorithm is revealed (Fig.2). It was
found that according to the results of simulation
performed during the study period, when increasing
the light intensity from 750 to 1000 W/m2, the value of
DC voltage increases for a short time, but then, quickly
decreases and approaches the initial steady level. From
this it can be seen that even if the light intensity varies
in duration, when the DC bus is connected to the MMC
network, it is possible to maintain the voltage value
continuously. Such a provision ensures the steady state
operation of the whole system. Figure 3 shows the
simulation diagram of the recommended model.
Figure 2. Simulation comparison of the algorithm MPPT
The traditional MRRT (Maximum Power Point Tracking)
faces difficulties in ensuring power quality, due to the
variability of the illumination level of the solar module
front surface and hence its temperature.
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Fig.3. Simulation diagram of the recommended model [5]
.
L.Nandhal et al. in their research work [6] proposed an
advanced
method
combining
Incremental
Conductance (InC) wa Function-Fitting Neural Network
(FFNN). This hybrid method increases the conversion
efficiency of PV system, improves the tracking
accuracy, stability of the system. In addition, suggests
the non-optimality of inverter control methods, while
ensuring the stability of the network and reducing the
total harmonic distortion. They solved this problem by
control using a voltage matched power supply. This
made it possible to integrate voltage, current and load
distribution and maintain grid stability with a voltage of
300 V and a current of 12 A, even under varying PV
conditions. Thus, the methodology recommended from
the study results improved the power quality and
system efficiency to 97.8% while reducing the common
harmonic distortion to 0.02% (Figures #4(1.5) and
5(1.6)).
Fig.4. (a) Harmonic damage degree using IncCond MPPT, (b) Harmonic damage degree
using Intelligent IncCond MPPT [6].
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Figure 5. Effectiveness of the recommended management system [6].
In the research led by Mottahir Alam [7]in order to
identify the faults on PV systems and categorize them
into classes, “Deep Belief with Buffalo Optimization
(DB-
BO)” algorithm was develope
d. In addition, by
them to analyze the power loss, principal component
analysis and linear discriminant methods were used to
reduce the deviation. As a result of the study by using
DB-BO algorithm, they were able to reduce the power
loss value to 3.4mW. In the research by R.Singh et al.
the efficiency and reliability of grid connected
predetermined PV system was studied. For this
purpose, they considered the degree of electrical
power generation of the PV system and the influence
of factors on it, using Machine learning algorithms, in
particular the Support Vector Regression (SVR)
algorithm [8]. The recommended algorithm in the
article [8] SVR algorithm serves for storing information
on the generation of electric power by solar plants and
predicting the state of weather conditions, as well as
in-depth analysis of the dynamic conditions of the
network. The present recommended model has
relatively low error values and the RMS error value for
the SVR is 2.002%. At the same time, the average
absolute value of solar converters decreased to
0.547%.
To solve the problems at hand, M. Rafiei and his team
used mathematical modeling to increase the efficiency
of a grid-connected solar power plant [9]. Their
experiments also took into account many external
influencing factors such as solar radiation, humidity,
dust, temperature, shading. In order to realize the
objective, having considered various nonlinear models,
the matching method on nonlinear parameters was
applied to optimally determine the unknown
parameters. According to the results of the study, as
well as in some previous works it was found that the
efficiency of SES mainly depends on temperature and
dust, the influence of humidity is insignificant. Indian
scientists M. Amir and his team [10] worked in the
same direction in parallel. Their work recommends a
control method coordinated on the basis of Intellegent
Energy Monitoring System (IEMS) for solar powered
energy charging station. The present recommended
smart energy management charging station optimizes
grid power utilization by analyzing real-time
metrological information and load conditions. As a
result of applying the IEMS coordinated control
method, the energy exchange between the distribution
grid and the car charging station was ensured, and the
maximum power demand was reduced by half.
In order to solve this problem, a two-stage optimization
of alternative energy systems was proposed by Chinese
scientists under the leadership of Di Lu [11]. This
method allows for a more accurate prediction of the
capacity of the SES, covering the information on the
daily generation of the SES and the stages of planning
the daily generation of electricity. In contrast to the
Chinese scientists, A. Siosia and his team, in their
scientific research, developed the same two-stage
optimization based on seasonal analysis of power
generation. Comparison of the study results shows that
the difference between the values determined by
simulation and the measured annual energy is less than
2%[12]. For a similar use of neural network,
M.Abubakar [13] worked [13]. He proposed to
augment with long-short term memory (LSTM) and
gated recurrent unit-(GRU) models. The result showed
superiority over other models, achieving at 97%
accuracy of the model considering long term memory.
In order to achieve the stability of the network
integrated with SES with the local electric grid, J. Zhao
proposed a way to take into account the power
planning of SES with regard to the needs of consumers
for heating, ventilation and creation of climatic
conditions in the premises [13]. This was accomplished
by developing a model that allows predicting solar
radiation based on an optimized neural network
algorithm. By comparing the results of this developed
model with the results of other existing models, it was
found that the variability of the total network load and
energy saving rates during summer period decreased
respectively: 47,5 % и 10,89 %.
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The study and analysis of the above-mentioned works
shows that so far there have been proposed many ways
of effective connection of SES to the electric network,
supplying electricity to consumers in the traditional
way. Their main directions are as follows:
-Ensuring grid stability: implementation of advanced
control algorithms in order to achieve sustainable
operation of the grid by studying the impact of PV
system connection on the grid;
-Optimization of grid operation: when integrating the
SES with the grid, finding the optimal location of the
SES, power flow control and implementation of
scientific developments related to power flow control
and load distribution;
-Power quality improvement: development of
advanced technologies for balancing the frequency and
voltage variations arising from the interconnection of
PV systems with the grid, including active and reactive
power management strategies;
-Energy storage systems: makes a proposal to improve
system stability when integrating PV systems with
batteries.
Thus, a preliminary conclusion can be made about the
importance of the role of the use of smart-grid
technologies (smart-grid) and energy storage,
innovative control technologies. And, in this regard,
analyzing the results of the reviewed works, is the basis
for the creation of methods of comparison and form of
management strategies.
Analyzing the emerging technical and economic
challenges of integrating solar PV plants with the grid
.
One of the main areas of research in the integration of
solar PV power plants is the implementation of “Fault
Ride-
Through (FRT)” and “Low Voltage Ride
-Through
(LVRT)” control strategies. T
he validity criteria for this
are, with their advantages and disadvantages, the
consistency of the available strategies to the network
parameters, their complexity, cost-effectiveness and
overall performance.
Like other systems, the SES also has a propensity to
malfunction. This has a significant impact on the
reliability, efficiency and safety of the system.
Therefore, traditional protection standards may not be
sufficient to protect the SES. For example, since SES
faults are due to the low current value in conventional
protection systems, the non-linearity of PV parameters
and properties, low illumination, the transition from
night mode to day mode and vice versa, the presence
of a maximum power controller and blocking diodes it
is not always possible to accurately determine the
faults of the PV system. In addition, due to the difficulty
of predicting faults in advance, despite the presence of
protective equipment, the entire PV system can catch
fire [15].
This area is one of the least studied problems
worldwide. Compared to the work on solar module
reconfiguration, very little attention has been paid to
this area. There is still insufficient scientific work to
analyze the performance of SES in terms of protection
schemes and their accuracy, complexity of integration,
cost, and efficiency. Therefore, it is still necessary to
carry out a lot of scientific and research work on the
protection of not only SES, but also the entire system in
a comprehensive manner.
There is one more important factor. Usually solar
power plants of large capacity are installed in remote
areas of the planet. They are not rarely used for power
supply in sea and ocean conditions [16, 17]. In this
regard, the construction of such stations requires large
capital expenditures. This leads to a difficult situation
for investors. In addition, such an arrangement of SES
plants, and its possible integration with the local grid,
requires remote monitoring and control solutions to
ensure efficient and reliable operation. If roofs of
buildings are used, due to the dense arrangement of
solar modules, when it is necessary to have a large
capacity, there are difficult conditions for maintenance,
inspection and repair of them. Such problems can
create unnecessary limitations and faults in power
generation. We should not forget the presence of
important problems related to connectivity and
security, environmental, socio-economic and energy
market. All these require conditioned extended studies
before researchers.
Of course, based on this, it can be concluded that there
are several problems related to technical and economic
issues in the integration of SES to the grid. These in turn
are mainly related to grid stability, transmission and
distribution losses and investment costs. Particularly
noteworthy is the variability of weather conditions, in
which electricity generation is highly unstable and
requires the provision of storage facilities. It is
impossible to supply consumers with continuous
power without accumulation for power reserves.
CONCLUSION
According to the results of the study and analysis of
foreign research work, we can conclude that the
inefficient management of the system, integration of it,
undoubtedly requires even more scrupulous research
work and so far requires large economic costs. Hence
there is a decrease in overall efficiency. Therefore, it is
recommended, as an important step, to optimize the
implementation of Internet of Things technologies,
intelligent monitoring of the generation of electricity
from solar power plants, the accumulation and
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consumption of energy by consumers. With the help of
IoT device, it collects real-time information and
balances the energy flow control, network loads, and
reduces transmission losses. Therefore, a deep study of
the application of IoT technology in integration with
solar power plant network with battery energy storage
devices is required. In the future, advanced control
approaches
developed
through
research
and
innovative solutions serve for efficient operation from
a technical and economic point of view.
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