Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
195
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
195-203
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In the article, based on major factitive materials, analyzed trends and factors, dynamics and structure, and direction
of migration of the population of Uzbekistan in the periods of 1991
–
2021 years. Discussed gender
–
age and ethical
structure of migration, regional specifications of migration of the population of the Republic.
KEYWORDS
Population migration, dynamics and structure, gender
–
age and ethical structure of migration, regional specifications
of migration.
INTRODUCTION
As a result of population migration, there will be
changes in its current and constant quantities. In the
displaced areas, the age, sex and ethnic composition of
the population will change, and it will "age". Birth rates
throughout the country have dropped dramatically
already, as have deaths. At the same time, the age,
Research Article
POPULATION MIGRATION DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE
Submission Date:
December 15, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 20, 2023,
Published Date:
December 25, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijp/Volume03Issue12-36
Surayyo A. Haydarova
Jizzakh State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
Meliboy N. Kamolov
Jizzakh State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
Maftuna A. Qarshiboyeva
Jizzakh State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijp
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
196
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
195-203
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
gender and ethnic composition of the migrant
population will change, its "rejuvenation" will be
observed, the marital status will become more active,
and the birth rate (especially in new settlements) will
increase.
Population migration has a strong selective or selective
character. It often "collects" and filters out the
educated, skilled segments of the population. This
function of migration is also related to employment,
use of labour resources, their quality indicators. In
particular, it should be noted that it is associated with
the development of cities and the process of
urbanization.
The main results and findings
This is because rural-urban migration is usually
developed. At the same time, the reverse, that is, the
urban-rural direction, although small, brings urban life
to rural areas. External labour migration is also
important in this regard. External migration has
become an integral part or indicator of the modern
globalization process.
In addition to the fact that this process has a global
character, it also has regional, geographical aspects. In
this regard, the migration of the population in the
Republic of Uzbekistan, its volume, direction, intensity,
consequences are unique. First of all, it should be
noted that in the past, experts acknowledged the
weakness of the migration inactivity of the indigenous
population of the republic, especially its tendency to
move to other places. In the current situation, the
migration mobility of the local population has also
increased significantly. However, this process is
observed more within the republic, and it does not
have a strong impact on population change.
Until the 1980s, the population of Uzbekistan was
growing at a high rate, which was due not only to its
high natural increase, but also to the positive results of
external migration. The analysis shows that in 1980-
1990, the number of immigrants and displaced
persons, as well as the total volume of population
turnover, was significantly higher. For example, in
1987-1989, the number of arrivals and departures, in
particular, was around 400-500 thousand people. It is
noteworthy that the negative balance of migration,
typical of the years of independence, began much
earlier. Thus, in 1988 it was minus 30.1 thousand, in
1989 - 80.5 thousand and in 1990 - minus 115.5 thousand
people.
During the years of independence, as a result of the
return of those who once immigrated to the republic
for various reasons, the negative balance of external
migration has become traditional, regular. Although
the number of arrivals and departures has declined
slightly since the 1980s, the gap between them has
widened. The highest number of visitors was recorded
in 1991. (371.0 thousand people), and the lowest
number is in 2011 (136.6 thousand people). The number
of emigrants in 1992 was 424.1 thousand people, the
lowest level will be observed in 2021 - 183.9 thousand
people. Thus, from 1991 to 2021, the number of arrivals
decreased by 2.2 times, and the number of departures
decreased by 1.9 times (Table 1).
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
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VOLUME
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195-203
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
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)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Table 1
Population migration in the Republic of Uzbekistan (thousand people)
Years
The newcomers
They are gone
Migration balance +, -
1991
371,0
401,3
-30,3
1993
349,0
424,1
-74,7
1995
302,4
356,5
-54,1
1997
221,7
360,7
-139,0
1999
167,8
256,8
-89,0
2001
148,6
198,9
-50,3
2006
146,6
195,0
-48,4
2007
143,3
193,3
-50,0
2008
162,6
224,7
-62,1
2009
145,9
212,5
-66,6
2010
151,8
229,6
-77,8
2011
152,8
236,1
-83,3
2012
139,7
232,7
-93,0
2013
147,4
243,5
-96,1
2014
144,8
246,4
-101,6
2015
144,0
209,2
-65,2
2016
151,2
214,3
63,1
2017
149,7
195,8
-46,1
2018
138,1
187,7
-49,6
2019
139,8
183,9
-44,1
2020
136,6
184,1
-47,6
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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VOLUME
03
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SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2021:
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
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)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
2021
169,7
210,6
-40,9
The table was calculated by the author on the basis of data from the Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
In general, the migration of the population of the
republic during the years of independence can be
divided into 3 main phases or stages. The first phase
covers 1991-1993. The number of visitors during this
period was 300-370 thousand people a year. The
second stage covers only one year in terms of arrivals,
2004 (in some regions, for example, in Tashkent, it was
a bit longer). This year, the number of arrivals was 222
thousand people, and in the remaining period - in the
third stage, the numbers of this level were not
repeated, ie did not reach 200 thousand people.
In terms of arrivals, the first phase will be observed
from 1991 to 1993, and the second phase from 1995 to
1999. The third, the current phase, begins in 2001. The
end result of the migration cycle, that is, the rest, is a
little more difficult to determine such stable stages.
However, the general conclusion is that the migration
balance during this period was always minus (negative)
for our republic. The highest level of this indicator was
in 1997 (-139.0 thousand people), and in 2014 it was
more than 100 thousand. On average, the country
"loses" about 67,000 people a year due to external
migration.
The total migration balance in the period under review
was minus 1473 thousand people. If we assume that
the result of external migration in this period was zero,
the population of the republic would have reached
36906,7 thousand people instead of 35433,7 thousand
(01.04.2022). In other words, when the population of
Uzbekistan increased only due to its natural increase,
its above condition was noted.
However, external migration has "taken away" some
of the existing natural increase, and natural increase
has covered the negative balance of migration and
ensured the gradual growth of the republic's
population. For example, in 2008 the total natural
increase in the country was 414.3 thousand people, and
the balance of migration was minus 62.1 thousand
people, or the balance of migration was about 15.0% of
the final natural increase.
The natural increase in 2009 was 394.7 thousand, the
migration balance - 66.6 thousand people. In 2014,
these figures were 392.2 and 101.6, respectively, in 2015
- 411.6 and 65.2, in 2016 - 508.9 and 46, respectively. 1,
519.0 and 49.6 thousand in 2018, 479.9 and 40.9
thousand in 2021, respectively. The share of negative
migration balances in the natural increase over these
years will vary from 25.9% in 2005 to 8.5% in 2021. The
slab migration residue mentioned above is naturally
formed at the expense of external migration.
Although internal migration accounts for 75-80 percent
of the turnover, its results have no effect on the total
population of the republic. In 2014, 95.1% of the total
arrivals accounted for 59.0% of the outflows, while in
2021, these figures were 97.3% and 78.4%, respectively.
As mentioned earlier, the negative consequences of
migration in our country are not mainly due to
indigenous peoples, but due to the return (re-
migration) of more Russian-speaking peoples. For
example, 26.7 thousand out of 115.5 thousand people
who moved to urban areas of Uzbekistan (mainly from
Tashkent, as well as industrial centers such as Angren,
Almalyk, Chirchik, Fergana), in 1999 from 117.0
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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(2021:
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(2022:
5.
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)
(2023:
6.
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)
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–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
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thousand to 34.0 thousand people of Russian descent.
.
The share of these nationalities is even higher in the
migration balance: in 2006 they were 28.1 percent, and
in 2007 they were 19.3 percent. The share of Kazakhs is
even higher. In 2004, 36.5 thousand people, including
16.9 thousand people from rural areas, were Kazakhs.
This means that while the ethnic composition of
migration ties was originally Russian, which consisted
almost entirely of urban areas, in recent years the
migration activity of Kazakhs has increased in both
urban and rural areas. At the same time, in previous
years, the participation of Jews, Tatars, and Ukrainians
in the final migration balance was significant; Later, as
a result of the decrease in the number of
representatives of this nation in our republic, their
performance in this area was minimized. At the same
time, the participation of Tajiks in the migration
process from the local population was also negative for
our country.
The ethnic characteristics of population migration have
influenced its recurrence, i.e., indicators of natural
movement, as well as the national composition of the
country's population as a whole. It is known that the
total demographic rate of birth (per thousand people)
is determined by the number of births, relative to the
population. In the context of a declining number of
ethnic groups with low birth rates, these processes are
more likely to be considered only for indigenous
peoples with traditionally high birth rates.
Naturally, in this case, the overall performance may rise
slightly. At the same time, as a result of the migration
of non-indigenous peoples, the share of indigenous
peoples, ie Uzbeks, in the total population of the
country is growing. In particular, if in 1989 the Uzbek
population was 71.4% of the population, today this
figure has reached 82.9%.
Men are more actively involved in migration than
women. In terms of age, 20-24 year olds are more
numerous (23-25%), followed by 16-19 (20-22%) and 25-
29 (14-16%).
Table 2
Migration of the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan
(per thousand people)
Regions
1991
y
1995
y
2000
y
2005
y
2010
y
2021
y
Total 1991-2012 y.
immigrants
Total 1991-2021
y. emigrated
Uzbekistan
Republic
371.0
401.4
168.7
256.8
145.9
212.5
144.8
246.4
139.8
183.9
169.7
210.6
40116.0
53227.1
Karakalpakstan
Republic
31.4
31.6
13.2
18.8
12.9
16.8
12.8
34.2
14.3
27.0
12.1
23.1
467.4
537.4
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)
(2023:
6.
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)
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Provinces
Andijon
21.9
25.2
8.5
12.0
6.2
8.3
4.7
6.8
5.7
6.3
5.8
6.3
207.2
235.9
Bukhara
38.2
40.4
6.8
11.1
6.1
9.6
4.0
8.9
4.3
6.9
4.5
8.9
169.0
241.1
Jizzax
12.7
16.0
3.7
9.1
6.2
9.3
7.3
18.9
7.9
11.2
7.7
10.0
161.5
216.8
Navoi
-
15.1
16.6
11.2
14.5
12.1
21.4
11.4
13.7
12.1
18.9
254.4
357.2
Namangan
18.0
9.8
5.8
8.4
4.3
6.3
3.3
4.9
4.4
5.2
4.2
5.1
122.0
140.2
Samarkand
27.9
36.5
9.8
19.6
9.9
17.2
10.8
19.2
12.3
15.4
9.3
13.7
264.3
427.3
Sirdaryo
14.2
17.3
5.4
11.0
7.8
10.9
6.3
12.3
6.7
8.8
7.1
8.2
170.2
245.6
Surxondaryo
20.1
19.3
9.3
12.0
11.1
14.0
10.7
14.7
11.6
12.7
12.1
13.5
280.5
337.7
Tashkent
56.7
67.3
26.6
44.0
23.6
32.1
23.2
37.1
15.5
27.5
22.3
34.5
577.7
832.1
Fergana
40.2
40.2
16.2
22.6
12.8
18.5
13.0
16.8
12.7
14.0
12.9
14.1
360.3
447.4
Khorezm
16.7
11.8
5.8
6.5
7.3
8.6
6.4
10.0
7.3
8.3
7.3
9.5
167.4
188.8
Qashqadaryo
20.6
21.2
7.2
10.0
11.7
14.1
8.3
9.8
10.1
10.9
12.8
13.6
238.0
283.2
Tashkent
52.4
64.8
34.3
54.4
14.8
32.3
21.9
32.1
15.6
16.0
39.5
29.7
571.7
786.7
The table was calculated by the author on the basis of data from the Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
201
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(ISSN
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2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
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P
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:
195-203
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
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However, these figures do not fully reflect the
migration activity of the population of the regions. In
this regard, especially when calculating the intensity of
migration, it is necessary to determine the number of
arrivals and departures, the balance of migration per
thousand inhabitants of the regions. For example, in
2000, the total number of arrivals in the Republic of
Uzbekistan was 6.0 per thousand, those who left were
8.7 per thousand, and the migration balance was minus
2.7 per thousand. By 2021, these figures have declined
slightly: 5.7; 7.1 and minus 1.4 per thousand.
In terms of regions, the intensity of migration is highest
in Tashkent and Navoi region. In Tashkent, the
situation is more likely to be in 2021, while in Navoi
region, the intensity of migration was higher in both
years: in 2000, the region had 14.4 people per thousand
inhabitants, and 18.5 people left; these numbers were
13.8 and 21.4 per thousand in 2012, respectively.
According to Table 3, the intensity of migration is also
slightly higher in the Syrdarya region.
Currently, its level in the population of the Fergana
Valley is insignificant (especially in Namangan region).
The largest negative balance of migration in 2000 was
in Tashkent (8.2 per thousand or 0.82%), as well as in
Syrdarya (minus 4.8 per thousand), Navoi (4.1 per
thousand) and the capital region (3.6 per thousand). is
recorded. In 2021, the population of these regions will
also decrease more than in other regions due to
migration (more precisely, a large part of the natural
increase of the population was "received" by negative
migration). This year, the number of migrants from
Karakalpakstan also increased slightly, resulting in a
negative migration balance of 6.5 people per thousand
population.
The highest figure is in Navoi region - 7.6 per thousand.
In Tashkent region it is 4.5 people, in Bukhara - 2.6
people. Relatively few indicators will be observed in
2021 in Namangan, Kashkadarya, Surkhandarya,
Fergana and Andijan regions.
CONCLUSION
In general, in many provinces, the migration turnover
(sum of arrivals and departures) and its balance
decreased between 2000 and 2021.
Only in the Republic of Karakalpakstan and in Navoi
and Tashkent regions did it rise at the expense of those
who left the most. At the same time, it should be noted
that in Tashkent, which had the largest volume of
migration during the years of independence, the
results were positive for the first time: in 2021, 17.1 per
thousand came to the capital, 12.9 per thousand left
and 4.2 per thousand.
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
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Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
203
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
195-203
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ў
қ
увчи
ёш
психологик
хусусиятларига
бо
ғ
ли
қ
жи
ҳ
атлари
. Science and Education, 2(Special Issue 1),
266-275.
21. Gapparov A., Haydarova S., Zaynutdinova D.
Муста
қ
иллик
йилларида
Жиззах
вилояти
а
ҳ
олисининг
демографик
ривожланиши //Архив
Научных Публикаций JSPI. –
2020.
22.Haydarova S., Usarov J., Eshnayev N. defects in
scientific research of the problems of spiritual and
moral crisis and its solution //Журнал естественных
наук. –
2021.
–
Т. 1. –
№. 1.
23.Haydarova S. et al. MIRZACHO'L O'LKASIDA
EKOTURIZMNI RIVOJLANTIRISH IMKON1YATLARI
//Архив Научных Публикаций JSPI. –
2020.
24.Haydarova S. GЕОGRАFIYA FАNI O ‘QITUVCHISI
KОMPЕTЕNTLIGI VА UNING ZАMОNАVIY TАLАBLАRI
//Журнал естественных наук. –
2021.
–
Т. 1. –
№. 1.
25.Nazarovna, T. Z., Azamkulovich, D. F., Jurayevna, M.
N., & Abdusalomovna, H. S. (2016). Mortality and life
expectancy rates of population of the Republic of
Uzbekistan in the years after independence. European
science review, (3-4).
26. ABDUSALOMOVNA H. S. GЕОGRАFIYA FАNI O
‘QITUVCHISI KОMPЕTЕNTLIGI VА UNING ZАMОNАVIY
TАLАBLАRI //INTEGRATION
OF SCIENCE, EDUCATION
AND PRACTICE. SCIENTIFIC-METHODICAL JOURNAL.
–
2021.
–
Т. 1. –
№. 02. –
С. 29
-36.
27.
Eshbekovich
U.
J.,
Jumayevich
E.
N.,
Abdusalomovna H. S. Defects in scientific research of
the problems of spiritual and moral crisis and its
solution //International Engineering Journal For
Research & Development.
–
2020.
–
Т. 5. –
№. 8. –
С. 6
-
6.
28. Khaydarova, S. A. (2022). FORMATION OF
PRACTICAL COMPETENCES OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN
GEOGRAPHY. Journal of Geography and Natural
Resources, 2(01), 50-57.
