Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
15
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
15-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.689
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article is devoted to the analysis of modern concepts of the phenomenon of politeness. The classification of
existing models is given. The focus is on the Principle of Politeness by J. Leech, which considers the linguistic and
cultural phenomenon of politeness from the point of view of linguistic pragmatics.
KEYWORDS
Politeness, linguopragmatics, negative face, positive face, maxim.
INTRODUCTION
All models of linguistic politeness can be conditionally
divided into two groups: the first understands
politeness as etiquette, the accepted norms of human
behavior in society, as the subject of a social contract
or
contract
(within
the
framework
of
linguopragmatics), the second - as the desire to
preserve one's social face and not harm the social
image of the interlocutor (sociolinguistic perspective).
Understanding politeness as social norms suggests
that each society has its own set of social norms,
consisting of more or less explicit explicit rules that
prescribe certain behavior, a certain order of things,
even ways of interpreting certain social contexts [1].
Within this perspective, the "growth point" of
politeness is the knowledge and recognition of the
existence of one's duty to other members of the group
to which the person belongs. S. Ide calls this type of
Research Article
THE
MAIN
CONCEPTS
OF
POLITENESS
IN
MODERN
LINGUOPRAGMATICS: THE POLITENESS PRINCIPLE BY J. LEECH
Submission Date:
November 01, 2022,
Accepted Date:
November 05, 2022,
Published Date:
November 14, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijp/Volume02Issue11-03
Djalilova Zarnigor Obidovna
Eps Teacher, English Language Department Bukhara State Medical Institute Named After Abu Ali Ibn Sino,
Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijp
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
16
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
15-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.689
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
politeness insight, or the ability to recognize social
contexts, and defines it as the practice of polite
behavior in accordance with social conventions [2].
This behavior (wakimae) that a person chooses is
consistent with what role and what place he assigns to
himself in a given situation. This tactic helps to avoid
awkwardness and problems in communication and
makes communication "smooth", i.e. successful [2. S.
230]. Conventions such as Conversional patterns
(markers), politeness formulas, compliment forms
help group members enter the dialogue correctly,
maintain it and exit without harming the participants.
The view of politeness as observance of the rules of
behavior is associated with the style of speech: it is
traditionally believed that the more formal the
situation of communication, and the greater the social
distance between the interlocutors, the higher the
degree of politeness should be. Therefore, it is not
surprising that the first who began to seriously
understand the issues of politeness were linguists and
linguistic pragmatists.
The view of politeness as conversion maxims is
primarily associated with the Cooperative Principle of
P. Grice, which he proposed in his work “Logic and
Conversation” (“Logic and verbal communication”).
P. Grice proceeds from the fact that all participants in
communication are rational individuals who are equally
interested in the effective transmission of information.
The main principle that communicants should be
guided by is the Principle of Cooperation (PC). The PC
assumes that each participant in the communication
must make such a contribution to the interaction as is
required of him at this stage. In other words, the
Principle of Cooperation encourages you to say what
you have to say, when it needs to be said and in the
manner in which the social situation requires it.
According to R. Arundale, PC means "to act together"
when verbal interaction is supposed [3].
The Principle of Cooperation by P. Grice consists of four
postulates,
or maxims that, in his opinion, the participants in the
interaction should follow: Makim of quality, Maxim of
quantity, Maxim of relevance, Maxim of manner.
Compliance with these postulates of speech etiquette,
according to
P. Grice, makes the interaction of communication
participants possible and effective. However, P. Grice
himself notes that they are not always observed by all
participants in the communication situation, but are
often violated for various reasons, so these are rather
desirable, ideal conditions for communication. P. Grice
suggests that his postulates can be supplemented by
rules of a different kind, for example, aesthetic or
cultural ones, and notes that the Politeness Postulate
could be such a postulate.
Geoffrey Leech, a British linguist, has taken further
steps to develop the maxims of verbal communication
in relation to politeness. In his book The Principles of
Pragmatics, he proceeds from the fact that there is a
set of rules that people follow in the process of
communication. J. Leech notes that politeness is an
important pragmatic factor that regulates people's
communication [4], i.e. the function of politeness is to
regulate
people's
behavior,
including
their
communicative activity. When developing his model, J.
Leech considers politeness in the plane of rhetorical
pragmatics, noting its priority in regulating people's
social relations compared to Grice's PC. He is primarily
interested in the effective use of language in everyday
communication [4].
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
17
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
15-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.689
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
J. Leech took a big step forward when he distinguished
between absolute and relative politeness. Absolute
politeness comes into play when it comes to
minimizing the impoliteness of impolite illocutions and
maximizing the politeness of polite illocutions.
Different speech acts are associated with different
types of politeness, which has negative and positive
poles.
For example, sentences are inherently polite speech
acts, while orders are not. Relative politeness is
consistent with the norms of a particular culture or
language community. The context or situation of
communication greatly influences its implementation.
This relativity is what distinguishes people and explains
why they apply the principle of politeness in different
ways in their daily practice. In his opinion, politeness is
precisely the criterion for the ethics of people's speech
communication and the pragmatic factor on which
interpersonal interaction is based.
Starting from the principle of politeness, which Grice
suggested as an addition to his Principle of
Cooperation, he developed the Principle of Politeness
(PC) to explain what the Grice Principle of Cooperation
fails to cope with, namely, why people often violate the
maxims of verbal communication, for example, the
maxim manners of speech.
J. Leech offered his six maxims of the Politeness
Principle: Maxim Tact, Maxim Generosity, Maxim
Approval, Maxim Modesty, Maxim Consent, and
Maxim Sympathy. J. Leech places his maxims of
politeness on a graded scale of costs and benefits for
both interlocutors. The degree of tact or generosity
corresponds to certain speech acts, and can be
represented as a set of pragmatic scales that reflect
the number of choices of the addressee in favor of a
particular speech act to implement the desired or
intended action.
J. Leech offers the following pragmatic scales:
‒
Scale of indirectness, i.e. what is the proportion of
guesswork and assumptions;
- Distance scale of authority, or power;
‒
Scale of social distance, which describes the degree
of solidarity.
On the basis of these scales, the speaker can correlate
his own costs with the benefit that his statement will
bring to the addressee.
The maxims are not equal in importance and
importance for maintaining an adequate or desired
quality of communication. The author himself singles
out the maxim of tact and the maxim of approval as the
most significant in comparison with the maxim of
generosity or modesty, since, according to J. Leech,
the concept of politeness is more focused on the
addressee, and not on the speaker. Therefore, the first
part of the maxims turns out to be more important
than the second, since it is focused specifically on the
addressee, the “other”, and not on the “self”.
According to J. Leech, "negative politeness", i.e. the
desire to avoid disagreements is a preferred tactic
compared to "positive courtesy", i.e. seeking consent
[4].
A. Juker noted that the Leach model, although it raises
new questions, however, provides a methodology for
further research, since any other maxim can be
proposed to explain the use of language in any of the
cultures [5]. M. Locher believes that “maxims can be
used to explain a wide range of motivations for
showing politeness” [6. P. 66], in other words, why
people behave politely. J. O'Driscoll argues that J.
Leach fails to reveal the universality of the
phenomenon
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
18
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
15-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.689
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
politeness, but "Leach's maxims can be useful in
determining the cultural specificity of understanding
politeness" [7. 29]. Also, J. Leach's maxims can help
explain cross-cultural variations in the use of politeness
strategies [8]. As Brown and Levinson have pointed
out, cross-cultural variation will lie in the relative
importance given to one of these maxims by compared
with another [9]. So, for example, J. Leach suggests
that in Japanese the Maxim of Modesty prevails over
the Maxim of Consent, since Japanese customs do not
allow you to agree with the praise that others express
to you [4].
J. Leach considers politeness as a factor regulating
communication through a set of maxims as a factor
influencing the relationship between speaker and
listener. J. Leach develops his Politeness Principle to
complement Grice's PC in an attempt to explain cases
of PC violation in communication. He sees politeness as
a key pragmatic phenomenon for understanding not
only what people mean, but also why they deviate
from PC. In his work, J. Leach explains the relation of
his Principle of Politeness to the Principle of
Cooperation as follows.
According to P. Grice's Principle of Cooperation, a
person enters into a conversation, implying that the
addressee is ready and willing to cooperate. Therefore,
the Principle of Cooperation has the power to regulate
only what the speaker says. While the Politeness
Principle of J. Leach has a higher regulatory status, as
it is designed to maintain social balance and friendly
relations, which gives us the opportunity to assume
that all interlocutors will act in a spirit of cooperation.
Views of politeness from the standpoint of social
norms or the conversion contract appeal more to first-
order politeness, i.e. to what members of the speech
community think about polite behavior in ordinary
everyday communication, without answering the
question of why people behave politely in social
interaction, and what guides them. These are rather
linguopragmatic rules of effective communication for
the purpose of exchanging information, and they
cannot be considered as a scientific conceptualization
of the social and communicative phenomenon of
politeness.
REFERENCES
1.
Leech G. Principles of pragmatics. New York:
Longman, 1983. 5.
2.
Juker A. The relevance of Politeness //
Multilingua. 1988. No 7. Р. 375–
384
3.
Locher M. Power and politeness in action:
Disagreement in oral communication. Berlin:
Mouton de Gruyter, 2004.
4.
Obidovna,
D.
Z.
(2022).
GENDER
DIFFERENTIATION OF MASCULINE AND
FEMININE
VERBALIZATION.
European
International Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research and Management Studies, 2(05), 59-
65.
5.
Djalilova, Z. O. (2021). Studies on gender
linguistics in the field of Uzbek language.
Academic research in educational sciences,
2(3), 391-397.
6.
Obidovna, D. Z., & Sulaymonovich, D. S. (2022).
Physical activity and its impact on human
health and long
evity. Достижения науки и
образования, (2 (82)), 120
-126.
7.
Obidovna, D. Z., & Denis, S. (2021). Formulas of
speech etiquette in a gender-engineered
communication strategy. Central asian journal
of theoretical & applied sciences, 2(6), 5-11.
8.
Obidovna, D. Z. (2021). Comparative Analysis Of
Uzbek Men's And Women's Speech Through
The Prism Of Gender Linguistics. Central Asian
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
19
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
15-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.689
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
journal of literature, philosophy and culture,
2(2), 22-26.
9.
Obidovna, D. Z. (2022). Speech Behavior and its
Gender Specificity on the Basis of the Main
English Language Variants. Middle European
Scientific Bulletin, 22, 199-205.
10.
Obidovna, D. Z. (2021). Gender issues in foreign
theoretical linguistics: concerning the history
of the issue. Gender issues, 7(6).
11.
JALILOVA, Z. O. (2021, March). ON THE
FORMATION
OF
THE
LANGUAGE
OF
SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE IN THE HISTORY OF
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. In E-Conference
Globe (pp. 18-22).
12.
Jalilova, Z. O. (2020). Concerning the issue of
terms,
having
a
place
with
various
morphological classes (in view of the example
of the terminologial arrangement of social
action). Новый день в медицине, (4), 501
-503.
13.
Djalilova, Z. O., Juraev, S. S., & Kosimov, S. M.
(2021). LATIN AS A PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE
OF MEDICAL WORKERS. Международный
научно
-
практический электронный журнал
«МОЯ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНАЯ
КАРЬЕРА».
Выпуск № 23 (том 1)(апрель, 2021). Дата
выхода в свет: 30.04. 2021., 79.
14.
Джалилова, З. О., Хасанов, К. А., & Султонов,
А. А. (2021). Роль научного управления в
процессе
обучения
высококвалифицированных врачей в новом
Узбекистане. Молодой ученый, (26), 377
-379.
15.
Dzhalilova, Z. O. (2021). The Latin language's
international status. Молодой ученый, (41), 32
-
34.
16.
Dzhalilova, Z. O., & Mirfajziev, K. (2021). Latin as
the language of medicine. Молодой ученый,
(41), 35-37.
17.
Dzhalilova, Z. O., Izomova, S. G., & Ahmedova,
G. A. (2021). Intercultural communication and
the Latin language. Молодой ученый, (24),
398-400.
18.
Dzhalilova, Z. O. (2021). History of formation of
Latin language. Молодой ученый, (41), 34
-35.
19.
Obidovna, D. Z. (2022). GENDER SPEECH
BEHAVIOR IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SOCIO-
LINGUISTIC FACTOR. Web of Scientist:
International Scientific Research Journal, 3(6),
190-198.
20.
Dzhalilova, Z. O., Hajdarova, N. S., &
Tashpulatova, N. A. (2021). Latin in the
Contemporary World. Молодой ученый, (24),
400-402.
21.
Djalilova, Z. (2022). POLITENESS IN WOMEN’S
DISCOURSE
IN
ENGLISH
AND
UZBEK
LANGUAGES. Academic research in modern
science, 1(11), 29-34.
22.
Obidovna, D. Z., & Sulaymonovich, D. S. (2022).
THE CONCEPT OF" HEALTHY LIFESTYLE" IN
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH. ResearchJet
Journal of Analysis and Inventions, 3(06), 53-
64.
23.
Джалилова,
З.
(2022).
РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ
МАКСИМ ВЕЖЛИВОСТИ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ И
УЗБЕКСКОМ ДИАЛОГАХ. Zamonaviy dunyoda
innovatsion tadqiqotlar: Nazariya va amaliyot,
1(21), 22-33.
24.
Obidovna, D. Z. (2022). A Speech Etiquette
Formula for the Gender Communication
Strategy. American Journal of Social and
Humanitarian Research, 3(10), 44-50.
25.
Jo’rayev,
S.,
&
Djalilova,
Z.
(2022).
NEUROLOGICAL STATUS OF CHILDREN WITH
INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY.
26.
Djalilova, Z. (2022). DISCURSIVE ELEMENTS
AND THE CATEGORY OF POLITENESS.
Academic research in modern science, 1(12), 8-
14.
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
20
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
15-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.689
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
27.
Джалилова,
З.
О.
(2022).
НУТ
Қ
Ҳ
АРАКАТЛАРИДА
ХУШМУОМАЛАЛИКНИНГ
ГЕНДЕР ХУСУСИЯТЛАРИ. МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ
ЖУРНАЛ ИСКУССТВО СЛОВА, 5(5).
28.
Obidovna, D. Z. (2022). DISTINCTIVE FEATURES
OF MALE AND FEMALE ORAL SPEECH IN
MODERN ENGLISH. International Journal Of
Literature And Languages, 2(10), 14-21.
29.
Davlatova M.H. Aspectual variability of
informatiobn culture in the history of the
English language.-International Journal of
Integrated Education, Volume3, Issue III,March
2020.-P.34-38
30.
Davlatova, M. H. (2020). An Integrative history
of
Aspectual
meanings.
JournalNX-A
Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal,
Volume6, (4), 17-22.
31.
Davlatova M.H. Variability of Aspectual
Meanings in English.-European Journal of
Research and Reflection in Educational
Science, Volume.7 No.12.2019.-P.778-780
32.
Davlatova M.H. An Integrative history of
Aspectual
meanings.-JournalNX-A
Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal,
Volume 6, ISSUE 4, Apr.-2020.-P.17
33.
Давлатова, М.Х. The role of songs in learning
English. / Молодой ученый. –
2015.
–
№10. –
С.1145
-1147
34.
Zayniddinovna, T. N. (2021). The Image of the
Eastern Ruler in the Works of Christopher
Marlowe. Central Asian Journal Of Social
Sciences And History, 2(10), 10-14.
35.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. (2022). Lyrical Dialogue in
Shakespeare's Poems as a Reflection of
Renaissance Anthropocentrism and a Strong
Personality.
Middle
European
Scientific
Bulletin, 21, 120-125.
36.
Zayniddinovna, T. N. (2022). The Problem of “A
Strong Personality” in Shakespeare’Dramas:
Richard III and Macbeth. Middle European
Scientific Bulletin, 20, 7-10.
37.
Ташева, Н. З. (2022). КРИСТОФЕР МАРЛОУ
(ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫЙ
АНАЛИЗ):
ТАМЕРЛЕН
ВЕЛИКИЙ
КАК
ТИП
ЛИЧНОСТИ
ВОСТОЧНОГО ПРАВИТЕЛЯ. Eurasian Journal
of Academic Research, 2(2), 234-239.
38.
Zayniddinovn, T. N., & Sharofiddinovich, S. S.
(2021). General cultural and educational values
of ancient-classic latin language. Central Asian
Journal Of Theoretical & Applied Sciences, 2(5),
77-80.
39.
Zayniddinovna, T. N. (2021). The Image of the
Eastern Ruler in the Works of Christopher
Marlowe. CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY, 2 (10), 10-14.
40.
Zayniddinovna, T. N. (2022). THE CHARACTER
OF STRONG PERSONALITY ACCORDINGLY
WITH EASTERN THEMATICS IN CHRISTOPHER
MARLOWE’S PLAY" TAMBURLAINE THE
GREAT". International Journal Of Literature
And Languages, 2(08), 9-14.
41.
nafisa Zayniddinovna, T. (2022). Lexico-
Semantic Word Production as a Way of
Forming Theater Terminology of the English
Language. American Journal of Social and
Humanitarian Research, 3(10), 144-150.
