Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
10
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
10-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.689
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In the article, one of the most widely used types of artistic transfer in poetry - synecdoche, its place and appearance
in poetry, and its aesthetic functionality are studied on the example of the poetry of Rauf Parfi, Askar Mahkam, Nodira
Afokova, created in different social environments. Also, the use of synecdoche in mixed forms, metaphor, syncretism
with synecdoche and its peculiarities are described.
KEYWORDS
Syneldoche, metonymy, metaphorical thinking, transfer of meaning, metaphor, irony, poetic speech, metaphor,
synecdoche.
INTRODUCTION
The dictionary meaning of any word expands and
develops as a result of the transfer of a sign, action,
property to another object with similar properties. The
semantic laws of each language, which determine such
a development of the transfer of meaning, are directly
related to artistic creativity.
Research Article
THE ROLE OF METONYMIC TRANSFER AND SYNCEDOXES IN LYRICAL
IMAGERY
Submission Date:
September 08, 2022,
Accepted Date:
September 15, 2022,
Published Date:
September 24, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijp/Volume02Issue09-03
Zebo Uralovna Berdieva
TerSU an independent researcher at the «Uzbek Literature» department, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijp
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
11
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
10-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.689
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In the transfer of meaning through metonymy (from
the Greek metonymia - "renaming"), the name of one
sign, action is not based on similarity to another, but is
based on interrelationship, dependence.
In addition to metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and
function, there is also a mixed use of meaning transfer.
This phenomenon also applies to metonymy:
metaphor-metonymy,
metonymy-synecdoche
transfers are common both in oral speech and in
fiction. According to the Dictionary of Literary Studies,
meionymy is rare compared to metaphor in literary
literature, especially in modern literature where
metaphorical thinking is leading, because it is inferior
to metaphor in terms of aesthetic functionality.
Nevertheless, when used side by side with a metaphor
in an artistic text, it gives a great artistic effect, serves
to express the idea clearly and effectively.
In the "Dictionary of Literary Terms" it is said that
metonymy is "a metaphorical expression based on the
proximity between two concepts", and in another
literary dictionary it is defined as follows: "unparalleled
migration based on the proximity between two
concepts." In metonymy, the name of something or an
event is transferred to another, it is represented by
another name, but this naming is not based on the
similarity between objects or things, but on the
proximity and connection between them. In this
respect, metonymy differs from metaphor.
Based on the above definitions, if we generalize the
concepts of metonymy, we will come to the following
conclusion. Therefore, metonymy is a transfer of
meaning, that is, a type of metaphor, based on the
connection between two things, events, but there is no
similarity or closeness between them in terms of form
and content. For example, blue (sky, green, color,
currency (dollar).
There are the following forms of transfer by
metonymy:
1) The name of one subject is transferred to another
subject in the same subject:
I listen to Istanbul with my eyes closed
A gentle breeze blows from the front
It slowly shakes
The leaves are on the trees
Far far away
The incessant chatter of the meshkobchi
I listen to Istanbul with my eyes closed.
This excerpt from the poem of the Turkish poet Orhun
Veli describes the lifestyle of Istanbul in the last
century, the living conditions of the people living in the
city, their thoughts, worries and sufferings. The author,
striving for brevity, omits the word city. It omits
redundant information known to the reader. Usually, it
is
method is specific to oral speech. For example, the
phrase "I went to Tashkent city" is used in the style "I
went to Tashkent" and this is considered a normal
norm for our speech. Because such a method makes
the speech concise, the thought concise and effective.
The first line of the poem uses metaphor (I listen to
Istanbul) and metonymy (I listen to Istanbul). Although
the word "city" is omitted in the first, it is understood
in the context, and in the second, listening is actually a
sound, echoing object, or a characteristic of people
transferred to "city".
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
12
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
10-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.689
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
It's like a stranger to the world
I will fly to the tip of the Indian mountain.
It gets into my head
Owner of the deserted world.
In the paragraph, the similarity of the words
"mountain" and "taq" is used as a word game, the top
of the mountain is a metaphor, in which the word
"peak" is equated to a finger, creating the art of litota.
When he says the inside of the pen, the poet does not
mean the human head, but the brain, which is a part of
it, and expresses the whole through a fragment,
creating an example of synecdoche. Although the
action of "entering" is usually used for living things, it
is also used in speech in the form of a figurative
compound with emotional-expressive coloring, such as
thorn in the leg, soul entered, mind entered, esi
entered.
Be it a poet or a prose writer, no one refused
metonymy or periphrasis, and among such literary
principles (methods) are known from very early times
to the present day. it seemed like a solid. Along with
them, new ones will appear and they will undoubtedly
decorate the pages of works about the literary oddities
of our time in the future, writes Jan Parandovsky.
According to him, metonymy, periphrasis, social
system like metaphor, regardless of what the
dominant ideology is, there is a commonality
characteristic of the poetry of all ages, metonymy was
born in the times when man began to think.
When metonymy is interpreted as irony, it shows that
it is more common in the culture of primitive peoples
than in mature civilizations. Because in the shelter of
metaphors, sarcasm, jokes, words that should not be
mentioned are hidden, and the concepts they express
are hidden and masked beyond recognition.
People refrained from mentioning the names of wild
animals, natural disasters, diseases and death. In some
tribes, similar traditions have been preserved to this
day, including the fact that everything related to the
head of the tribe cannot be said clearly, and the
ingenuity and creativity of hints, signs, and creativity
sometimes reach the level of Brownian complexity.
Metaphor enriches poetic speech, allows to express
the attitude of the poet to the object of the image. If
simile, qualification, metaphor, revitalization are also
types of metaphors, metonymy, exaggeration,
synecdoche, periphrasis, irony, antiphrase, sarcasm are
considered mixed metaphors.
Let the moon shine in the nights of Jazba
I am a dream that knows the way.
I am no one else.
One mighty voice sword
I don't give a shit.
I buried in my throat. I'm quiet.
Don't be rude, slander, and slander
When the city is bathed in cheering flowers;
Chewing their tongues, my friends are helpless,
Poison when my penny pours into my cup;
Muddying pure souls,
The devil's host when the flag is raised;
The soul that becomes a spectator,
Friends upside down while standing
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
13
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
10-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.689
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
I left.
The poem is about a person whose heart is filled with
injustice, oppression, and injustice, who has not seen
any consequences from his friends and brothers, who
has understood and admitted that no one can rely on
him but himself, who is used to this misfortune, who
was defeated in the fight and had to retreat, who is full
of hatred, who turned away from his friends when he
expected help from them . It shows the tyranny of a
powerful force that kills the voice buried in the throat.
The image of a despicable city welcoming obscenity,
stinging, obscenity, slander is reflected. A synecdoche
is revealed through the word city, not the city, but the
cowardly, inconsequential false friends who live in it
serve the enemy. He even joins the enemy and poisons
him, only this poison is poured into the hero's coin.
Poison is also used here in a symbolic sense. Poison -
ignorance, treachery, cowardice, selfishness. Friends
who chew their tongues - when does a person chew his
tongue? Either from the intensity of pain or from the
strength of fear. Apparently, fake friends belong to the
second category. The devil's army is an individual
metaphor, another representation of friends carrying a
flag, and the flag is a sign of victory. There must be
strength to raise a flag, and as long as the demon gang
is carrying a flag in the city, it means that it is a people
full of power and power and has united almost the
entire city's people around it.
Metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and other
metaphors created a vivid picture of the artistic idea
presented in the poem, the thought the author wanted
to convey, and the pain burning in the heart of the
lyrical hero.
Is heaven in place?
Where are the rains?
Where did he hide his lightning?
Neglected flowers in the season of revenge...
Leaves pierced by ants.
Who is responsible for these flowers?
Tell me, people from "Analhaq", tell me!
In the poem that sold the ambassador for three
coins,
Those who killed the poet, tell me!
Night, throw your curtains over my eyes.
How good is this blind help!
I'm so weak...
I'm afraid
To look at neglected flowers...
It is not in vain that the lyrical hero asks where the sky
is, where are the lightnings. The oppression has
reached such a level that the sky has moved. The folk
proverb, "When the sky is in your hands, leave it" is
reflected in the poem in a different form. Usually, when
someone overdoes oppression, the oppressed is
forced to say this proverb. Lightning is a symbol of
revenge, but it is also lost. After all, there are only
cowards left around. That is why the flowers are
neglected, their leaves are pierced by ants. The flowers
and ants used in the poem are figurative images, and
they are a generalized image of certain categories of
people in society. Those who have fallen from
"Analhaq" are bigoted ignorant and unenlightened
people who do not recognize and do not recognize the
truth The poet, who mentioned that in history, Mansuri
Halloj was brutally executed with various slanders and
accusations without realizing his identity, compares
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
14
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
10-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.689
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the reality in a metaphorical way. A metaphor can be a
word, an image, a line, a poem, or even a work. In this
poem, the metaphor covers the entire work. Selling the
messenger-prophet for three coins is a reference to the
fate of the prophet Jesus. One of the apostles next to
Jesus sells the prophet for thirty-three coins. It was
also told in L. Andreev's work "Judas Iscariot" written
in 1908, and this story was skillfully translated into
Uzbek by N. Afaqova. Those who killed and shot the
poet are cruel, executioners, people drowning in error,
who killed Mashrab, Qadiri, and Cholpans. The lyrical
hero does not want to live among such people, he
cannot breathe the same air with them. That's why he
begs, "Night, throw your curtains over my eyes." The
veil of night is darkness and nothing can be seen in it.
The lyrical hero also does not want to see h devil army.
Curtains of the night - metaphor, revealing the curtain
- diagnosis, metaphor, synecdoche. He wants not only
not to see, but also not to hear, not to feel. In Askar
Mahkam's works, social motives and the soul are
combined in a strange way, metaphoricity covers the
entire poem when the poet writes, no matter what
period, what event, what human painful experience he
writes. In the poems of Askar Mahkam, the metaphor
is so thick and wide that it is impossible to separate the
work from it. The poem "I spent one day in Bukhara"
describes the worst injuries of yesterday and today.
The poet asks more questions not to people, but to the
towers of Bukhara with his open hand to the sky, he
seeks Bukhara from Bukhara. But he can't find it,
because the ones he loved, missed, and honored are no
longer in this holy land. This is how the poet expresses
the reason for this.
I asked people from Bukharai Sharif.
"They are living!" said Bukharai Sharif.
They are living
the dog in the madrasa
a puppy in the house
statues in the mosque
and feed themselves.
Of course they live well!
I asked people from Bukharai Sharif.
"They are living!" said Bukharai Sharif.
"Ya-sha-shyap-ti!..." he said suddenly.
The reality that emerges through the unique
appearance of metonymy is forced by the ignorance of
the people, the fact that they live in silence, seeing that
they are trampling on their holy places, centers of
knowledge, and temples. The phenomenon of the poet
clearly shows this oppression, anger, and suffering.
The poet reveals the idea he wants to express in an
unexpected way by means of metonymy. that in order
to lose a nation it is not necessary to exterminate it, it
must be separated from its mother tongue, religion,
belief, Yesterday's past proves that it is possible to turn
a group of morally wounded people into a mob by
forcing them to forget their history, and that it is easy
to control such a large group of slaves.
R. Parfi's "Eyes of Dilorom" is a love story consisting of
three sonnets, both in terms of form and content, and
is one of the unique works not only in the poet's work,
but also in the history of our literature.
Your eyes were very sad,
As if a pathless forest sheds leaves,
A verse of whispers in the black flame,
I long to listen to your eyes.
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
15
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
10-15
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.689
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
"pathless forest", "black flame" represents the
sadness in the heart in the eyes of a beautiful and
graceful woman. Just like the fallen leaves, the
woman's gaze is painful, and the hero listens to her
longingly. The poet synthesizes the painting with
poetry, and this situation is visible in the eyes of the
cinematographe
The world is different for everyone,
Thoughts of the mercantile affairs of existence.
It was as if the stars were twinkling
They burn the eternity of the soul...
In fact, everyone sees the world with his own eyes,
measures with his own yardstick, and everyone thinks
differently. When the lyrical hero sees the stars
twinkling in the blue that he wants, he fills with a sad
thought about eternal mental anguish - love trade.
The period of independence in modern Uzbek poetry is
marked by artistic movement, including increased
activity of metonymy and synecdoche, a direct change
in the social system, opening a wide path to contacts
with world literature, increasing globalization in the
age of fast information, new words related to religion,
art, literature to our national language (names of
works of art, historical , the introduction of the names
of legendary, literary heroes) is explained.
REFERENCES
1.
Afokova N. Arosat season. - Bukhara, "Bukhara"
publishing house., 2004, p. 23.
2.
Akhmedova H. Green. NMIU of Uzbekistan,
2016.168 p.
3.
Military Court. Right. Election. Dushanbe, Adib,
1998. p. 284
4.
Parfi R. Sakina. - T.: "Muharrir", 2013. - 376 p.
5.
Parfi R. Don't be elected. T.: Akademnashr, 2013.-
432 p.
6.
Ulugbek Hamdam. Rebellion against God. T.,
"Generation of the New Century", 2001. 24 p.
