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To'xtasinova Zarina
Doctoral student of Karshi State University
ORCID:0009-0004-8641-1704
E-mail: zarinatuhtasinova7@gmail.com
LEXICAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ONLINE TRADE TERMINOLOGY IN
THE FIELD OF LOGISTICS
Annotation
: The logistics industry is developing globally, and its terminology is also constantly
being updated and improved. The linguistic features of logistics terms are mainly based on
English, which is a result of globalization and the expansion of international trade networks. The
rapid development of e-commerce and digital trade has led to the expansion of specialized
logistics terminology. This article presents a lexical-semantic classification of online trade
terminology in the logistics industry, classifying terms according to their functional, contextual
and semantic properties. The study aims to facilitate a better understanding, standardization and
automation of logistics-related communication.
Key words:
logistics, e-commerce, terminology, lexical-semantic classification, supply chain,
online trade, cargo.
Annotatsiya
: Logistika sanoati global miqyosda rivojlanmoqda va uning terminologiyasi ham
doimiy ravishda yangilanib, takomillashtirilmoqda. Logistika atamalarining lingvistik
xususiyatlari asosan ingliz tiliga asoslanadi, bu globallashuv va xalqaro savdo tarmoqlarining
kengayishi natijasidir. Elektron tijorat va raqamli savdoning jadal rivojlanishi ixtisoslashtirilgan
logistika terminologiyasining kengayishiga olib keldi. Ushbu maqola logistika sohasidagi onlayn
savdo terminologiyasining leksik-semantik tasnifini taqdim etadi, atamalarni funktsional,
kontekstual va semantik xususiyatlariga ko'ra tasniflaydi. Tadqiqot logistika bilan bog'liq aloqani
yaxshiroq tushunish, standartlashtirish va avtomatlashtirishni osonlashtirishga qaratilgan.
Kalit so'zlar:
logistika, elektron tijorat, terminologiya, leksik-semantik tasnif, ta'minot zanjiri,
onlayn savdo, yuk.
Аннотация
:Логистическая отрасль развивается глобально, и ее терминология также
постоянно обновляется и совершенствуется. Лингвистические особенности логистических
терминов в основном основаны на английском языке, что является результатом
глобализации и расширения международных торговых сетей. Быстрое развитие
электронной
коммерции
и
цифровой
торговли
привело
к
расширению
специализированной логистической терминологии. В данной статье представлена
лексико-семантическая классификация терминологии онлайн-торговли в сфере логистики,
классифицирующая термины в соответствии с их функциональными, контекстуальными и
семантическими свойствами. Целью исследования является содействие лучшему
пониманию, стандартизации и автоматизации коммуникации, связанной с логистикой.
Ключевые слова:
логистика, электронная коммерция, терминология, лексико-
семантическая классификация, цепочка поставок, онлайн-торговля, груз.
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Today, one of the pressing issues for Uzbek linguistics is the linguistic study of logistics terms in
the relatively new field of knowledge and practical activity. Because the study of logistics terms
is associated with the expansion of cooperation between Uzbekistan and foreign companies and
the increase in communications in this area. This terminological system is developing rapidly,
which necessitates its study. Until now, there is a problem of the emergence of new terms, their
ambiguity, synonymy, homonymy, assimilation and translation.
Despite the extensive work carried out, some tasks remain unresolved. One of them is the
systematization of logistics terms and their description.
This is of great practical importance, since logistics is aimed at increasing the efficiency of
microeconomic systems, including reducing transport costs. In particular, our country, being one
of the countries supplying agricultural products to the world market, is significantly increasing
the share of transport costs in gross domestic product. The development of transport logistics,
despite the fact that it inevitably leads to an increase in the number of logistics companies and
specialists in this field, the quality of transportation and other transport logistics services, as well
as the effectiveness of the use of logistics approaches and principles, is still at a relatively low
level. This is due not only to the low rates of economic development, the poor quality of roads
and other infrastructure, climatic conditions, but also to the shortage of logistics specialists.
Therefore, the need for qualified specialists in our country, including those with linguistic
literacy, is extremely high. In addition to economic knowledge, logisticians must know the
conditions for effective implementation of their professional activities and adequate
communication. In addition, the importance and necessity of training highly qualified personnel
can be seen in the growing interest in the logistics profession.
The logistics sector, as a new field of knowledge, has significantly improved the transport sector,
which has existed for a long time. For example, logistics has combined transport functions with
the functions of other departments - accounting, inventory management, legal support, which has
led to faster and more efficient customer service.
The impact of globalization can be seen in the fact that English has become the dominant
language in the field of logistics, and the United States has become a leading country in the
scientific research and practical application of logistics. Logistics terminology does not have
significant regional differences in Europe and the United States, which confirms their unity,
internationality and uniformity. Globalization has also led to the absence of national or regional
scientific schools - scientific schools of logistics have not yet been formed in English-speaking
countries.
The field of logistics has been identified as intersecting with twelve areas of knowledge:
management, commercial activities, marketing, accounting, price analysis, international relations
(included in economics); transport, computer science, technology, mechanical engineering
(included in technology); law and mathematics. As V. M. Lejchik describes, this fact confirms
that the terminological system of logistics is formed according to the principle of association,
which in turn leads to the formation of a set of terms that combine the achievements of complex
areas of knowledge.
The selection of terminological areas was also carried out in accordance with the theory of A. I.
Smirnitsky, according to which each specific thematic area is filled only with terms specific to
this topic.
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Then, nine terminological areas were distinguished: "purchasing management", "logistics
support for production", "order management", "transport", "warehousing and cargo handling",
"stock management", "information support", "logistics systems management" and "supply chain
management".
These terminological areas correspond to the structure of the system of logistics concepts
described by foreign and domestic logistics specialists, which confirms the consistency of
English logistics terminology.
The object of logistics control is the direction. Therefore, the main group of logistics terms is the
terms direction: material direction, information direction, financial direction, service direction,
main direction, accompanying direction. In this case, it is necessary to clarify the meaning of the
term "route" in logistics. It is not a "moving mass", but "a set of objects perceived as a single
whole ..." or "a set of relatively homogeneous economic elements moving from a source of
origin (production) to a destination (consumption)."
The term "direction" in the logistic sense is not present, for example, in the largest encyclopedic
edition on organizational management, where the direction has only a financial interpretation.
The absence of the term "direction" in certain dictionaries of A.N. Rodnikov. makes it difficult to
correctly understand the content of certain types of directions (material, information, financial
and service directions).
The management object allocated by logistics requires the study of the application of various
operations and processes to this specific object, which determines the need to distinguish the
following group of terms. Logistics studies the features of processes related to the direction.
Therefore, operational terms are directly based on the group of terms of the direction. The fact
that this or that generally recognized term is preceded by the qualification "logistics" is justified
only if a new meaning of this term appears when working with the direction. All terms of the
operational group, in fact, are logistics is considered, because addressing the direction, functions,
processes and cycles of work requires a fresh look at their content and new results of scientific
research.
Direction management requires the implementation of management functions (forecasting,
planning, organizing, controlling, analyzing, regulating, motivating) that are possible only in
certain organizational structures. This requires the formation of a group of structural terms in
logistics.
The terms that form the logistics structure include: logistics link, logistics chain, logistics
channel, logistics network, logistics system, micrologistics system, macrologistics system,
mesological system, logistics element.
Operational and structural terms forming groups of directions are the basis of logistics
terminology. The remaining terms used in logistics are based on them.
These are groups of generalizing and applied terms.
Although logistics and supply chain management are different scientific fields with independent
objects and research topics, the terms "supply chain", "supply chain management", "logistics
coordination related to supply chain management" have been included in the logistics dictionary
by many authors, currently these two areas of management are closely related to each other in
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scientific research. Thus, the groups of terms "directional", "operational", "structural" and
"generalizing" form the main class of logistics terms.
-Logistics– Planning and execution of efficient goods movement.
- Supply Chain Management (SCM) – End-to-end flow of goods and information.
- Warehousing – Storage and inventory management.
- Freight– Goods transported in bulk.
- Cargo– Shipped commodities.
- Maritime Shipping- Containerization, FCL (Full Container Load), LCL (Less than Container
Load), Bill of Lading (B/L)
- Air Freight-Air Waybill (AWB), IATA regulations
- Land Transport: FTL (Full Truckload), LTL (Less than Truckload), Intermodal
- Last-Mile Delivery– Final step to the consumer.
- Dropshipping– Direct shipping from supplier to buyer.
- FBA (Fulfillment by Amazon)– Amazon’s warehousing & shipping service.
- 3PL (Third-Party Logistics)– Outsourced logistics services.
- Incoterms- EXW (Ex Works), FOB (Free on Board), CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight), DDP
(Delivered Duty Paid)
- Customs Clearance – Regulatory approval for imports/exports.
- HS Code (Harmonized System)– Standardized product classification.
- Palletization – Unitizing goods on pallets.
- Dunnage – Protective material for cargo.
- HAZMAT (Hazardous Materials) – Regulated dangerous goods.
The conditions for their use depend on the content of the main terms. Such connections of
concepts and terms reflect the process of integration flow in modern business. According to
some scientists, the terminological apparatus of logistics has not yet been fully formed.
Others, including A.N. Sterligov, believe that the terminological system of logistics in English
can be considered largely formed, despite the fact that most of the terms come from other fields
of knowledge.
The formation of logistics terminology in the Uzbek language is an urgent task today. The study
of the problems of forming the English terminology of logistics as a new science is of particular
importance for optimizing Russian logistics terminology.
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According to the overwhelming majority of experts, words and terms that have entered the
Russian language from English today need to be standardized and unified in order to prevent the
appearance of unnecessary doublets.
A term with a complex internal semantic structure is a single, independently named unit. A term
(including scientific and technical terms and terms of organizational and administrative
documents) is a unit of any natural or artificial language (word, phrase, abbreviation, sign, word
combination and combination of letters, signs, words and numbers-symbols). ) having a special
terminological meaning, formed spontaneously or as a result of a special conscious collective
agreement, which can be expressed in oral form or in one or another formalized form, and which
very clearly and completely reflects the main features of the corresponding concept, which is
important at a certain level of development of science and technology.
A term is a word that is necessarily associated with a certain unit of the corresponding logical-
conceptual system in terms of content. A.A. Reformatsky defines terms as "unambiguous words
devoid of expressiveness." MM. Glushko states that "a term is a word or expression that, due to
the presence of a strict and precise definition, has clear semantic boundaries and, therefore, is
used to express concepts and denote objects that are not unambiguous in the corresponding
classification system".
The main requirement for a term is its unambiguousness. In general, this requirement is
implemented in two ways, since there are two categories of terms: 1) general scientific and
general technical terms and 2) special (nomenclature) terms. General scientific and general
technical terms express general concepts of science and technology.
Terms exist not only in the language, but also as part of a specific terminology. Terminology, as
a system of scientific terms, is a subsystem in the general lexical system of the language. A.A.
Reformatsky states that "terminology is a system of concepts of a particular science, fixed in the
corresponding verbal expression". If in common language (outside of certain terminology) a
word is ambiguous, then, falling into a certain terminology, it acquires a single meaning. M.Ya.
Blok speaks of the need to strictly separate the meanings of ordinary, everyday use and the
meanings of professional use. Words with ordinary meanings are associated with the visual
image of the concepts behind the names and "are not and cannot be a complete reflection of the
concepts that correspond to them in themselves." Unlike ordinary meanings, professional-
scientific meanings are “defined in detail in any field of professional activity (scientific or
applied) and therefore reflect a scientific or applied concept” and “a word that forms a concept in
the indicated sense, that is, a professionally defined term.
Such a multifaceted phenomenon as a term is included in various classifications - according to
logical, linguistic, scientific and other principles. Therefore, there are many different
classifications proposed by different scientists. These classifications, in their totality,
characterize the place and role of terms in the scientific, economic, political, managerial and
other spheres of activity of modern society.
Let us dwell on the classification of terms. One of them is V.S. Vinogradov. He distinguishes
between category terms, general scientific and general technical terms, interdisciplinary terms,
special terms. However, according to a number of experts, general scientific terms are actually
not terms. The semantics of general scientific and interdisciplinary terms can change in each
individual field of knowledge, acquiring specific additional elements (semases) of meaning.
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Let's compare: method
1) general scientific term - method, 2) interdisciplinary term - analytical method, 3) specific
scientific term - logistic method.
A very large number of highly specialized terms are distinguished - a type of terms that denote
the concepts of objects of different levels of the hierarchy, the signs of these objects, the
meanings of signs, aspects of considering objects.
There are several general linguistic and private linguistic classifications of terms. First of all, this
is a classification according to the formal structure of the term. The general application of the
method of structural analysis was given by B.N. Golovin. The scientist conducts a general
classification of terms according to their morphological and syntactic structure. He distinguishes
two types of terms: term-word, term-phrase. According to the morphemic structure of the word,
non-derivative, derivative, complex terms-words and abbreviations are distinguished.
We divide logistics terms into:
- monosyllabic terms: "layout" (omborni qayta tiklash), "production" (ishlab chiqarish),
"cheduling" (dispetcherlik xizmati)
- complex (“functional layout” (omborning funksional rejasi), “group layout” (omborni maxsus
mutaxassislik bo‘yicha ishlab chiqarilgan qismlarga tartibga solish), “line production” (qisman
ishlab chiqarish), “mass production” (ommaviy ishlab chiqarish), “back scheduling” ( ishlarni
tugatish sanasi ishlab kalendar reja olib borish), "forward scheduling" (ishlarni boshlanish sanasi
ishlab kalendar reja kiritish).
In turn, complex terms are divided into the following terminological constructions:
-Two-component "activity planning " (faoliyatni rejlashtirish), "bufer fond" (rezerv);
- Three-component ("manufacturing control system" (sochma yuk uchun konteyner),
"manufacturing control system" (ishlab chiqarishni nazorat tizimi), "procurement order
registration" (yetkazib berishni nazorat qilish tizimi);
- Multi-component ("automated guided vehicle system "(avtomatik o’ziyurar aravachalar ombori
tizimi), "good flow control system" (tovar harakatini boshqarish tizizmi).
Many English logistics terms are complex two-component terms, which, when written separately,
consist of two nominal roots (an unstable compound word). Compare: delivery order - an order
for the delivery of goods; warehouse - a check. Logistics terms are formed mainly by the
affixless method, have almost no basic structure and their compression, but conversion and
reduction are widespread.
There is also a classification by the structure of the content, which allows us to distinguish
between monosemantic terms and polysemantic terms, that is, terms that have two or more
meanings within the same terminological system. This classification may apply to logistics terms,
since polysemy is a characteristic feature of the terminology of this field. The problem of
acquiring new meanings for existing terms is especially common in new fields, including the
logistics field, where polysemantic terms have more than two meanings.
For example, in logistics, the terms "market" and "receipt" have the most meanings. Such
occurrence of lexical-semantic variants is a characteristic feature of the developing
terminological system.
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A new direction in the study of terms was proposed by such scientists as R.G. Piotrovsky, N.P.
Rahubo, M.S. Khajinskaya. As a result of analyzing the use of terms in texts, a classification is
used that distinguishes high-frequency, medium-frequency and low-frequency terms. This
classification has great advantages for assessing logistics terms. Based on it, we can draw
conclusions about which tasks are priority for which science, and which are auxiliary. The
frequency of use of individual terms reflects the level of development of science and the social
structure at a certain stage. For example, “product” (mahsulot), “order” (buyurtma) the terms are
of high frequency and are related to the main functions of logistics, “stock” va “planning”
(regalashtirish) medium frequency and “outsourcing” (uchinchi tomonni jalb qilish) and
“monitoring” (nazorat qilish) are low-frequency terms, which can be explained by their recent
appearance.
Russian linguist and terminologist V.M. Leichik proposed a classification of terms by their
nomenclature and object from the point of view of their content. In each field of knowledge and
activity, lists of objects are unique. In general, they can be represented as follows: science,
technology, production (forming the "technical basis" of modern society); economic basis
(production relations); infrastructure, including socio-political relations, art, mass
communications, etc. The main disadvantage of applying this approach to logistics terminology
is that the boundary between the terms allocated for the nomenclature of the object is not quite
stable, since terms from different fields can enter the terminology of one field. Logistics
terminology intersects with the following fields of knowledge: management, transport,
commercial activities, technology, mechanical engineering, marketing, international economic
relations, law, mathematics, computer science, accounting, physics.
Let's compare: Politics: public ownership - state ownership, redistribution of income -
redistribution of profits;
Management: economic stock - economic reserve; gross requirements - general needs;
Mechanical engineering: automated guided vehicle system - automated guided vehicle system,
multi purpose vessel - multi-purpose vessel;
Law: inspection certificate - accounting inspection, lease - leasing;
Mathematics and computer science: rate - proportion, uniform product code - universal product
code.
Separately, for the logistics dictionary, the classification by terminological niches proposed by A.
K. Kuptsova is often used. This classification is based on the method of V.M. Leichik. Kuptsova
distinguishes three micro-areas "flow", "operation", "structure" that are interconnected in a
certain hierarchical system. They occupy a certain object of logistics. All terms are divided into
these three groups. The most common subgeneric and special terms are included in
terminological cells. Terminological cells are terms that have the most terms or expressions
formed from them syntactically or morphologically. In logistics, they are represented by such
terms as “product”, “order”, “stock”, “planning”. As a result of the analysis of the above
classifications, Golovin’s classification according to the structure of terms was taken as the basis
in this work. The choice was due to the fact that the use of structural analysis helps to divide all
logistics terms into two large groups (single-component and multi-component terms). The
presence of these groups is the main feature that allows us to talk about the systematic nature of
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terminology. Thus, it seems possible to consider the terminology of a new field of knowledge as
a system of linguistic units and determine the most convenient ways to translate these units from
English into Uzbek.
References:
1. Anikin B.A. Logistics. M., 1999. - P. 32.
2. Glushko M.M. Functional style of public language and methods of its research. M., 2004. -
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3. Kapanadze L.A. On the concepts of “term” and “terminology”. Development of the
vocabulary of the modern Russian language. M., 2005. - P. 75 - 86.
4. Komissarov V.N. Theory of translation (linguistic aspects): Prok. in-t and for the truth.
foreign language. M., 1990.
5. Kuptsova A.K. Analysis of the terminological system of a new field of knowledge (logistics).
M., 2007. - P.34-37.
6. Kuptsova A.K. Interpretation (Economics and Business). English. M., 2013. - B.100.
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8. Smirnitsky A.I. Lexicology of the English language. M.: MGU, 1998. - P. 17.
9. Sergeeva V.I. Corporate logistics. 300 answers to professional questions. M., 2004. - P. 96.
10. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1990. - P. 57.
11. Reformatsky A.A. What is a term and terminology. M., 2000. - B.9
12. Tatarinov V. A. General terminology: encyclopedic dictionary. M., 2006. - P. 8.
