INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR
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EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS INTESTINAL INFECTIONS BY FECAL-ORAL
MECHANISM
Axmedov Avazbek Aliyevich
Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health
Fergana, Uzbekistan
Abstract
: This article analyzes the current epidemiological status of intestinal infections
transmitted through the fecal-oral mechanism, the causes of disease spread, and preventive
measures. Based on statistical data from Uzbekistan and global sources, the factors contributing to
the spread of these diseases and their relationship with socio-hygienic conditions are highlighted.
Keywords:
fecal-oral route, intestinal infections, epidemiological analysis, water quality,
sanitation, hygiene.
INTRODUCTION
Intestinal infections remain prevalent primarily in areas where the population’s standard of living
is low, sanitation and hygiene practices are underdeveloped, and access to clean drinking water
and sewage systems is inadequate. Like most infectious diseases, intestinal infections also exhibit
seasonality. The microorganisms that cause acute intestinal infections tend to multiply more
rapidly in warm conditions.
These infections are caused by a variety of pathogens. Depending on the type of causative agent,
diseases such as typhoid fever, salmonellosis, dysentery, yersiniosis, rotavirus, and enterovirus
infections tend to occur more frequently during the summer months. Several factors contribute to
this seasonal increase.
On hot days, excessive consumption of unboiled water may reduce the concentration of
hydrochloric acid in the stomach, thereby weakening the div's immunobiological defenses and
accelerating the infection process. Consuming poorly stored food, unwashed fresh fruits, or being
in contact with individuals infected with intestinal infections increases the risk of transmission.
Additionally, swimming in open water bodies and ingestion of contaminated water, as well as
mechanical transmission through flies, further facilitate the spread of these diseases.
MАTЕRIАLS АND MЕTHОDS
Comparative Epidemiological and Bacteriological Report on Acute Intestinal Infections in
Fergana City for the Period 2020–2024 (First Four Months)
Based on the comparative epidemiological data from 2020 to 2024 regarding acute intestinal
infections in Fergana city, the following trends were observed:
In 2020, the total number of acute intestinal infections was 105 cases, with an incidence rate of
36.6 per 100,000 population. Among children, the absolute number of cases was also 105, with an
incidence rate of 142.7.
In 2021, the total number of cases was 108, with an incidence rate of 37.4, including 108 child
cases and a corresponding incidence rate of 148.1.
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Specifically, salmonellosis cases in 2020 totaled 8, with an incidence rate of 2.8, including 8 cases
among children (incidence rate: 11.1). In 2024, salmonellosis decreased to 5 total cases (incidence
rate: 1.7), including 2 cases in children (incidence rate: 2.7).
Etiologically confirmed intestinal infections (code 008) in 2020 accounted for 99 total cases, with
an incidence rate of 98.0, all of which occurred in children (99 cases, incidence rate: 99.0). In
2024, the number increased to 108 cases, with both general and pediatric incidence rates at 100.0.
Unspecified intestinal infections (code 009) in 2020 included 2 cases (incidence rate: 2.0), all in
children. By 2024, no cases of this type were reported.
Dysentery was reported in 2020 with 1 case (incidence rate: 0.3), occurring in a child (incidence
rate: 1.4). In 2024, no dysentery cases were recorded.
Overall, the incidence of acute intestinal infections decreased by 39.3% in 2020 and by 4.1% in
2016.
RESULTS
Concept and Significance
The fecal-oral route is the primary transmission pathway for these infections, involving
contaminated drinking water, improperly stored or unwashed food, poor personal hygiene, and
commonly used household items. Pathogens such as Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., and
Rotaviruses are commonly transmitted through this route (UNICEF, 2023).
Global Scale
According to WHO, in 2022, more than 1.7 billion cases of intestinal infections were reported
worldwide, with over 370,000 deaths among children (WHO, 2023).
Uzbekistan
According to the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan in 2023, the highest incidence rates were
observed in Fergana Valley, Kashkadarya, and Surkhandarya regions due to high population
density and poor water quality.
Transmission Factors and Socio-Hygienic Conditions
Major contributing factors include decentralized or polluted water sources, street food, inadequate
sanitation in educational institutions, and poor handwashing practices.
Disease Consequences and Social Impact
These infections especially affect children under five, leading to dehydration, developmental
delays, weakened immunity, disruption in education, and increased healthcare costs.
Effectiveness of Preventive and Control Measures
Preventive strategies include improving water quality, promoting hygiene education, food safety
controls, vaccination programs, and rapid response during outbreaks.
DISCUSSION
According to the comparative data for the first four months, it is evident that among intestinal
infections, the proportion of etiologically confirmed infections (code 008) slightly increased in
2021 compared to 2020. Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever were not reported at all, while the
incidence of salmonellosis, dysentery, and other intestinal infections showed a declining trend.
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It is important to note that only 10–15% of health outcomes depend on the services of medical
professionals, whereas about 60% are influenced by our daily healthy lifestyle choices. Therefore,
in preventing acute intestinal infections—especially since their seasonal peak occurs during the
summer—it is crucial to follow certain hygienic practices. These include drinking only boiled
water, prioritizing cleanliness, teaching children to wash their hands with soap before meals and
after using the toilet, and adhering to personal hygiene rules in public places.
Additionally, it is vital to wash fresh fruits before consumption, avoid eating poorly stored or
long-standing food, and be cautious about water quality while swimming in open water bodies,
ensuring not to ingest any water. The cleanliness of the environment, living spaces, and shared
public areas must also be maintained consistently.
Moreover, by enhancing the population’s medical awareness through effective public health
campaigns, we can further improve the prevention of acute intestinal infections.
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