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PRINCIPLES OF MONITORING AND HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF INDOOR
MICROCLIMATE PARAMETERS
Raximov Toxirjon G‘aniyevich
Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health
Fergana, Uzbekistan
Abstract
: The microclimate plays a crucial role in conducting educational, therapeutic, and
preventive work. The condition of the surrounding environment — including air temperature,
humidity, air movement velocity, and thermal radiation — is referred to as the microclimate. In
addition, atmospheric pressure is also considered one of the microclimate parameters. These
indicators of air have significant hygienic importance due to their influence on the div's heat
exchange processes.
Keywords:
Indoor microclimate, hygienic evaluation, air temperature, humidity, air velocity,
thermal comfort, environmental monitoring.
INTRODUCTION
People spend up to 90% of their time indoors, whether at home, work, school, or healthcare
facilities. Consequently, the quality of indoor environmental conditions—commonly referred to as
the indoor microclimate—has a profound effect on physical health, psychological well-being, and
overall productivity. The indoor microclimate comprises a set of environmental factors including
air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity (movement), atmospheric pressure, and radiant
heat. These elements collectively influence human thermal comfort and the div's ability to
maintain thermal equilibrium.
Thermal comfort is a subjective sensation reflecting an individual’s satisfaction with the
surrounding thermal environment. It depends not only on the physical parameters of the
microclimate but also on personal factors such as clothing, metabolic rate, and activity level.
Unfavorable microclimate conditions can cause discomfort, reduce concentration, and increase
fatigue, which in turn impacts work efficiency and learning outcomes.
From a hygienic perspective, maintaining optimal indoor microclimate conditions is critical for
preventing various health issues. For example, excessively high or low temperatures can stress the
cardiovascular system, while improper humidity levels can lead to respiratory irritation, dry skin,
or promote the growth of harmful microorganisms like mold and bacteria. Moreover, insufficient
air movement may cause stagnation and accumulation of indoor pollutants, whereas excessive
drafts can cause thermal stress.
In certain environments such as hospitals, schools, and elderly care facilities, the importance of
controlling indoor microclimate parameters is even more pronounced due to the vulnerability of
occupants. For instance, immunocompromised patients and young children are more susceptible
to adverse effects from poor indoor air quality and unsuitable thermal conditions.
Global health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), have issued
guidelines emphasizing the need for systematic monitoring and evaluation of indoor
environmental parameters to safeguard occupant health. Standards such as ISO 7730 provide
quantitative criteria for assessing thermal comfort and microclimate quality.
Despite the existence of these standards, many buildings, especially older constructions, face
challenges in maintaining optimal indoor microclimate conditions due to outdated ventilation
systems, poor insulation, or inadequate climate control technologies. This necessitates regular and
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reliable monitoring combined with hygienic evaluation to identify deviations and implement
corrective actions.
Therefore, understanding the principles of indoor microclimate monitoring and hygienic
assessment is essential for architects, engineers, healthcare professionals, and facility managers
aiming to create and maintain safe, comfortable, and healthy indoor environments.
MЕTHОDS
Determination of Air Temperature
Air temperature in indoor spaces is measured using mercury and alcohol thermometers. To
determine the air temperature, the value of the smallest division on the thermometer scale is first
identified. For example, if 1°C is divided into 5 parts, the value of one small division equals 1/5
or 0.2°C. Currently, indoor air temperature is measured using mercury and alcohol thermometers
with Celsius scales ranging from 0°C to +30°C or +50°C, while outdoor air temperature is
measured with thermometers ranging from -50°C to +50°C.
To determine the maximum and minimum temperatures within a room during the day, maximum
and minimum thermometers are used (see Figure 1). These thermometers allow for recording the
highest and lowest air temperatures at specific times (daily, weekly, etc.).
Wall temperature is measured using thermometers designed specifically for this purpose (see
Figure 2). To attach the thermometer to the wall, substances such as wax, rosin, or alabaster
mixtures are used. Wall temperature is typically measured at a height of 1.5 meters and at a
distance of 10–15 cm from the floor surface. Measuring the temperature in the corners and the
coldest parts of the walls is especially important.
For continuous and objective recording of outdoor temperature, self-registering devices called
thermographs are used (see Figure 3). Thermographs can record temperature changes over a 24-
hour or weekly period. The temperature variation is accurately represented on a paper mounted on
a rotating drum.
Since the instruments may not be perfectly accurate, periodic calibration and verification are
necessary. Although alcohol thermometers are less precise than mercury thermometers, they are
considered safer for use. Even a small amount of spilled mercury from a broken thermometer can
be toxic, especially to children.
When measuring air temperature, it is advisable to place the thermometer as far away as possible
from any heating or cooling devices to avoid inaccurate readings. To determine the average
indoor air temperature, measurements should be taken horizontally at a height of 1.5 meters from
the floor for adults. In facilities for children, measurements are taken at five points based on their
average height: at the four corners of the room, 10 cm away from the walls and heating devices,
and from the center of the room. The arithmetic mean of these measurements is then calculated.
Vertical temperature variations are observed at three heights: 10 cm from the floor, 1.5 meters
from the floor, and 15–20 cm below the ceiling.
The horizontal temperature difference between the outer and inner walls should not exceed 2°C,
and the vertical temperature variation from the floor up to 1.5 meters in height should not exceed
1.5–2.0°C.
RESULTS
The measurement of indoor air temperature using mercury and alcohol thermometers showed that
proper placement of the instruments significantly affects the accuracy of the recorded data.
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Thermometers located near heating or cooling devices provided distorted readings, either higher
or lower than the actual room temperature.
Average indoor air temperature was determined by taking measurements at five designated points
in the room, including the four corners and the center, at a height of 1.5 meters for adults, or
adjusted according to children's average height in relevant facilities. The arithmetic mean of these
measurements provided a reliable estimate of the indoor thermal environment.
Vertical temperature gradients were recorded at three heights: 10 cm from the floor, 1.5 meters
from the floor, and 15–20 cm below the ceiling. The observed vertical temperature variation
ranged between 1.5°C and 2.0°C.
Horizontal temperature differences between the external and internal walls did not exceed 2.0°C,
confirming a relatively uniform temperature distribution across the room horizontally. These
findings indicate that the indoor microclimate parameters mostly met hygienic standards for
thermal comfort and air quality.
DISCUSSION
The results highlight the critical importance of correct thermometer placement to avoid
interference from heating or cooling sources, which can lead to inaccurate temperature readings.
Consistent measurement points across different locations and heights ensure a comprehensive
evaluation of the indoor microclimate.
The recorded vertical and horizontal temperature variations were within acceptable hygienic
limits, suggesting effective thermal regulation within the monitored spaces. Maintaining these
limits is essential, as excessive temperature gradients can cause discomfort and affect occupants'
health by creating cold or hot zones that disrupt thermal balance.
The use of multiple measurement points, especially in children’s institutions where height
considerations differ, underscores the need for tailored monitoring approaches based on occupant
characteristics. This comprehensive monitoring provides more accurate assessments for hygienic
evaluation and helps in designing climate control strategies that enhance comfort and well-being.
Periodic calibration of instruments and avoidance of potential contamination, such as mercury
spills, remain essential for reliable data collection and safety.
Overall, the study demonstrates that systematic monitoring of indoor air temperature, combined
with hygienic evaluation principles, plays a vital role in maintaining healthy indoor environments
and ensuring occupant comfort. Further research could explore integration with other
microclimate parameters such as humidity and air velocity for a holistic indoor environmental
assessment.
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