Том 1 № 5 (2025): International multidisciplinary journal for research & development

This study is devoted to the selection of oil flax (Linum usitatissimum) varieties and their productivity in the mountainous regions of Rainfed. The region's unconventional climate, soil conditions, and crop management practices are taken into account. The main aspects to be studied during the research are the results of the scientific research conducted on the samples of the oilseed crop.

The results of the research are expected to be of great importance in the development of agriculture in the mountainous regions of Rainfed and in the improvement of the technologies of planting oilseed crops. This will not only strengthen the regional economy, but also improve the living standards of the local population.

This study investigates the effects of external debt, foreign direct investment (FDI), gross fixed capital formation, and total debt service on the export performance of five Central Asian economies—Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan—over the period from 1992 to 2023. Using panel data obtained from the World Bank, we apply econometric techniques to examine the long-term and short-term relationships between these macroeconomic variables and exports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP. The analysis reveals significant interactions between investment inflows, debt levels, and capital formation with export performance, highlighting the complex dynamics that shape trade capacity in the region. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers aiming to improve export competitiveness and ensure sustainable economic development through strategic investment and debt management.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the engineering industry by enhancing productivity, precision, and innovation. This article explores the growing role of AI in various engineering disciplines, its benefits, challenges, and potential future developments.

This article provides a comparative study of “Sister Carrie” by Theodore Dreiser and “Anna Karenina” by Leo Tolstoy, focusing on the interplay of gender dynamics, character dispositions, and emotional experiences of their female protagonists. By examining Carrie Meeber in early twentieth-century America and Anna Karenina in late nineteenth-century Russia, the paper illuminates how patriarchal norms, social constraints, and personal aspirations intersect in shaping women’s autonomy and identity. Drawing on feminist theory, comparative literature, and psychoanalytic perspectives, the analysis highlights key similarities and differences in the heroines’ journeys toward fulfillment, revealing the broader social, cultural, and psychological factors that continue to resonate in contemporary discussions on gender roles and women’s rights.

This article analyzes the role of dance art in preserving national identity and historical memory. Dance is not only a form of aesthetic expression but also a type of intangible cultural heritage that artistically conveys a people’s socio-historical experience, traditions, beliefs, and values. Through Uzbek folk dances, historical memory, national identity, and cultural layers are preserved through movements, images, and rhythms. The article also highlights the educational, aesthetic, and intergenerational continuity functions of dance. It analyzes how national dance motifs are reinterpreted in contemporary choreography to instill historical and aesthetic codes into the consciousness of today’s youth.

The article discusses the integration of theory and practice in the educational process to improve the quality of training of future economists, in particular, interdisciplinary connection in mathematics education, professional orientation, and training of professionals with professional and mathematical competence through integrative education.

This thesis is about cost management systems which play a crucial role in organizations by providing a structured approach to monitor, control, and optimize costs. These systems are researched to track and analyze expenses across various departments and activities, enabling businesses to make informed decisions and improve their financial performance. From a strategic perspective, cost management systems help organizations identify cost drivers, understand cost behavior, and allocate resources effectively. They also facilitate budgeting and forecasting processes, allowing businesses to set realistic financial targets and monitor their progress. When it comes to the importance of cost management systems, different stakeholders have varying perspectives. From the perspective of top management, these systems provide valuable insights into cost structures and help identify areas of inefficiency or waste. This enables management to take proactive measures to reduce costs, enhance profitability, and gain a competitive edge in the market. For finance departments, cost management systems streamline financial reporting and enable accurate cost allocation, ensuring compliance with accounting standards and regulations.

The microclimate plays a crucial role in conducting educational, therapeutic, and preventive work. The condition of the surrounding environment — including air temperature, humidity, air movement velocity, and thermal radiation — is referred to as the microclimate. In addition, atmospheric pressure is also considered one of the microclimate parameters. These indicators of air have significant hygienic importance due to their influence on the body's heat exchange processes.

The article examines the ways of using media in the educational process, taking into account their functional load, specifics, and psychological and pedagogical aspects of using media in education. The article also analyzes the teacher's willingness to use media in professional activities, the main components of readiness: information support, goals, motivation, activity.

This article explores the artistic and semantic significance of jewelry in English literature. In English literary works, jewelry is not only portrayed as decorative items but also plays an essential role in character construction, symbolizing social status, personal memories, and deeper meanings. The study analyzes how jewelry is depicted in the works of various authors across historical periods, examining its influence on character development and plot progression. Special attention is given to how jewelry is used to reflect the inner world and societal roles of characters in the works of Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and William Shakespeare. By analyzing the symbolic meanings of jewelry in English literature, the article contributes to a broader understanding of its literary importance.

This article examines the challenges and strategies of standardizing art history terminology in English-Uzbek bilingual dictionaries. As art terms are rooted in complex cultural, historical, and disciplinary contexts, accurate and consistent translation into Uzbek requires both linguistic precision and cultural sensitivity. The paper focuses on the issues of equivalence, lexical gaps, semantic shifts, and the influence of Western-centric categorization in bilingual lexicographic practice. The study also highlights the importance of corpus analysis, expert consultation, and the integration of multilingual terminological databases to enhance the quality of dictionary entries.

 This article analyzes the methods of ensuring the liquidity of commercial banks in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It focuses on liquidity risk management strategies, regulatory approaches, and practical tools implemented in the banking sector. A comparative review with international practice is also conducted, and effective mechanisms are proposed for Uzbekistan’s banking system.

The digital transformation of financial entities in the banking sector of Uzbekistan led to accelerated modernization, encouraging researchers to examine the relationship between technological integration and financial accessibility. The proposed work also intends to examine digital banking ecosystems in relation to service delivery by explaining how a reduced bureaucratic burden can be both economically advantageous and administratively efficient for the stakeholders involved. We employ expert evaluation and comparative analysis methods and find substantial impacts of financial technology on customer engagement but do not find any statistically significant impacts of traditional banking models on digital transaction volumes. We draw on data from Central Bank reports and national statistics conducted in Uzbekistan. Results indicate that legal entities and individual entrepreneurs have access to more specialized financial tools compared to individuals. Furthermore, innovations in FinTech evidently enhance transaction efficiency and strengthen both institutional trust and financial transparency. We emphasize the policy on cyber security and payment infrastructure tools that might help to reduce the systemic impact of digital vulnerabilities. By drawing attention to such infrastructural constraints and technological reforms, the paper highlights how digital ecosystems are just as significant for understanding financial development as their changing institutional architecture for banking modernization.

This article analyzes the critical rоle оf reading and writing skills in English language teaching. It discusses their cоnceptual basis, pedagоgical relevance, and integrative pоtential. The study suggests that cоmbining reading and writing prоmоtes cоmmunicative cоmpetence and academic success. 

This article discusses the essence of the concept of citizenship, the role of civic education in the formation of the personality of students, and the importance of raising legal awareness and legal culture in society. In particular, citizens' knowledge of their rights and duties, their ability to protect them by legal means are considered a priority area of education. Also, the role of organizational culture in civic education, its importance in preparing the younger generation as active and conscious members of society, is scientifically and pedagogically analyzed. The article pays special attention to the issue of educating individuals who are able to contribute to the development of the country through aspects such as increasing the social activity of young people, labor discipline, entrepreneurship, and thrift.

 Complex coacervate hydrogels formed by sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) and chitosan were prepared and analyzed for rheological behavior over broad ranges of concentration (1–4% w/v), pH (7–18), and temperature (30–60 °C). Viscosity measurements under steady shear revealed pronounced non-Newtonian (shear-thinning) flow behavior for all samples, with higher polymer concentrations yielding dramatically increased zero-shear viscosity and stronger shear-thinning character. Oscillatory tests showed that low concentrations (∼1%) behaved as viscous liquids (loss modulus G'' exceeding storage modulus G'), whereas at 4% a weak gel-like network formed with G' approaching or exceeding G'' at higher frequencies. The rheological properties were highly sensitive to pH: near-neutral pH enabled electrostatic intermolecular associations between the anionic Na-CMC and cationic chitosan, resulting in maximum viscosity and viscoelastic moduli. Increasing pH beyond ~8 caused a sharp drop in viscosity and G', as chitosan became deprotonated and the polyelectrolyte complex disintegrated, leaving a solution with properties approaching those of Na-CMC alone. Temperature elevations from 30 to 60 °C reduced solution viscosity by roughly 2–3 and slightly decreased viscoelastic moduli, consistent with thermal disruption of polymer interactions and decreased solvent viscosity. These results illustrate how polymer concentration, pH, and temperature co-modulate the flow and viscoelastic properties of Na-CMC/chitosan complexes. Mechanistically, the strong pH-responsiveness is attributed to the polyelectrolyte nature of the constituents: only within a certain pH window are both polymers sufficiently charged to form extended ionically-crosslinked networks. The findings deepen our understanding of biopolymer complexation and provide quantitative guidance for tuning the rheology of Na-CMC/chitosan systems in applications ranging from injectable hydrogels and controlled drug release matrices to sustainable thickening agents.

 In this article, information is given about “Nihayat al-Iqdam” by the great scientist Imam Abul Fath Shahrastani (1076-1153), who lived and created in the  “The Great Seljuk Empire” (1037-1194), and the analysis of the beliefs of the religions included in the work is given.

This paper discusses methodologies aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of physics demonstration experiments through the integration of digital educational technologies. Demonstration experiments play a pivotal role in fostering conceptual understanding and student engagement in physics education. However, traditional demonstration methods often face limitations, including restricted interaction and passive student involvement. By employing digital technologies such as virtual simulations, augmented reality (AR), and interactive multimedia platforms, these limitations can be overcome. The paper outlines a structured approach for integrating these technologies into demonstration practices, evaluates the pedagogical advantages, and provides recommendations for effective implementation. The study underscores the potential of digital educational tools to transform passive observation into active learning experiences, thereby significantly improving educational outcomes in physics.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the key aspects of the mobile app development process - programming languages ​​and technologies, user interface and experience (UI/UX), testing, security, and optimization issues. Choosing programming languages and technologies – We looked at the most suitable options: Kotlin for Android, Swift for iOS, and Flutter and React Native for cross-platform development.

 This article reviews the main diseases of viticulture in the Fergana Valley and methods for combating them, as well as methods for increasing the genetic resistance of grapevines to diseases. The article analyzes the importance of agrotechnical measures, biological and chemical protection methods , and the selection of disease-resistant varieties in preventing diseases. Taking into account the climatic conditions and soil characteristics of the Fergana Valley , practical recommendations are given to increase grape yield and improve its quality.

 in this article, we will cite a general understanding of attention, the factors that ensure attention tightness, the types of attention disorders and how to fix it.

 This article discusses the issue of educating primary school students through extracurricular activities.

This study investigates the deformation behavior of various steels and alloys under high-temperature and isothermal conditions. The effects of deformation rate, temperature, and initial microstructure on the mechanical properties and microstructural changes during deformation are analyzed. The use of isothermal conditions allows for improved control over deformation processes, leading to enhanced product quality and material performance. Experimental methods include tensile testing at various temperatures and deformation rates, as well as microstructural analysis. The results provide insights into optimizing thermomechanical processing regimes for better mechanical properties and efficiency in metal forming.

 Condensation reactions of sulfur bicyclic organic compounds with circaethyl ether were studied. as a result of the reaction, it was found that compounds of the acetylthiochroman series react with circaethyl ether in the same way as aliphatic and aromatic ketones, and as a result of the reaction, the corresponding thiochromanoylacetones are formed with good yield.

 Digital health technologies—including telemedicine, electronic health records (EHRs), artificial intelligence (AI), and mobile health applications—are reshaping modern healthcare systems by improving access, efficiency, and quality of care. This article evaluates the benefits and limitations of digital health solutions and their impact on clinical outcomes, especially in low-resource settings. The role of young professionals in the adoption and implementation of these technologies is also discussed.

This article examines the role of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in the sustainable development of our country's economy. It explores how the effective development of SMEs contributes not only to the stability and growth of small business entities but also ensures the sustainable development of the national economy. Ultimately, this leads to a reduction in poverty levels among the population. The article presents conclusions and proposals based on statistical research.

This article explores the interrelation between the motivational-value-based, cognitive, and communicative components of conflictological competence and the personality traits essential for its development in future teachers. It emphasizes the structural and meaningful elements that contribute to the effective formation of conflictological competence.

 This study examines the portrayal of the giant (däw/dev) in Turkish folktales through a literary‑folkloric and comparative‑typological lens. Drawing on 77 tales collected by I. Kunoş (Budapest 1887–1889, Leipzig 1907) and analyzed according to Aarne–Thompson and E.M. Mélétinskiy’s frameworks, it identifies 17 tales where the ogre assumes dual roles—as adversary and occasionally as a helper to the hero. These dual functions highlight the ogre’s complex symbolic, pedagogical, and mythic significance in Turkic mythology.

Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting more than 280 million people. Traditionally considered a psychological disorder, recent advancements in neuroscience have revealed complex neurobiological underpinnings, including disruptions in neurotransmitter systems, neuroinflammation, and structural brain changes. This article explores the current understanding of the neurobiology of depression and evaluates innovative treatment strategies, such as ketamine, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and psilocybin-based therapy. By bridging classical approaches with novel discoveries, this review aims to shed light on the future direction of depression management.

This article presents information on the semantics of numbers in German phraseology, specifically on the characteristics and significance of numbers in idiomatic expressions formed with numerals.

Herbal preparations that enhance immunity, due to the presence of a variety of biologically active substances in them, gently affect the body and restore impaired functions of the immune response. For the prevention of immune system disorders, preparations based on purple echinacea ( Echinacea purpurea ) , as they have a positive effect on the body's immunity to infectious agents and reduce the manifestations of allergic diseases. This article defines the protein and amino acid composition of the dry extract "Immunaship". The protein in the dry extract " Immunaship " was determined by the Kjeldahl method for the quantitative content of nitrogen. The amino acid composition of the dry extract was studied and 20 free amino acids were identified, with a quantitative content of 8.14969 mg/g, 10 of which are essential, which indicates the biological value of the dry extract " Imunaship " based on purple echinacea herb and rose hips. 

This article presents theoretical information on the kinematics of spur gear cylindrical gears, their main dimensions, and the forces acting on them, which are commonly used in the field of mechanics.

Solar power plants (SPP) allow the generation of electrical and thermal power on an energetically tangible scale without negative impact on the environment.

In modern solar energy, two main types of thermodynamic solar power plants can be distinguished: tower and modular types. The concept of creating thermodynamic tower-type solar power plants was developed in the 1950s at ENIN named after G. M. Krzhizhanovsky.

This article provides an extensive overview of copper, a d-block metal, and its role in human health. It explores the physical and chemical characteristics of copper, its distribution in natural sources, industrial applications, and biological significance. The study discusses how copper enters the human body and the negative health effects of its deficiency or excess accumulation. Particular attention is paid to diseases linked to copper, including damage to the kidneys and liver, hemolysis, and jaundice. Additionally, cases of copper poisoning in South Asian countries (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan) are analyzed statistically. The findings highlight the need to consume copper in controlled and safe amounts.

This article presents the results of agrochemical experiments conducted in the light gray soils of the Samarkand region to determine the optimal dose of phosphorus fertilizers for late-ripening melon varieties. The study aimed to assess the effect of varying phosphorus doses (50, 75, 100, and 125 kg/ha of P₂O₅) on melon yield and post-harvest storage quality. Field trials were organized in a randomized block design with three replications using the “Qora po‘choq” variety. Alongside a fixed nitrogen (100 kg/ha) and potassium (50 kg/ha) background, phosphorus levels were systematically varied. The results showed that increasing phosphorus doses significantly improved both the yield and storage duration of melon fruits. The optimal dose was found to be 100 kg/ha of P₂O₅, which ensured not only the highest yield but also maintained firmness and sugar content during storage. The findings suggest that phosphorus nutrition plays a crucial role in enhancing both agronomic performance and biochemical stability of melons, thereby contributing to food security and export potential in arid regions.

The use of pedagogical technologies that develop imagination and intelligence in native language lessons by 5th-7th grade teachers , to organize innovative lessons using innovative ideas and hypotheses that serve the development of thinking in appropriate places, and to make them available to the general public in native language lessons. Methods of using psychological questionnaires in the process of developing imagination and creative thinking in students (on the example of grades 5-7). Native language in their classes Gardner's 9 intelligences from the theory used without lesson processes take to go and in students general the result to know mother language lessons meaningful and to the student right to deliver and interesting to take for created pedagogical technologies lesson to the process take is entered.

As in every field after our country gained independence, it was a priority to study our history of statehood in terms of a new kind of bias, its objectivity and objectivity.

Literature created in the pre-Independence period was written in the political spirit of the existing era, distracting the reader in the realization of a truthful and objective historical reality.  As a result of modern research, students have formed concepts of not only knowing the true historical processes, but also understanding the national self.

The present article provides an abstract analysis of the level of legal literacy among students. In addition, it examines the existing problems in this area and puts forward proposed solutions. The role of legal culture and legal education in the education system will also be considered.

This article examines the features of the stress-strain state (SSS) of plastic pipes used in underground utilities. Factors of external load from the soil, as well as the characteristics of the pipe material (PE, PVC, etc.) are taken into account. Methods of numerical and experimental analysis of SSS are given, modeling results are presented, and recommendations for improving the reliability of systems are given..

 Mathematical literacy is a crucial skill for students to participate successfully in a modern knowledge-based society. In Uzbekistan, various educational reforms have been initiated to improve the quality of primary mathematics education in line with international standards. Large-scale assessments such as PISA, TIMSS, and PIRLS provide valuable insights into students’ learning outcomes and inform policy directions. This paper analyzes Uzbekistan’s participation in these assessments, identifies key gaps in primary mathematics teaching and learning, and proposes evidence-based strategies to develop students’ mathematical thinking and functional literacy. The study emphasizes the importance of curriculum alignment, teacher capacity building, and context-sensitive pedagogical practices to enhance Uzbekistan’s position in global education rankings and foster 21st-century skills among young learners.

Background:Obesity is a growing global health concern with wide-ranging systemic effects, including changes in biliary tract structure and function. While gallstone formation has been well-documented in obese individuals, less attention has been paid to early histological changes in the gallbladder wall associated with varying degrees of obesity.

Objective:To evaluate the histopathological changes of the gallbladder wall in patients with different body mass index (BMI) categories and determine the relationship between obesity severity and structural alterations.

Methods:A total of 90 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy were categorized into three groups based on BMI: normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9), and obese (BMI ≥30.0). Gallbladder wall specimens were evaluated for thickness, mucosal hyperplasia, smooth muscle hypertrophy, subepithelial fibrosis, and inflammatory infiltration. Statistical analysis assessed correlations between BMI and histological changes.

Results:Gallbladder wall thickness and severity of histopathological changes increased significantly with higher BMI (p < 0.001). Mucosal hyperplasia, muscular hypertrophy, and fibrosis were significantly more prevalent in obese patients. Strong positive correlations were found between BMI and both wall thickness and fibrosis scores.

Conclusion:Obesity is associated with progressive structural changes in the gallbladder wall that may precede clinical symptoms or gallstone formation. Early identification of such alterations may aid in preventing future biliary complications in at-risk populations.

This article shows the importance of acquiring intellectual knowledge, the requirements for intellectual knowledge in the higher education system, and the pedagogical features of preparing future teachers for intellectual activity.

This article examines the results of an analysis of the problem of increasing the conflictological competence of participants in the educational process. Conflicts between different participants in the educational process are characterized by their originality and peculiarities. Currently, it is relevant to study and systematize the issues of pedagogical conflict management in educational institutions of higher education, as this is aimed at more effective solution of pedagogical and social tasks. Pedagogical conflict management will make it possible to more effectively form the conflictological competence of participants in the educational process. The article presents pedagogical conflict management as an integrated system process that includes special structural components that are interconnected. From the point of view of expediency of activity, the formation of conflictological competence of participants in the educational process of the university makes it possible to carry out both management and transformation functions. One of the conditions for successful pedagogical conflict management in an educational institution of higher education should be a scientifically based conflict management model, including the organization of step-by-step activities that underlie the development of appropriate programs and technologies. The necessity of introducing into the practice of universities a special program to improve the conflictological competence of participants in the educational process is shown.

The article draws on a comparative analysis of the metaphorical phenomenon, which occurs due to the mutual similarity between  things or events. It focuses on comparision and contrasting usage of metaphors in Uzbek and English.

Digital technоlоgies have revоlutiоnized language teaching, оffering innоvative tооls and platfоrms tо enhance learning experiences and оutcоmes. This study explоres the integratiоn оf mоdern technоlоgies, including оnline platfоrms, virtual classrооms, and mоbile apps, in language educatiоn. Thrоugh a mixed-methоd apprоach, data were cоllected frоm language teachers and students tо assess the impact оf digital tооls оn linguistic prоficiency and engagement. Results highlight imprоved accessibility, interactive learning оppоrtunities, and increased student mоtivatiоn, thоugh challenges such as digital literacy gaps and technоlоgical limitatiоns persist. The findings underscоre the transfоrmative pоtential оf digital technоlоgies in language teaching, prоvided implementatiоn challenges are addressed.   

This article covers the study of effective ventilation systems in industrial enterprises and the development of improved recommendations based on them. At the same time, the influence and relevance of the ventilation system on the production environment are shown. Also, based on observations and calculations, important results on air exchange, energy efficiency, and microclimate management are presented. As a result, recommendations were given for the implementation of modern, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective ventilation systems to increase production efficiency and improve working conditions, which have proven effective.

Plants have traditionally been considered passive organisms, responding to environmental stimuli through simple reflexes. However, recent discoveries in plant neurobiology suggest the existence of more complex, information-processing capabilities. This study presents a novel theoretical and experimental framework proposing that plants possess decentralized sensory networks enabling environmental perception and decision-based adaptive growth. Experimental evidence from broomgrass plants demonstrates anticipatory growth adjustments in response to obstacles, implying a level of spatial awareness. These findings support the presence of signal integration and internal information processing in plants, akin to primitive neural systems. This new framework opens possibilities for understanding plant intelligence, inter-plant communication, and the design of bioinspired systems.

This paper challenges traditional views of corporate leverage by proposing a financial statement analysis that differentiates between financing and operational liabilities. We introduce novel leveraging equations to illustrate how these distinct forms of leverage uniquely influence a firm's Return on Common Equity (ROCE) and Return on Net Operating Assets (RNOA), as well as its price-to-book ratios. Empirical observations and case studies of companies like Chubb, Dell, and Microsoft demonstrate that operating liabilities are often valued differently by the market than financing liabilities. This distinction provides superior explanatory power for variations in current and prospective rates of return on equity and offers a more robust framework for equity valuation. By dissecting leverage composition, this research offers invaluable insights for financial analysts, investors, and corporate strategists.

This article, having studied the work carried out on the transport and logistics cluster in Uzbekistan and their status, comprehensively covers the practice of organizing the activities of transport and logistics clusters in world practice. One of the most important factors in organizing this is the geographical location and its correct selection. This, in turn, is considered the first step towards the opening of a cluster organization. The rational choice of geographical area is the most important for a cluster enterprise and is the first step towards its comprehensive development. In this article, I set out to study the geographical location of cluster enterprises in Uzbekistan.

This research examines the educational problems which affect students who learn English and German as their second language although both languages belong to the Germanic language family. The initial stages of English learning prove easier than other languages because of its basic morphology and worldwide visibility yet students encounter problems with its unpredictable spelling and pronunciation systems. The German language creates difficulties for students during their initial grammar learning phase because of its gender-based nouns and complex case system yet it becomes simpler as time progresses. The research study combined qualitative and quantitative approaches to gather information from 120 participants who studied in five different nations. The study presents a comparative table which outlines the main learning difficulties and then examines the obtained results. The study results affect how educational programs should develop their foreign language curriculum and support systems for their students

The article is dedicated to the scientific and sufi legacy of Khoja Muhammad Porso (1349–1420) at the end of the 14th century, as well as his significant contribution to the development of the Naqshbandi tariqa. The author analyzes Khoja Muhammad Porso’s main work – Fasl al-Khitab, examining the sources of the hadiths and their role in Islamic scholarship. The article compares it with Imam Abu Isa al-Tirmidhi’s Sunan al-Tirmidhi, highlighting Khoja Muhammad Porso’s methodology in hadith studies and his scholarly approach. It is also emphasized that Khoja Muhammad Porso’s scientific heritage holds great importance not only in Sufism but also in Islamic sciences, including hadith studies and theology (kalam). The article aims to deepen the understanding of the theoretical foundations of the Naqshbandi tariqa and its place in contemporary scholarship.

 The global migration crisis and widespread displacement define a critical aspect of the 21st century, profoundly impacting social, political, and ethical landscapes. This article examines how contemporary English literature engages with the complex narratives of migration, displacement, and the fraught concept of hospitality. Drawing on a selection of recent novels and poetry, this paper analyzes how authors explore the traumatic experiences of forced journeys, the challenges of integration and belonging in new lands, and the ethical imperatives of welcoming or rejecting the 'Other.' It argues that these literary interventions not only bear witness to human suffering and resilience but also serve as crucial sites for reimagining identity, challenging xenophobia, and fostering a more empathetic understanding of the globalized human condition.

 The exponential growth of digital media platforms and global content consumption has profoundly reshaped the field of Audiovisual Translation (AVT). This article explores the multifaceted evolution of AVT in the digital age, moving beyond traditional subtitling and dubbing to encompass a broader spectrum of modalities driven by technological innovation and user demand. It examines the emergence of participatory translation practices, such as fansubbing, and their impact on professional norms and industry standards. Furthermore, the paper highlights the increasing imperative of accessibility within AVT, focusing on services like Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (SDH) and Audio Description (AD). By analyzing these developments, this article argues that contemporary AVT is characterized by unprecedented diversity, blurring lines between professional and amateur production, and a growing ethical responsibility to ensure global inclusivity in media access.

Speech discourse encompasses a wide range of topics influenced by context, culture, purpose, and audience. This study investigates thematic classifications within spoken discourse, analyzing how topic selection shapes communication across social, academic, and professional settings. Through qualitative discourse analysis, this research identifies recurrent themes and evaluates their linguistic structures and communicative intent. The findings highlight the importance of topic control, coherence, and pragmatic choices in effective oral communication.

This article deals with the ways of intensifying the process of learning a foreign language in a technical high school. Limited time, a large amount of material to be assimilated, forced to look for ways to improve learning. The most effective training exercises to consolidate vocabulary with a communicative orientation. When selecting plants for communicative exercises must take into account individual psychological characteristics of students who are engaged in the same group. Activated by the lesson vocabulary should be relevant to students sufficiently widely-used language for scientific literature.

 Historical novels, which intertwine fictional narratives with real historical events, serve as a dynamic resource for English language learners (ELLs). These texts enhance linguistic proficiency by exposing learners to diverse vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and contextual language use. Beyond linguistic benefits, historical novels foster cultural awareness, emotional engagement, and critical thinking, making language acquisition more meaningful and effective. This article explores the multifaceted role of historical novels in English language learning, emphasizing their contributions to vocabulary development, reading comprehension, cultural understanding, and analytical skills. Supported by educational research and practical examples, it provides strategies for integrating historical novels into language curricula and addresses potential challenges. The discussion underscores why historical novels are an invaluable tool for intermediate and advanced learners seeking to master English while gaining insights into history and culture.

Color plays a profound role in American literature, serving as a symbolic tool to explore complex themes such as trauma, memory, and cultural inheritance. In works like The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Moby-Dick by Herman Melville, color is not merely a descriptive element, but a means of conveying psychological, historical, and emotional experiences. This paper explores how color functions as a narrative device to represent the weight of history, the legacy of trauma, and the process of cultural reclamation. Through a detailed analysis of the use of color in these texts, we will examine how it influences character development, shapes narrative structure, and reflects broader social and historical realities.

The article presents the structure and principle of operation of the developed machine, as well as the results of its field tests. The developed machine reliably performed the specified technological process of work, and its operating indicators fully comply with agrotechnical requirements and technical specifications.

The process of transporting water through pipelines (water supply and mechanisms) is an important part of infrastructure systems. These systems are new, taking into account changing climate conditions, international requirements and technological advances. It supports the use of new technologies to increase the capacity, use and management of water resources.

Early childhood is a critical period for physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development. Pediatricians play a vital role in monitoring growth and identifying developmental delays during this formative stage. This paper examines normative growth patterns, key developmental milestones, and the importance of early screening. By analyzing growth charts and age-specific developmental markers, clinicians can provide timely interventions that support optimal child development.

This article presents thoughts and conclusions about the hadiths, which are considered the second most important source of religious texts in the linguistics literature after the Holy Quran - the sacred source of Islam. This article deals with linguistic units, phraseologisms, and their use and expression in hadith texts. Phraseological units include stable, stable units in the language, such as proverbs, sayings, expressions. When they are used in speech, it increases its stylistic effectiveness, colorfulness and figurative expression. The texts of hadith also make good use of expressions, which are used to increase the effectiveness of the speech. The expressions in these texts were used in the speech of the Prophet and his Companions.

Interests are great importance of in the formation and development of learning motivation. Another way to form students' interest in the educational process is the interest of the individual in finding his or her worthy place in social life, the realization of goals, ambitions. In the educational process, the content of educational materials fosters the student's conscious desire to find his or her place in society.

This article explores the value of patriotism as a national asset in Uzbekistan. Patriotism plays a vital role in protecting national sovereignty and interests, in laying the foundation of the "Third Renaissance" in the New Uzbekistan, and in ensuring peace, sustainable development, and the protection of human dignity and interests in a complex international environment.

This article discusses spasmophilia disease observed in children, its pathogenesis, clinical signs, methods of early detection, and preventive measures to avoid complications. The study analyzes real data from clinical practice, highlighting opportunities to reduce complications through early diagnosis and targeted treatment.

This article explores the expression of national mentality through phraseological units in the Uzbek and French languages. Phraseologisms reflect cultural values, worldview, and socio-historical experience embedded in language. By analyzing selected idiomatic expressions from both languages, this study identifies culturally specific elements and universal conceptual metaphors. The research highlights how phraseological units serve as linguistic markers of national identity, shaped by traditions, lifestyles, and environmental contexts. The findings suggest that while some idioms are cross-culturally understandable due to shared human experiences, others are deeply rooted in national consciousness, thus playing a key role in intercultural communication and language learning.

This article highlights the key aspects of cultivating calendula plants under protected ground conditions, i.e., in greenhouses. The biological characteristics of the plant, agrotechnical measures, microclimate requirements, and scientific-practical approaches to creating optimal conditions for high yield are analyzed. The possibility of cultivating quality flower products year-round under protected ground conditions and the economic efficiency of this process are substantiated.

Traditional English Language Teaching (ELT) methodologies often struggle to maintain high levels of student engagement, particularly in contexts where English exposure is limited outside the classroom. This article explores the transformative potential of Project-Based Learning (PBL), specifically when integrated with compelling environmental topics, as a dynamic approach to enhance English language acquisition and foster deeper student engagement. Drawing upon pedagogical theories that emphasize active learning, collaboration, and authentic communication, this paper argues that PBL provides a rich, interdisciplinary framework for language learning. The integration of environmental themes offers inherent relevance, urgency, and real-world connections, naturally motivating learners to use English meaningfully. This article discusses the theoretical benefits of PBL in ELT, details how environmental topics can be effectively woven into projects, outlines the practical implementation steps, and highlights the resulting gains in communicative competence, critical thinking, and overall student motivation. While acknowledging potential challenges such as resource management and assessment, the article concludes that this innovative approach can create a highly engaging and effective learning environment, empowering students to use English for real-world purposes while addressing critical global issues.

This article explores the scope and limitations of party autonomy in investment disputes through the lens of private international law (PIL). It offers a comparative analysis of the European Union and the Republic of Uzbekistan, examining how each jurisdiction conceptualizes international jurisdiction in investor–State arbitration. While the EU has increasingly restricted arbitral autonomy through the Achmea and Komstroy rulings, Uzbekistan maintains a more liberal and investor-friendly approach. The article evaluates the legal, institutional, and policy implications of these divergent models, proposing a balanced framework that reconciles investor expectations with national legal sovereignty under PIL principles.

This article highlights the attention given to human health in hadiths—one of the primary sources of the Islamic religion. It explores approaches to maintaining physical and spiritual health, leading a healthy lifestyle, hygiene, proper nutrition, disease prevention, and treatment as presented in the hadiths. The article also reveals the harmony between the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) regarding the value of health and modern medical perspectives.

This article presents the results of experimental studies on the hepatoprotective effects of the plant-derived polyphenolic compound anacardine in models of acute ethanol-induced liver injury. The relevance of the research lies in the limited availability and efficacy of local hepatoprotective drugs in the global pharmaceutical market, highlighting the need for effective, low-toxicity, and affordable plant-based alternatives. The study was conducted in accordance with international ethical standards using Wistar rats, and liver injury was induced using 33% ethanol. Anacardine was administered orally and intraperitoneally in various doses. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed by biochemical markers such as ALT, total protein, lipid peroxidation products (DCs and TBARS), and hepatoprotection coefficients. The results demonstrated that an oral dose of 100 mg/kg and an intraperitoneal dose of 5 mg/kg of anacardine showed the most significant improvement in liver function indicators, suggesting optimal hepatoprotective effects. Compared to standard treatment with Karsil, anacardine exhibited comparable or even superior results in some parameters. The findings support the potential use of anacardine as a natural hepatoprotective agent in liver injury associated with alcohol toxicity.

This study explores the hepatoprotective effects of anacardic acid, a polyphenolic compound, in a rat model of acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Given the increasing exposure to hepatotoxic xenobiotics from household, industrial, and agricultural chemicals, the development of effective and multi-targeted hepatoprotective agents is critical. The experiment was conducted in compliance with international animal ethics guidelines using Wistar rats. The research assessed various doses of anacardic acid administered both orally and intraperitoneally. Biochemical markers such as ALT, total protein, diene conjugates, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured to evaluate liver function and oxidative stress. The findings demonstrated that anacardic acid, particularly at a dose of 5 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally, significantly mitigated liver damage, restored biochemical parameters, and showed comparable efficacy to the standard hepatoprotective agent Karsil. These results suggest that anacardic acid possesses promising hepatoprotective properties and warrants further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for hepatobiliary pathologies.

 This article presents observational data on 47 children with chronic glomerulonephritis, who had various manifestations of anemic syndrome. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of anemia on the course of chronic glomerulonephritis in children. The examined children were divided into 2 groups depending on the severity of anemia. The obtained results may indicate a more severe course of CGN of various etiologies in combination with anemia, greater activity of the pathological process and a higher frequency of side effects of therapy in this subgroup.

This article analyzes how the theory of verbs is presented in Ibn Malik’s Alfiyya. The author classifies verbs according to their grammatical function and explains each category in separate chapters. In particular, the syntactic features of auxiliary verbs like kana and its sisters, verbs of hope and proximity like kada, mental verbs like zanna, three-object verbs, commendation and condemnation verbs, and exclamatory verb forms are thoroughly discussed. The didactic and poetic style of Alfiyya makes it a significant source in Arabic grammar.

This article analyzes the importance of the study of the pedagogical process and the development of advanced pedagogical approaches to the formation of spiritual and moral qualities in students, how the main ideas, methods and techniques of ancient pedagogy have been improved today.

 This article discusses the content, directions and effectiveness of the state policy on supporting private entrepreneurship in Uzbekistan. It analyzes the contribution of economic reforms, legislative initiatives and financial mechanisms to the development of the private sector. It also highlights the practical results of this policy based on statistical indicators and expert assessments, and provides strategic recommendations for improvement.

Language economy—defined as the tendency toward brevity, simplicity, and efficiency in linguistic expression—is a hallmark of language evolution, particularly in Modern English. While this phenomenon facilitates ease of communication, it also presents significant linguistic, cultural, and cognitive challenges. This article explores the main problems associated with language economy in contemporary English, including semantic ambiguity, loss of linguistic richness, and challenges in intercultural communication. Drawing on linguistic theory and recent empirical research, the article offers a critical assessment of how language economy reshapes the dynamics of English as a global lingua franca.

This article provides a thorough comparison of the structural and semantic characteristics that distinguish Uzbek and English sentences from one another. Language structures are the foundation of communication, and they vary depending on the linguistic environment in which they are used. This research attempts to identify the fundamental similarities and differences that contribute to the unique characteristics of Uzbek and English phraseology via a methodical analysis of these two languages. The project investigates the ways in which cultural, historical, and linguistic variables influence the structural-semiotic environment of phrases in both languages by utilizing a blend of computational and linguistic techniques. The results shine light on the complex web of linguistic variety and offer insightful information about intercultural communication.

 This article highlights the possibilities of applying generative design technologies in teaching engineering graphics and their impact on educational effectiveness. Practical approaches to developing students' graphical thinking, solving problematic situations, and forming technological thinking skills through generative design tools are analyzed. The study explores the effectiveness of sample lessons developed on the basis of generative design in engineering graphics courses.

This article analyzes the impact of global climate change on the natural and geographical systems of Uzbekistan, particularly water resources, ecosystems, arid regions, flora and fauna. The main causes and consequences of climate warming and local adaptation measures are given special attention.

This scientific article provides information on air pollution in the city of Navoi based on observations conducted in 2019 to study the composition of the atmospheric air. The article also briefly describes certain meteorological parameters observed throughout the year and their characteristics.

This article explores the clinical characteristics and progression of bronchial obstruction syndrome in pediatric patients diagnosed with thymomegaly. Thymomegaly, or enlargement of the thymus gland, is frequently observed in children and can influence respiratory function due to its anatomical proximity to the airways. The interplay between thymic enlargement and bronchial obstruction is analyzed with respect to immunological factors, mechanical compression, and inflammatory processes. Modern diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies are discussed to improve clinical outcomes in this patient group.

Suggestopedia, developed by Bulgarian psychologist Georgi Lozanov, is an alternative language teaching method that utilizes music, relaxation, positive suggestion, and a rich learning environment to accelerate foreign language acquisition. While often praised for reducing learners’ anxiety and increasing motivation, the method’s unconventional techniques also raise questions about its practicality and long-term effectiveness. This paper evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of Suggestopedia based on theoretical analysis and classroom-based studies. The findings reveal that while Suggestopedia can enhance affective factors and initial language engagement, it faces limitations related to scalability, teacher training, and cultural acceptance. Recommendations for integrating Suggestopedic elements into modern classrooms are discussed.

This article explores the role of game-based technologies in developing the professional and personal competence of teachers during technology lessons. The integration of interactive educational tools not only improves students’ motivation and engagement but also enhances teachers’ creativity, adaptability, and pedagogical mastery. Through modern didactic approaches, the use of educational games is shown to foster teachers’ planning, communication, digital literacy, and reflective skills. The research presents methods, practical strategies, and outcomes of implementing game-based tools in technology education, highlighting their potential for teacher development.

This article explores the effectiveness of using authentic materials—such as podcasts, TV interviews, movies, and real-life conversations—in enhancing listening skills among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. The paper discusses the benefits of authenticity in language input, its impact on learners' motivation and comprehension, and offers practical strategies for classroom implementation.

This article explores the use of QR codes, mobile applications, and other digital tools in foreign language classrooms. It examines how these technologies enhance access to learning materials, increase student engagement, and support personalized learning. Based on classroom observations and feedback from teachers and students, the study identifies key advantages such as ease of use, interactivity, and motivational impact. Challenges related to technology access and teacher readiness are also discussed. The article concludes with recommendations for effective integration of these tools in language education.

 Recent advancements in molecular biology have revolutionized the detection of genetic disorders. From traditional karyotyping to advanced genomic technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), these tools offer greater accuracy, speed, and cost-effectiveness. This article reviews the current methodologies used for diagnosing inherited genetic disorders, including their advantages, limitations, and clinical applications.

This article explores the conceptual portrayal of artificial intelligence (AI) in the fantastic works of Uzbek writer Tohir Malik. While Malik wrote during a period when the term "AI" was not widely popularized in Central Asian literature, his fiction presents forward-looking philosophical reflections on machine consciousness, ethical dilemmas of technology, and the blurring of human–machine boundaries. By analyzing select stories, this study reveals how Malik used speculative elements to predict the rise of intelligent systems, emphasizing their potential impact on identity, morality, and society.

Hormonal imbalance is a common condition that affects women of all ages, often disrupting physical, emotional, and reproductive health. This article explores the primary signs and symptoms of hormonal imbalance, its most common causes, and evidence-based strategies to restore hormonal equilibrium. Through a synthesis of clinical studies and public health recommendations, the paper aims to raise awareness and provide holistic approaches to hormone regulation.

This article explores the decline of the feudal system in Europe and the subsequent rise of the modern age. It analyzes the political, economic, social, and intellectual factors that led to the collapse of feudal structures and the emergence of centralized states, capitalist economies, and humanist ideologies. The study argues that the combination of internal contradictions within feudalism and external pressures, such as technological changes and global exploration, accelerated the transformation of European society.

This article examines the socio-economic foundations of the Jadid movement that emerged in Central Asia at the turn of the 20th century. The study explores the historical and economic context that gave rise to a group of intellectuals, educators, and reformers—collectively known as Jadids—who sought to modernize Muslim society in Turkestan. By analyzing colonial policies, economic stagnation, the impact of Russian imperialism, and traditional educational system failures, the research reveals how these factors contributed to the development of a reformist ideology grounded in enlightenment, national revival, and economic progress.

This article explores the experiences and practical approaches to organizing innovative project-based activities for children. It highlights the benefits of such activities in developing creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, and problem-solving skills. The study reviews effective methods for planning, implementing, and evaluating project-based learning in early childhood settings. Emphasis is placed on the role of educators in facilitating meaningful and engaging learning experiences.

This article highlights the legal and practical powers of the prosecutor’s office in combating crime, especially in crime prevention, modern control mechanisms, and approaches. The work on crime prevention, the application of best international practices, and initiatives to raise the legal awareness of citizens are analyzed. It is especially emphasized that in the activities of the prosecutor’s office, crime prevention, rather than combating it, remains one of the priority strategies.

This article analyzes phraseological units used to express respect in the Uzbek language. It also describes how the concept of respect is reflected in folk oral creativity - proverbs, sayings, wisdom, epics and fairy tales, and the national values ​​in it. The text describes in detail the importance of respect in Uzbek society, its role in family and social relations.

This in the article digital technologies based on start​ class of the students creative thinking and creative skills​ develop opportunities analysis Digital​​ tools education to the process deep integrating one at the time , especially creativity such as high level cognitive competencies in formation their pedagogical from the potential productive use roads​ is illuminated .

this thesis briefly describes the mobile opercion tisms and their types, as well as about them.

this article briefly talks about the implementation of the economic needs of mankind, money and its origin, history and stages of development, as well as its importance.

Proverbs are succinct, culturally embedded expressions that encapsulate practical wisdom, social norms, and shared values.  This investigation investigates the pragmatic function and contextual application of English-language proverbs in everyday conversations among university students in the Fergana Valley region of Uzbekistan.  Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observation of natural discourse among 56 English learners from three regional universities, utilizing a qualitative research design.  Thematic analysis demonstrated that students primarily employed proverbs to persuade, advise, convey solidarity, or resolve social tension, with the effectiveness of these strategies being significantly influenced by cultural familiarity and contextual awareness.  Although proverbs facilitated informal communication, they were frequently misapplied, frequently as a result of a literal interpretation or a lack of cultural context.  The results corroborate the existing literature on the cognitive and social utility of proverbs (e.g., Norrick, 1985; Wierzbicka, 2003) and emphasize the necessity of incorporating pragmatic and cultural instruction into second-language curricula.  Educators and learners are advised to improve their proverb proficiency and mitigate the likelihood of miscommunication.

 The results of experimental and theoretical studies developed by a combination of methods for mounting large-span reinforced concrete shells assembled from enlarged mounting elements are presented. The stress-strain state of composite shells with a span of  60  m and their enlarged elements with dimensions of 3x18 m and 3x24 m is studied on models on a scale of 1:10 and 1:4. The work of the structure under various mounting and unloading options is studied. Recommendations on rational methods of constructing covering shells for unique public buildings have been developed.

This article describes how to organize the structure of a combined lesson and how to properly organize a survey of students during the lesson, the levels of organizing a combined lesson, modern teaching technologies, what hygienic requirements are imposed on their use in the lesson.

 This article discusses the history of the origin of the national values of the Uzbek people, their ethnic characteristics, the transformations that occurred as a result of migration and assimilation at different times and their specific characteristics, and the factors that cause our national values to be forgotten in the process of globalization.

 This article analyzes the negative impact of legal nihilism on legal behavior and legal culture in society. In particular, the factors causing legal nihilism, their impact on public consciousness and civic position, as well as the negative socio-political changes that arise as a result of this situation are highlighted. The article also substantiates ways to eliminate legal nihilism through the formation of legal consciousness and behavior.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women globally, with hormonal factors playing a pivotal role in its pathogenesis and progression. Estrogen and progesterone, the primary female sex hormones, are deeply implicated in tumor development through their interaction with nuclear hormone receptors and subsequent gene regulation. This article explores the molecular mechanisms by which hormones influence breast cancer initiation and evolution. It also reviews current hormonal therapies, including selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), aromatase inhibitors, and emerging targeted approaches. Moreover, recent statistics, clinical trial outcomes, and global treatment disparities are examined to present a comprehensive understanding of hormone-driven breast cancer management.

 Proverbs are succinct, culturally rich expressions that encapsulate the wisdom, values, and social norms of a community. This study explores proverbs related to interpersonal relationships in both English and Uzbek languages, with the goal of uncovering the underlying cultural values and social attitudes they convey. Through a qualitative thematic analysis of approximately 150 proverbs, key themes such as friendship, respect, trust, social hierarchy, communication, and conflict resolution were examined. The findings indicate that English proverbs generally emphasize individualism, personal responsibility, and egalitarian social interactions, reflecting Western cultural tendencies. In contrast, Uzbek proverbs highlight collectivism, social harmony, and deference to elders, aligning with Central Asian cultural traditions. This comparative analysis deepens the understanding of how cultural communication patterns are shaped by these values and offers practical insights to improve intercultural dialogue and relationships between English and Uzbek speakers.

This article analyzes the legal documents that laid the foundation for the formation of the country’s unicameral parliament. In particular, it reveals the essence and significance of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the laws “On Elections to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan” and “On the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan”.

A love of reading and writing is always at the top of the list of abilities that young children should learn. A youngster who is holding a book or pencil has a bright future ahead of her. This article is about the importance of writing skills in the lives of elementary school children.

This article examines how national identity shapes philosophical worldviews through culture, language, historical memory, and collective values. By evaluating examples from Central Asian and global perspectives, it emphasizes the dynamic interplay between individual cognition and cultural belonging.

 This article examines the methodology for developing integrated activities in the banking financial system under modern conditions. The study analyzes the digital transformation of banks, strategic partnerships, and customer-oriented solutions, exploring ways to enhance their efficiency. The research focuses on a systematic approach, the importance of digital technologies, the development of financial ecosystems, and the integration of banking services. As a result, practical recommendations are developed to improve the efficiency and sustainability of banking operations.

This study investigates the attitudes of Nukus residents aged 18 to 25 towards the environmental impact of waste through an empirical analysis. Against the backdrop of increasing resource depletion and environmental degradation, understanding young adults’ perceptions is essential for developing sustainable waste management strategies. The research explores how this demographic perceives waste-related environmental issues, their awareness of ecological challenges, and their willingness to adopt environmentally responsible behaviors. Findings highlight the critical role of youth engagement in addressing local environmental problems and provide insights for policymakers to foster sustainable development in Nukus. This study contributes to the broader discourse on balancing economic growth with environmental protection in Uzbekistan.

Scientific and technical translation requires a high degree of linguistic precision and subject matter knowledge. This article explores the core structural and methodological aspects of English-Uzbek scientific translation, focusing on the equivalence and adequacy of translation. It examines essential translation methods such as borrowing, calquing, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalency, and adaptation. Each method is analyzed in the context of bridging linguistic and cultural gaps while preserving technical accuracy and stylistic clarity. The article also highlights the challenges translators face, including semantic gaps, structural mismatches, and the need for terminological consistency. Emphasis is placed on the importance of translator competence in both languages, domain knowledge, and a deep understanding of technical registers.

 Realism, as a literary movement, emerged in England during the 19th century as a response to romanticism and the social transformations brought about by industrialization. This article explores the development and influence of realism in English literature, focusing on its thematic concerns, stylistic features, and socio-political implications. It examines the works of key realist writers such as Charles Dickens, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy, analyzing how their narratives reflect the complexities of ordinary life and challenge idealized representations of society. The article also highlights realism's continuing influence on contemporary literature, arguing that its emphasis on character psychology, moral ambiguity, and social critique remains relevant in the 21st century.

This article explores effective marketing strategies that drive business growth and competitiveness in today’s dynamic market. It covers traditional and digital marketing approaches, emphasizing their integration, adaptability, and alignment with consumer behavior. The discussion provides actionable insights for businesses aiming to enhance brand visibility, customer engagement, and profitability.

This article delves into the pathomorphology of the heart in newborn infants diagnosed with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), a common condition in preterm babies marked by breathing difficulties. It explores the structural and functional changes in the heart, linking these alterations to the physiological stress caused by RDS. Drawing on recent clinical studies and autopsy findings, the piece examines how hypoxia and inflammation contribute to cardiac pathology, offering insights into potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic approaches. The discussion aims to enhance understanding of this complex interplay, providing a foundation for improved neonatal care and future research in pediatric cardiology.

This in the article Abu Nasr Al-Farabi 's scientific and philosophical views , his thoughts on education and upbringing , practical and philosophical instructions separately covered . Farobi saw education as the main tool for the spiritual and mental development of a person. He also paid special attention to ensuring the full intellectual, moral and social development of a person in the educational process. In his works, Farobi attached special importance to the role of the teacher, scientific thinking, moral education and the preservation of social values. This article analyzes Farobi's educational and upbringing views and considers how they are implemented in the modern education system.

This article analyzes the importance of transparency and trustworthiness in green marketing. As demand for sustainability grows, the issue of “greenwashing” reduces consumer trust in brands. The study explores the role of independent auditing, environmental certifications, and emerging technologies—particularly blockchain and artificial intelligence—in ensuring transparency in green marketing. The results show that brands’ open and clear ecological claims are crucial factors in increasing consumer trust. The article also provides recommendations for enhancing trustworthiness in green marketing.

 This article analyzes the opportunities for students with developmental disabilities to acquire specializations in selected professions that align with deepened specialized and differentiated teaching, ensuring intellectual development, and their physical development characteristics. The importance of the role of the state and educators is emphasized.

This article explores the scientific and theoretical foundations of situational modeling in the preparation of constructive teachers. In the context of modern pedagogical challenges, constructive teaching is considered a key competency that enables educators to design, manage, and evaluate learning processes creatively and effectively. Situational modeling is examined as an innovative methodological approach that simulates real-life teaching situations, enhances professional reflection, and develops problem-solving skills. The paper analyzes the psychological-pedagogical basis of modeling, highlights the structural elements of situational learning environments, and discusses the role of simulation-based training in shaping future teachers' professional readiness. Emphasis is placed on the integration of situational strategies into teacher education programs as a means of fostering constructive thinking, autonomy, and adaptability.

 This article explores the socio-pedagogical and psychological characteristics of forming moral and ethical immunity in adolescent students in the context of the influence of social networks on global education. It examines how the rapid expansion of social media platforms shapes students’ behavior, values, and moral beliefs. The article discusses the impact of virtual communication on adolescents’ emotional and ethical development, emphasizing the role of educators, parents, and psychologists in fostering resilience against negative social media influences. Furthermore, it outlines key pedagogical strategies and psychological interventions that support the formation of stable moral-ethical orientations, self-regulation, and critical thinking skills, which help adolescents navigate the complex digital environment.

 This article examines types of discourse—both general and specialized—along with key features and forms of specialized discourse. It discusses political and legal discourse, the notions of personhood and impersonality in legal discourse, and anthropocentric concepts and their realization in the modern linguistic paradigm.

This article discusses the fact that the lack of connection of theoretical knowledge learned in higher education with practice is one of the main factors reducing the quality of education, and that in order to connect the learned information with practice, it is important to strengthen the practical content of educational programs. It also highlights one of the biggest problems related to practice in the conditions of Uzbekistan - the general relationship between the production sector and the education system

This paper explores the role and function of paralinguistic means—such as gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, pauses, and intonation—in Uzbek literary works. While traditionally paralinguistics has been studied in spoken communication, its literary reflection in fictional texts, especially in the Uzbek literature, offers unique insights into the cultural and emotional layers of expression. The paper examines how Uzbek writers embed paralinguistic cues in dialogues and narration to enhance realism, convey emotions, and develop characters.

The influence of extreme climatic conditions (high temperatures and low humidity) on mobility, persistence, setting speed and evaporation of moisture in concrete mixtures is investigated. Patterns of changes in rheological parameters in hot climates have been established. Recommendations on the adaptation of mixtures for hot regions are given.

This article analyzes effective methods for developing speech in early childhood. Speech plays a crucial role in a child's socialization, communication with the environment, and intellectual growth. Therefore, selecting methodological approaches that are appropriate for the child’s age, individual characteristics, and developmental stages is a pressing issue in preschool education. The article describes methods such as play-based activities, visual aids, musical and rhythmic exercises, and fairy tale therapy, highlighting their practical effectiveness. The importance of cooperation between parents and educators is emphasized, as well as the necessity of choosing methods that consider the child's emotional state. The conclusion states that the systematic use of these methods ensures the development of verbal activity, vocabulary expansion, and communication culture in children.

The rapid development of digital communication technologies has significantly transformed language use and interaction patterns across various societies. Digital media discourse represents a dynamic and multifaceted area of study where linguistic practices reflect and shape social identities, cultural values, and ideological structures. This paper investigates the social and cultural context of digital media discourse, focusing on how societal norms, cultural traditions, and power relations influence language use on digital platforms. The research applies a mixed-methods approach, combining content analysis of digital texts with sociolinguistic and discourse analytical perspectives. The findings reveal that digital discourse both mirrors and modifies existing social structures, contributing to the globalization of communication and the emergence of hybrid cultural identities. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between language, culture, and society in the digital age.

This аrticle describes sоme аspects оf the principles оf educаtiоnаl, interdisciplinаry cоmmunicаtiоn in the prоcess оf integrаting the psychоlоgicаl аnd pedаgоgicаl knоwledge оf future physicаl educаtiоn teаchers.

 This article deals with questions of equivalent and non-equivalent lexicon in linguistics. In particular, the opinions expressed by linguists on this topical issue, the study of specific aspects of translatability have become important in the study of foreign languages. With bilingualism, it is impossible to come to the correct hulosa regarding the vocabulary wealth of this or that language. The reason is that naming a particular concept will depend on linguistic and extralinguistic factors that affect the language.

This article explores the digital and sustainable dimensions of tourism services export in the Republic of Uzbekistan through a comprehensive statistical approach. Export data from 2018 to 2024 are analyzed to identify structural trends, regional diversification, and digital transformation in tourism-related services. The study reveals that tourism services consistently rank among the top contributors to the country’s service exports, with a strong orientation toward neighbouring CIS countries. The research applies SWOT analysis, comparative statistics, time-series methods, and structural assessment to evaluate the sector's performance and potential. Key findings highlight the growing role of digital platforms, the need for sustainable infrastructure, and the importance of institutional support. Based on the data-driven insights, the paper proposes strategic measures to enhance export capacity, promote eco-friendly tourism models, and support regional inclusion in Uzbekistan’s tourism economy.

The prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is a global public health priority. For decades, infant feeding has been a central and complex component of PMTCT strategies. While breastfeeding is the optimal source of infant nutrition, it also poses a significant risk of HIV transmission from an infected mother to her child in the absence of effective interventions. Consequently, artificial feeding with infant formula was widely promoted as a key strategy to eliminate this risk. This article provides a comprehensive legal and ethical analysis of using artificial feeding for PMTCT. Using a systematic review of international guidelines, bioethical literature, and human rights frameworks, this paper examines the evolution of recommendations and the profound dilemmas they create. The analysis highlights the inherent conflict between the biomedical goal of preventing HIV transmission and the fundamental principles of maternal autonomy, infant rights, and health equity. We explore the ethical tensions surrounding informed consent, the challenges of ensuring that artificial feeding is "Acceptable, Feasible, Affordable, Sustainable, and Safe" (AFASS), and the significant issues of stigma and discrimination faced by women who do not breastfeed. The impact of increasingly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) in radically altering the risk-benefit calculus is also discussed. This paper argues that while artificial feeding remains a critical option in specific circumstances, a shift from a prescriptive, one-size-fits-all approach to a rights-based, woman-centered, and context-specific counseling model is essential for ethically sound and effective PMTCT programs.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the repression policies employed by two of the most infamous totalitarian regimes of the 20th century: the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin and Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler. Both regimes utilized systematic terror, mass arrests, forced labor camps, and executions to consolidate power and eliminate opposition. Despite ideological differences—communism versus fascism—both states relied on similar mechanisms of control, including secret police, propaganda, and the criminalization of dissent. The study explores key similarities and differences in their repression strategies, their impact on society, and the long-term historical consequences.

This article analyzes the content and historical and scientific foundations of the ideas of humanism, tolerance and spiritual maturity formed in the teachings of Central Asian mysticism. In particular, it is shown that the moral principles put forward by the founders of such orders as Yasawi, Naqshbandi, Kubravi, Chusti are aimed at creating an atmosphere of peace, tolerance and mutual respect in society through methods that lead a person to spiritual purification and perfection. Also, special attention is paid to the socio-spiritual significance of these ideas in today's era of globalization and ideological confrontations, their role in forming a culture of tolerance in the minds of young people. Based on scientific analysis, the role of mysticism in understanding human value in modern society, ensuring interethnic harmony and strengthening spiritual stability is revealed.

Primary education is considered a fundamental stage in the comprehensive development and formation of an individual's personality. This article discusses the importance of not only providing primary school students with theoretical knowledge but also preparing them for real-life situations, equipping them with life experience, guiding them toward practical activities, and developing their thinking abilities. Taking into account the psychological characteristics of children, the article highlights the importance of fostering independent thinking, solving problems, observing, analyzing, and drawing conclusions through the use of modern pedagogical approaches.

In the educational process, engaging students in active participation and developing their creative and critical thinking skills can be enhanced through interactive methods such as role-playing games, problem-solving tasks, group work, project-based activities, and lessons based on real-life situations. At the same time, primary school students develop according to their individual interests, needs, and abilities, which contributes to their growth into knowledgeable, independent, and socially responsible individuals.

 This article summarizes scientific ideas about the role of mathematics in human life, as well as the importance of Information Technology in mathematics. 

This article analyzes the requirements for the personality of a teacher in forming a sense of patriotism during reading literacy lessons in primary school. It examines the moral and ethical qualities of the teacher, their professional qualifications, personal participation in the lesson, methodological competence, and emotional responsiveness. Based on observation, interviews, analysis, and experimental methods, the study substantiates the teacher’s leading role in patriotic education.

The purpose of this article is using differentiated lesson plans for students at different learning levels in the process of teaching a foreign language. This article will first explain the differentiated learning meaning, list the multiple ways of differentiated lesson plans, along with relevant lesson plan examples. Then it will illustrate the importance of differentiated lesson plans in education.

Background: The quality of air in operating rooms (ORs) is a fundamental determinant of surgical outcomes and patient safety. Airborne contaminants contribute significantly to surgical site infections (SSIs), thus necessitating robust hygienic control measures.

Objective: This study aimed to review and evaluate current methodologies for organizing hygienic air quality control in operating rooms, focusing on filtration systems, airflow management, microbial monitoring, and compliance with international standards.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases to identify relevant studies published between 2010 and 2023. Selected articles were analyzed for evidence on the effectiveness of High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters, laminar airflow (LAF), ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), and microbial monitoring protocols.

Results: HEPA filtration and LAF systems were shown to significantly reduce airborne microbial loads. UVGI systems demonstrated supplementary benefits, particularly in conjunction with other control measures. Regular microbial sampling and strict compliance with guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were associated with improved air quality and reduced SSIs.

Conclusion: A comprehensive approach integrating multiple air quality control methods yields the most effective outcomes in OR hygiene. Institutions must prioritize consistent application of evidence-based interventions and ensure adherence to international standards to safeguard surgical environments.

Background: Digital transformation has rapidly altered economic and social landscapes, creating new pathways for inclusive development and poverty reduction worldwide.
Objective: This paper reviews the impact of the digital economy on inclusive development, with a particular focus on modern approaches to poverty reduction.
Methods: The study analyzes empirical data, international reports, and case studies from 2018 to 2024, prioritizing experiences from low- and middle-income countries.
Results: Digital interventions—including mobile banking, e-government, and digital skills programs—have expanded access to finance, social protection, and employment opportunities. Yet, persistent digital divides related to access, affordability, and skills remain significant obstacles.
Conclusion: To realize the full potential of digitalization in poverty reduction, countries must combine technological innovation with inclusive policies, infrastructure investment, and human capital development.

This article examines the educational and moral significance of folktales and other forms of oral folk literature in shaping children's character, worldview, and values. As carriers of national identity and collective wisdom, folktales convey essential life lessons, ethical norms, and cultural traditions in a vivid and memorable way. The study explores how folk narratives—rich with symbolic characters, universal conflicts, and moral resolutions—can be used effectively in modern educational settings to instill values such as honesty, courage, respect, and perseverance. The research highlights the role of storytelling as a pedagogical tool that stimulates imagination, enhances critical thinking, and nurtures emotional intelligence in learners.

This article explores the impact of extensive reading on the development of vocabulary and language fluency among foreign language learners. Extensive reading, which involves exposure to large amounts of comprehensible and engaging texts, has been found to promote incidental vocabulary acquisition and to strengthen learners' confidence in language use. The study discusses theoretical foundations of extensive reading, reviews empirical research, and examines how reading quantity and quality correlate with improved lexical knowledge and speaking fluency. Findings indicate that learners who engage regularly in extensive reading show significant improvements in both receptive and productive vocabulary, as well as greater fluency and autonomy in communication. The article concludes by recommending strategies for incorporating extensive reading into language teaching programs to optimize vocabulary growth and fluency enhancement.

This article explores the digitalization of information services and public relations, analyzing its transformative impact on communication strategies and stakeholder engagement. It discusses the main opportunities presented by digital tools and platforms, including enhanced accessibility, interactive communication, and real-time feedback. Simultaneously, the article examines the challenges posed by this shift, such as issues of information authenticity, digital divide, data privacy, and the need for new competencies among public relations professionals. Drawing on case studies and recent research, the article provides practical recommendations for leveraging digital channels while mitigating associated risks. The findings offer a deeper understanding of the evolving landscape of public relations and highlight the importance of strategically integrating digitalization into communication practices.

This scientific article discusses the legal essence, procedures, stages of civil proceedings, and the development of relevant proposals and reforms in this area in Uzbekistan by analyzing the practical legal framework and studying international best practices. It explains the legal relations of civil proceedings, as well as the relationships that arise between the court, the parties, and other participants in the process of reviewing civil cases.

 This article examines the educational and moral significance of folktales and other forms of oral folk literature in shaping children's character, worldview, and values. As carriers of national identity and collective wisdom, folktales convey essential life lessons, ethical norms, and cultural traditions in a vivid and memorable way. The study explores how folk narratives—rich with symbolic characters, universal conflicts, and moral resolutions—can be used effectively in modern educational settings to instill values such as honesty, courage, respect, and perseverance. The research highlights the role of storytelling as a pedagogical tool that stimulates imagination, enhances critical thinking, and nurtures emotional intelligence in learners.

 The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms offers new opportunities to enhance learners’ critical thinking skills. This article explores how AI-powered interactive discussion tools, such as chatbots and dialogue systems, can support the development of analytical reasoning among EFL students. The study highlights the effectiveness of these technologies in promoting deeper engagement, structured argumentation, and learner autonomy. Drawing on qualitative data from case studies, teacher interviews, and recent literature, the article concludes that AI can serve as a pedagogically sound assistant in language learning when used responsibly and in combination with human facilitation.

 Modern contraceptive methods not only protect against pregnancy but also play roles in preserving women's health, regulating hormonal balance, and correcting menstrual disorders. This article analyzes the types of contraceptive methods and the criteria for their selection based on age, physiological condition, chronic diseases, reproductive plans, and personal preferences.

This article covers issues such as the implementation of the highway layout project and the development of cadastral data, the development of transport infrastructure , and the search for solutions to problems related to the use of geoinformation technologies in managing the real estate cadastre of highways.

This article explores the scientific and philosophical foundations, as well as effective methodological approaches, to developing students' thinking in the context of higher education. Thinking is viewed as the basis for knowledge, worldview, and creative reasoning. The authors highlight didactic methods and pedagogical conditions essential for fostering critical and independent thinking among students. The paper also discusses the role of philosophy in modern education and suggests ways to improve its methodological framework.

This article highlights the global significance of traditional plant-based medicines, emphasizing their longstanding use in various cultural and medicinal systems such as AYUSH, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and Islamic medicine. It explores how traditional healers have historically used various plant parts in different formulations to treat illnesses and how this knowledge has been passed down through generations. Despite the existence of around 30,000 medicinal plants used globally, only a small percentage have been scientifically studied for their bioactivity. The article explains the process of drug development from plant sources, including extraction, isolation, characterization, and structural elucidation of bioactive compounds. It underscores the integration of modern analytical techniques like NMR, mass spectrometry, chromatography, and bioassays with ethnobotanical knowledge to validate and standardize traditional remedies. The collaboration between botanists, ethnobotanists, pharmacologists, chemists, and biotechnologists is considered essential for developing safe and effective plant-derived drugs. The article concludes that although drug development from plants is time-consuming and costly, it remains a reliable and authentic approach to discovering new medicines based on centuries-old traditional knowledge.

This article explores the integration and revival of traditional medicinal systems in Uzbekistan, particularly drawing from the teachings of the renowned Persian polymath Ibn Sina (Avicenna). It emphasizes the historical significance and contemporary relevance of traditional medicine, including plant, animal, and mineral-based treatments, in health diagnosis, treatment, and disease prevention. The paper highlights how educational institutions, especially medical schools in Uzbekistan, are incorporating traditional medicine into curricula, fostering scientific research and community engagement. It underscores the importance of intergenerational knowledge transfer, the preservation of biodiversity, and the need for blending traditional medicinal wisdom with modern scientific advancements. Surveys are proposed as a tool to understand public perception, student interest, and the utility of traditional medicine. The article advocates for curriculum reform and STEM integration to better align traditional knowledge with scientific learning, ultimately contributing to national identity, sustainability, and the health system’s development.

 Intercultural communicative competence (ICC) has become a fundamental skill in today's globalized society. This article examines the stages of ICC development, various forms it can take, and effective methods for its enhancement. By analyzing current pedagogical practices and theoretical frameworks, we offer insights into how learners and educators can systematically cultivate intercultural awareness, attitudes, and communication skills.

This scholarly article explores avenues for developing soft skills in primary education, which are crucial for children's future success. It analyzes the definition of soft skills and their significance at the primary school age, and discusses methodologies and practical strategies aimed at fostering skills such as communication, collaboration, critical thinking, creativity, and adaptability. The role of interactive methods like Problem-Based Learning (PBL), project-based learning, and game-based learning is examined. The article emphasizes the importance of integrating soft skills into the curriculum.

This article provides a comparative-analytical study of two influential works in literary theory: Poetic Art by the French classicist Nicolas Boileau and Rules of Literature by the Uzbek intellectual Abdurauf Fitrat. Despite being produced in different cultural and historical contexts, these works reveal significant typological similarities. Both texts address fundamental literary issues such as the relationship between form and content in poetry, the theoretical basis of dramaturgy, and the role of the poet. Through detailed textual analysis, this paper identifies shared aesthetic principles and differences in approach, contributing to broader discussions on comparative poetics and universal trends in literary development.

In recent decades, there has been a steady increase in the incidence of hypertension among the population of different age groups. The main problem remains late diagnosis and insufficient effectiveness of monotherapy. In this regard, the search for alternative and comprehensive methods of prevention and correction of blood pressure is becoming relevant. Hijama, as an ancient form of wet bloodletting, is becoming an object of attention for scientists and practitioners. The present study examines the effect of hijama on blood pressure levels and the general condition of patients with prehypertension and stage I arterial hypertension. Hypertension remains one of the most common chronic pathologies affecting the health of the world's population. Modern methods of prevention and treatment include medicinal and non-medicinal approaches. One of the promising non—medicinal methods is hijama, a traditional therapy based on bloodletting. The purpose of this study was to study the effectiveness of the hijama method in the prevention of hypertension. The results show the positive effect of hijama on lowering blood pressure and improving the general condition of patients. The hijama method can be considered as an additional method of preventing hypertension in complex therapy.

This article examines innovative pedagogical technologies aimed at enhancing the spiritual and moral education of young learners by drawing upon the rich cultural heritage of Karakalpakstan. It explores the integration of regional traditions, historical values, and folklore into the educational process and analyzes how this approach contributes to shaping students' ethical views and national identity. The study emphasizes the importance of localized educational content, teacher preparation, and interactivity in instilling spiritual values among students in primary grades.