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METHODS FOR INCREASING GRAPEVINE DISEASE RESISTANCE USING THE
EXAMPLE OF THE FERGANA VALLEY
Usmanov Saminjon Olimovich
Kokand State University
Abstract;
This article reviews the main diseases of viticulture in the Fergana Valley and methods
for combating them, as well as methods for increasing the genetic resistance of grapevines to
diseases. The article analyzes the importance of agrotechnical measures, biological and chemical
protection methods , and the selection of disease-resistant varieties in preventing diseases. Taking
into account the climatic conditions and soil characteristics of the Fergana Valley , practical
recommendations are given to increase grape yield and improve its quality.
Keywords
: Viticulture , diseases, tolerance, Fergana Valley, agrotechnics, biological protection,
chemical protection, variety selection, vine, mildew, oidium, anthracnose, bacterial cancer, gray
rot.
Introduction; Grapes are one of the important branches of Uzbekistan's agriculture, and the
Fergana Valley in particular has favorable climatic and soil conditions for grape growing. The
valley's sunny days and temperate climate ensure that grapes are juicy and of high quality.
However, diseases are a serious obstacle to obtaining high and high-quality yields in viticulture.
Diseases not only reduce the yield, but also negatively affect its quality, and sometimes lead to the
death of the entire crop. Therefore, increasing the resistance of grapevines to diseases and
effectively combating them is an urgent task. These measures not only increase economic
efficiency, but also serve to protect the environment.
Main part
1. Main diseases of grapes in the Fergana Valley and their development conditions
In the conditions of the Fergana Valley, the following diseases are mainly common in grapes,
each of which has its own specific development conditions:
Mildew ( Plasmopara viticola ): This disease is one of the most dangerous diseases,
developing rapidly, especially in humid and cool weather conditions . It spreads rapidly in spring
and early summer, when the air temperature is 12−25°C and there is constant humidity. It causes
serious damage to leaves, branches and grape heads. Yellow-green spots appear on the leaves, and
later brown necrosis. White powder is observed under the leaves.
Oidium (powdery mildew, Erysiphe necator ): On the contrary, this disease spreads
especially quickly in hot and dry weather . Optimal conditions are created when the air
temperature is 20−30°C and the humidity is low. It forms a gray-white powder on the tops of the
grapes and young shoots, which interferes with the photosynthesis process of the plant and leads
to cracking of the fruits.
Anthracnose ( Elsinoe ampelina ): Causes red-brown spots with reddish edges on leaves
and branches, and deep cracks on fruits. This disease also becomes active in humid and warm
weather , especially after spring rains. The affected areas become necrotic, leading to the death of
plant parts.
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Bacterial canker ( Agrobacterium vitis ): Causes the formation of growths (corns) on the
vine, especially on the root collar and trunk . This disrupts the plant's nutrition and eventually
causes it to wither. It is often transmitted through mechanical damage and can persist in the soil
for a long time.
Gray rot ( Botrytis cinerea ): Severely damages the crop, especially in conditions of high
humidity and air temperatures of 15−25°C . Gray powder and rot are observed on ripe grape
heads. This disease also sharply reduces the shelf life of grapes.
2. Agrotechnical methods of combating diseases
Correct agrotechnical measures are of great importance in preventing diseases , as they increase
the overall immunity of plants and create unfavorable conditions for the development of
pathogens:
Proper soil management: Regular cultivation and weeding of vineyards reduces the
transfer of pathogens (especially mildew spores) from soil to plant. Turning over the vines in the
fall helps to eliminate overwintering pests and pathogens.
Ventilation and pruning of vineyards: Good ventilation is ensured by not planting vines
too thickly, forming the branches correctly, and removing excess branches. This reduces the
moisture on the surface of the leaves and fruits, preventing the development of diseases such as
mildew and gray rot. Regular removal of damaged and diseased branches, their removal from the
vineyard, and burning will eliminate the source of infection.
Nutrition: Providing a balanced nutrition for the vine , especially with potassium and
phosphorus fertilizers, increases the plant's immunity to diseases. It is important to use nitrogen in
moderation, as its excess can lead to excessive sugariness of the plants and an increased
susceptibility to diseases. Microelements (boron, zinc, manganese) also increase the plant's
resistance to stress.
Irrigation regime: It is important to follow a correct and regular irrigation regime. It is
recommended to water in the morning or evening, as watering during the day can increase
humidity and create conditions for the development of diseases. Drip irrigation systems prevent
water from getting on the leaves, reducing the spread of diseases.
3. Chemical and biological protection methods
It is advisable to combine chemical and biological methods within the framework of an integrated
protection system :
Chemical protection: The use of fungicides is effective in preventing and controlling the
occurrence of diseases . The appropriate preparations are used depending on the type of disease:
Against Mildew: Copper-based preparations (Bordeaux liquid, copper chloroxide) or
systemic fungicides (Ridomil Gold, Previkur Energy).
Against oidium: Sulfur-based preparations (colloidal sulfur), topaz, karatane.
Complex fungicides: Some preparations are effective against several diseases at the same
time. When using the preparations, it is necessary to strictly follow the instructions, take into
account the protection periods (the last treatment period before harvesting) and determine the
number of treatments depending on the degree of damage.
Biological control: Biological methods allow you to combat diseases without harming the
environment. This can be done by using beneficial microorganisms (e.g., Trichoderma fungus,
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Bacillus subtilis bacteria) or plant extracts (e.g., garlic, onion, hot pepper extracts). These agents
suppress the development of disease pathogens or fight them. Biological preparations are
especially effective in the early stages of the disease and for preventive purposes.
4. Choosing disease-resistant varieties
One of the most effective methods is to plant genetically resistant varieties to diseases . Selecting
resistant varieties, both local and introduced, suitable for the conditions of the Fergana Valley will
help increase yields and reduce chemical treatments. Such varieties are recommended by local
research institutes, for example, the Research Institute of Horticulture, Viticulture and
Winemaking under the Scientific and Production Center of Agriculture of the Republic of
Uzbekistan. Some resistant varieties:
"Kishmish Sultani" - has high resistance to mildew and oidium.
"Rizamat" is relatively resistant, but requires optimal agrotechnical conditions.
"Toyfi" is moderately resistant to diseases.
New selection varieties, such as "Sharq", are also being tested.
Conclusion
Increasing the resistance of grapevines to diseases is one of the main conditions for obtaining high
and stable yields in the Fergana Valley viticulture. In this regard, the correct implementation of
agrotechnical measures , the combination of biological and chemical protection methods , and the
planting of disease-resistant varieties are important. By introducing an integrated protection
system (IPM) in the fight against diseases, there are opportunities to significantly increase grape
yields, improve product quality, and grow environmentally friendly grapes. In the future, it is an
urgent task to strengthen selection work and work on creating new, highly resistant varieties using
genetic engineering methods.
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