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ISSUES OF EQUIVALENCE OF TERMS
Berdimurodova Sevara
Teacher of Termez University of Economics and Sevice
Abstract:
This article deals with questions of equivalent and non-equivalent lexicon in
linguistics. In particular, the opinions expressed by linguists on this topical issue, the study of
specific aspects of translatability have become important in the study of foreign languages.
With bilingualism, it is impossible to come to the correct hulosa regarding the vocabulary
wealth of this or that language. The reason is that naming a particular concept will depend on
linguistic and extralinguistic factors that affect the language.
Keywords:
the concept of equivalence and non-equivalence lexicon, lacuna, realia,random
lacuna , transliteration .
Annotatsiya
Ushbu maqola tilshunoslikda ekvivalent va ekvivalentsiz leksika masalalarini ko’rib chiqadi.
Jumladan, tilshunoslarning bu dolzarb masala yuzasidan bildirgan fikrlari, tarjimashunoslikka
oid o’ziga xos jihatlarini tadqiq etish xorijiy tillarini o’rganishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etib
kelmoqda.Ikki tilni chog’ishtirish bilan u yoki bu tilning lug’at boyligi borasida to’g’ri hulosaga
kelib bo’lmaydi.Sababi muayyan tushunchaga nom berish tilga ta’sir etadigan lingvistik va
ekstralingvistik omillarga bog’liq bo’ladi.
Kalit so’zlar:
ekvivalentlik va ekvivalentsiz leksika tushunchasi,lakuna, realiya,tasodifiy
lakunalar, Transliteratsiya .
In linguistics, in recent years, in the process of integration with the countries of the world, the
study of national-cultural characteristics of communication between people, universal linguistic
features, and the specific aspects of verbal and non-verbal means in intercultural
communication has become relevant in the study of foreign languages. In particular, the rapid
development of science and technology has led to the introduction of many new concepts,
words and expressions, and new terms related to translation studies from abroad into our lives.
The concept of equivalent in linguistics was adopted in the 1960s as a concept related to French
linguistics.
This term was introduced into Russian translation studies in the mid-20th century by A.D.
Schweizer and is considered a somewhat complex term. In translation studies, researchers have
different views on the degrees of equivalence and non-equivalence.
1 For example, according to V.N. Komissarov, an equivalent is another speech unit that can
perform the function performed by one speech unit. The concept of “equivalent”, the scientist
writes, “reveals important features of translation and is one of the central concepts of modern
translation studies.
2 However, the approaches to equivalence of V.Vinogradov, A.D. Schweizer, Ya.Resker,
N.K.Garbovsky, A.O.Ivanov and other scientists differ slightly from each other. The theory of
equivalence forms the basis for finding the most effective options for interlingual adaptation in
the translation process and applying them to translation activities. The opposite of the
relationship established between the source language and the target language is reflected in the
equivalence relationship. Regarding equivalence, it should also be noted that if the current
translation theory really emerged in the middle of the 20th century, then it is self-evident that its
main category, “equivalence,” also emerged at the same time.
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3 The content of the concept embodied in the term “equivalence” requires determining the
attitude of researchers working in different areas to it and also determining the relationship
between another concept that is very close to the concept of equivalence in translation - the
concepts of adequacy, reliability, accuracy, and precision. In Russian, the term equivalence,
according to its lexical meaning, means something that is of equal value, equal meaning, equal
power, and can completely replace one thing in relation to another. The ideas about equivalence
in science are not homogeneous. In some cases, completely opposite ideas have arisen in this
regard. For example, S. Vlakhov, by “equivalence”, meant complete similarity between the
semantics, connotation, and phonetics of the corresponding units of two languages within
the framework of the content,
4. While R. Levisky believes that the terms “equivalence” and “adequacy” can be used
interchangeably.
5 . V.G. Kostomarov says that “adequate translation” should be understood as a full-fledged
translation, and equivalence as the totality of equivalence units in terms of content. Linguists of
the world have not only studied the field of equivalence, but also paid special attention to the
study of the lexicon without equivalents in the language. There have been opposing views on
this issue. Russian linguists Kostomarov.V., Bazylev.V.N. state that the lexical layer of a word
without equivalents is defined as words that cannot be compared with any foreign language
lexical concepts.
6. We can get words that are not equivalent to foreign languages, because any language needs a
layer of lexical units that express the events of a foreign culture. “Necessary words” are
assimilated into other languages. However, many words that do not belong to the category of
realism and historicism do not have full equivalents in other languages. This is due to
differences in denotative or connotative semantics. For example, the Russian nouns дыз and
дыз differ, on the one hand, from their English equivalent дыз, and on the other hand, from the
scope of meaning. A reverse example: two English words in Russian bank "river bank" and
кіргак "seashore" correspond to one word. This applies not only to nouns: for example, the
Russian language distinguishes two colors in the color spectrum - кук and кук, and both signs
are part of the national language. In many other languages of the world they
correspond to one word (for example, English кук, French bleu /-e). The emotional-evaluative
component of the meaning differs, for example, the Russian word зулян and the Tajik word
офтоб with the same meaning differ: Tajiks, who live a significant part of the year under the
scorching sun, perceive it not only as such. It is used in the meanings of desired, life-giving, but
also hostile, cruel.
7 Each word has a special place in modern semantics, the history of its use, the context, and the
worldview and culture of the peoples speaking this language. Thus, the names of feelings have
their own semantics and connotations in different languages. The Russian word melancholic
does not have a complete equivalent in European languages: For example, each of the English
names for similar psychological states only approximately conveys its meaning and cultural
origin. A separate problem is the translation of phraseology, primarily the category of idioms,
since in their figurative semantics they are concentrated in the cultural features, worldview
features and value orientations of native speakers
.
8 In most studies, lacunarity is explained as the correspondence of a word combination in a
second language to a word that is not lexified in one language. In our opinion, not every
1
Telia V.N. Rus frazeologiyasi: semantik, pragmatik va lingvomadaniy jihatlar. - M., 1996 yil.
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concept that cannot be expressed in words in a language can be expressed through a word
combination, for example, concepts that create lacunae can be expressed using various means
.
9 I.A.Sternin, Z.D.Popova, M.A.Sternina in their works give the combination of lacunar units
with the expression of a unit without an equivalent. “A unit without an equivalent is a unit that
exists in one language, but does not occur in another language. A lacuna is the presence in
another language of a unit that does not exist in one language. Non-equivalent units and lacunas
always appear in pairs. If there is a lacuna in one language, then there is a unit without an
equivalent in the language being compared, or vice versa
Non-equivalent grammatical units exist as special grammatical translation problems. However,
in most modern theoretical works and applications on translation theory, grammatical problems
are not covered at all. This is because the translator does not encounter any difficulties in
expressing the grammatical meanings of one language using another. If they do arise, then,
oddly enough, these difficulties are small. The fact is that the grammatical structure of any
language in one way or another reflects a system of logical connections, with the help of which
we perceive and describe the world around us. This system of logical connections is universal
and does not depend on the specific features of the language. Non-equivalent grammatical units
exist as special grammatical translation problems. However, in most modern theoretical works
and applications on translation theory, grammatical problems are not covered at all. This is
because the translator does not have any difficulty in expressing the grammatical meanings of
one language using another. With all this, linguistic competence lies not in the field of grammar,
but in the field of translation, and there are special cases that require translation decisions. This
type of problem arises when the grammatical meaning given in the target language is not
available (unclear), i.e. there is no equivalent grammatical unit in the translation. Lexical units
of the source language that do not have a corresponding lexical equivalent in the target
language are called non-equivalent vocabulary.
Non-equivalent vocabulary is a lexical unit of
one language that "has neither a full nor a partial equivalent among the lexical units of another
language." L.S. Barkhudarov divides lexical units into three large categories as non-equivalent
vocabulary. Reality - words denoting things, concepts and situations that do not exist in the
practical experience of speakers of another language, for example, names of national cuisine
dishes, types of folk clothing, that is, objects of material and spiritual culture
The advantage of transliteration as a method of translating a non-equivalent dictionary is its
reliability. By transliterating a word denoting a new, unfamiliar, and not yet sufficiently studied
phenomenon, the translator essentially conveys only its “sound shell”. The content side of the
word is revealed only through the context. Thus, the translator avoids the need to interpret a
new concept, as well as the risk of misinterpretation. In short, the grammatical structure of any
language reflects in one way or another a system of logical connections, with the help of which
we perceive and describe the world around us. This system of logical connections is universal
and does not depend on the specific features of the language. Non-equivalent grammatical units
exist as special grammatical translation problems. However, in most modern theoretical works
2
Kostomarov.V.,1983,C.56.
3
Стернин И.А.,Попова З.Д., Стернина М.А. Лакуна и концепты.Сборник научных трудов
– Благовещенск : Изд-во БГПУ,2003. – С.206.
4
Стернин И.А.,Попова З.Д., Стернина М.А. Лакуна и концепты.Сборник научных трудов
– Благовещенск : Изд-во БГПУ,2003. – С.206.
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and applications on translation theory, grammatical problems are not covered at all. This is
because the translator does not have any difficulty in expressing the grammatical meanings of
one language using another.
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