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ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESSES OF STUDYING THE HISTORY OF THE ERA OF
AMIR TEMUR IN THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF KAZAKHSTAN
Ma’murova Sarviniso Kamoliddin kizi
Faculty of History, Fergana State University
Student of History, group 23- 71
e-mail:
@sarvinisoma’murova
ANNOTATION:
This article analyzes the process of studying the history of the era of Amir
Temur in Kazakh historiography. The study examines the interest and approaches of Kazakh
historians to the study of the era of the Timurid dynasty, one of the most important periods in
the history of Central Asia in the XIV-XV centuries. The article analyzes the main stages of the
development of Kazakh historiography from the Soviet era to the present day, theoretical
approaches and methodological principles. The study shows the formation of scientific views of
Kazakh historians on Amir Temur and his era, the role and significance of this topic in the
development of the national historiographical school. In particular, the processes of
reassessment of the history of the Timurid era by Kazakh historians during the period of
independence, the introduction of new sources and methods are studied.
Key words:
Amir Temur, K.A. Pishulina , T.I. Sultanov, M.Kozybaev, Zh.Kasymbaev,
K.Akishev, Kazakhstan, Golden Horde, Movarounnahr, Dashti Kipchak, archeology, history of
diplomacy, methodology.
Introduction
The era of Amir Temur (1336-1405) occupies a special place in the history of
Central Asia. The empire he created stretched geographically from the borders of India to
Anatolia and the Caucasus, from Syria and Iraq to Kazakhstan and the Volga. The territory of
Kazakhstan, due to its strategic location, formed the northern borders of the Timurid state and
actively participated in important historical processes that took place during this period.
The study of the history of the era of Amir Temur in Kazakh historiography began in the
second half of the 20th century and reached a new level during the years of independence. In
this process, Kazakh historians, along with the formation of their own national historiographical
school, also developed a methodology for studying the history of the Timurid era. The purpose
of the study is to analyze the process of studying the history of the era of Amir Temur in
Kazakh historiography and its features. The tasks are: to identify the stages of development of
this topic in Kazakh historiography; to analyze the main historical schools and their approaches;
to study new trends that emerged during the period of independence.
The study of the history of the era of Amir Temur in Kazakh historiography has gone through
several stages: The Soviet period (1920-1991) - during this period, the Timur era began to be
scientifically studied for the first time by Kazakh historians such as E. Bekmakhanov, A.
Margulan, K. Akishev. In their works, the Timur era was analyzed mainly on the basis of
Marxist-Leninist methodology. E. Bekmakhanov in his work "Kazakhstan in the First Half of
the 19th Century" (1947) emphasized the need to study the influence of the Timur era on the
history of Kazakhstan[1]. A. Margulan (1964) tried to shed light on the cultural life of the
Timur era based on archaeological research[2]. The transitional period (1980-1991) - during
this period, new approaches began to emerge in Kazakh historiography. Historians such as
M.Kozybaev, Zh.Kasymbaev began to reconsider the history of the Timurid era[3]. They tried
to criticize the one-sided approaches that existed during the Soviet era. The period of
independence (since 1991) - during this period, Kazakh historiography reached a new level.
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Historians such as Z.Kinayatuly, K.Pishchulina, B.Ayagan, S.Akkuly began to re-study the
history of the Timurid era from the point of view of national historiography. Z.Kinayatuly
(2005) in his work "History of Kazakhstan" emphasized that the Timurid era occupies an
important place in the history of Kazakhstan[4]. K.Pishchulina (2003) in his book "Kazakhstan
in the Middle Ages" analyzed in detail the economic and social processes of the Timur era.[5]
Research methods The following methods were used in the research: Historical-comparative
method - comparing the views of Kazakh historians of different periods on the Timur era,
Analytical method - analysis of historical sources and literature, Biographical method - study of
individual historians and their activities, Historiographic method - identification of the laws of
the development of historiography, Hermeneutic method - interpretation of historical texts
Study of the history of the Timur era in the Soviet period In the Soviet period, Kazakh
historians faced a number of limitations in studying the history of the Timur era. However,
Kazakh historians tried to preserve their national historiographic traditions even during this
period. E. Bekmakhanov (1947) noted in his works that the Timur era had a positive impact on
the history of Kazakhstan[6]. In his opinion, during this period, trade developed, cities
flourished, and cultural life became more active. A. Margulan (1964) proved, based on
archaeological research, that a high level of culture existed in the territory of Kazakhstan during
the Timurid period[7]. His findings showed that the history of Kazakhstan during the Timurid
period was rich and complex. K. Akishev (1978) assessed the Timurid period in the history of
Kazakhstan as a period of the disintegration of the Golden Horde state and the emergence of
new political structures.
He attributed the reasons for Timur's campaign to the territory of Kazakhstan to economic and
political factors. New approaches in the transition period (1980-1991) New trends began to
emerge in Kazakh historiography in the 1980s. During this period, historians attempted to
reassess the history of the Timur era. M. Kozybaev (1987) noted that the Timur era was a
"complex process" in the history of Kazakhstan[8]. In his opinion, this period was marked by
not only political changes, but also social and cultural processes. Zh. Kasymbaev (1989)
emphasized the need to use new sources in the study of the history of Kazakhstan during the
Timur era. He considered Persian and Arabic sources to be important for Kazakh historiography.
During the period of independence, national historiography Kazakh historiography rose to a
new level after 1991. During this period, the national perspective began to dominate the study
of the history of the Timurid era. Z. Kinayatuly (2005) in his work "History of Kazakhstan"
emphasized that the Timurid era is an integral part of the history of Kazakhstan[9]. In his
opinion, the process of formation of the Kazakh people continued during this period. K.
Pishchulina (2003) studied in detail the economic life of Kazakhstan during the Timurid period
and showed that trade and crafts developed during this period[10]. Her research reveals the
complexity of the history of Kazakhstan during the Timurid period. B. Ayagan (2010) noted
that the Timurid period was a period of "confluence of events" in the history of Central Asia. In
his opinion, intensive contacts were established between different peoples during this period. S.
Akkuly (2015) studied the cultural life of Kazakhstan during the Timurid period and showed
that Islamic culture developed during this period. Her research sheds light on the cultural
aspects of the history of Kazakhstan during the Timurid period.
Conclusion
The study of the history of the era of Amir Temur in Kazakh historiography was a
complex and long process. This process went through several stages, and each stage had its own
characteristics. Although Kazakh historians faced restrictions in studying the history of the era
of Temur during the Soviet period, they tried to preserve their national historiographical
traditions. During this period, historians such as E. Bekmakhanov, A. Margulan, K. Akishev
made a significant contribution. During the period of independence, Kazakh historiography rose
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to a new level. During this period, historians such as Z. Kinayatuly, K. Pishchulina, B. Ayagan,
S. Akkuly began to re-study the history of the era of Temur from a national perspective.
Currently, Kazakh historians are using new methods and approaches in studying the history of
the era of Temur. International cooperation plays an important role in this process. The study of
the history of the Timurid era plays an important role in the development of Kazakh
historiography. This topic allows Kazakh historians to form their own national historiographical
school. In the future, the use of new sources and methods in studying the history of the Timurid
era, expansion of international cooperation, and training of young researchers are important
tasks.
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