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PHONOLOGY AND THE OCCURRENCE OF PHONETIC INTERFERENCE
Satimboyeva Onorkhon Anvarjon kizi
Assistant teacher of the “University of economics and pedagogy” Non-state higher education
institution
Independent researcher of the UzSWLU
Abstract:
This article provides an explanation of various theories about the science of phonology
and the views on the occurrence of phonetic interference in language. The importance of phonetic
interference in the process of language learning. Theories on the importance of phonetic knowledge
and skills in the process of language learning are presented.
Keywords:
phonetics, phonetics, phonology, sound, phono, logos, stress, syllable.
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqolada fonologiya fani haqida turlicha nazariyalar izohi hamda fonetik
interferensiyaning tilda voqealanishi borasidagi qarashlar yoritilgan. Fonetik interferensiyaning til
o‘rganish jarayonida ahamiyati. Fonetik bilim va ko‘nikmalarning til o‘rganish jarayonidagi
ahamiyati to‘g‘risida nazariyalar berib o‘tilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
fonetik, fonemik, fonologiya, tovush, phono, logo, stress, bo‘g‘in.
Абстрактный:
В этой статье объясняются различные теории фонологии и взгляды на
возникновение фонетической интерференции в языке. Важность фонетического
вмешательства в процесс изучения языка. Представлены теории о важности фонетических
знаний и навыков в изучении языка.
Ключевые слова:
фонетика, фонематика, фонология, звук, фоно, логотип, ударение, слог.
The phonological structure of a language is considered a part that serves the development of speech.
Through this structure, it is possible to determine the characteristics of the reflection of each
phoneme in the sound system of the language and to more clearly understand the laws and rules of
the alphabet in reading and writing given letters in the alphabet [10],[1].
The language consists of 3 large sections on its internal basis, which are: phonology, vocabulary and
grammar [4].
Indeed, the main pillars of the language are the above-mentioned parts. In order to expand the
knowledge of a speaker in a foreign language, the grammar of the foreign language, the supporting
system of the language, and the vocabulary are the wings, because without a supporting system it is
difficult to stand on your feet, if the vocabulary is strong, you can fly in the sky, and phonology is
beautiful. Because the more beautiful the pronunciation, the more beautiful the speech in a foreign
language will be.
According to Cushing and Helmuth, phonology is the science that studies speech sounds. In addition,
the origin of the word phonology is formed from the words “phono” - sound, “logos” - education,
knowledge. Thus, phonology is the science of linguistics that studies the sound system. Phonology
studies the sound system of a language, the laws and rules of how to pronounce sounds. Phonology
has two types of objects of study. These are: phonetic, phonemic, phonemic - the study of the
production, transmission and reception of speech sounds [13].
Or it can be a study of speech sounds as sounds in human language [3].
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Phonetics is the science that studies the sounds and sound units of a particular language, and it
studies the theories about how sounds are organized and how they function in language. And it is
divided into two types, namely articulatory phonetics and acoustic phonetics. Articulatory phonetics
studies speech sounds in terms of the methods of speech production [14].
Articulatory phonetics studies suprasegmental and segmental properties. Suprasegmental properties
such as stress, pitch, length, intonation, and other properties always accompany segmental
production. Segmental properties refer to sound units arranged in a sequential order. Segmental
properties consist of vowels and consonants, diphthongs, and their distribution [7].
Phonology studies how sounds are selected and how they adapt to the environment, as well as how
they are transformed into syllables, words, and larger supra-segmental units such as stress, rhythm,
and intonation [5].
Phonological interference is a process that occurs when a speaker has the ability to communicate in
one or more languages and pronounces their phonetic units differently [11].
Yormatova Yokuthon Nurmatovna emphasizes that among the types of interference, phonetic
interference is the most obvious process of communication. The reason is that in the speech of
bilinguals speaking a foreign language, as a result of the contact of languages, violations of
language norms and errors in oral speech are more noticeable only at the phonetic level [15].
Interference is a sociolinguistic process that is inextricably linked to the concepts of bilingualism
and bilingualism. After all, interference is a phenomenon associated with bilingual speech activity
and occurs in the speech process. In this process, under the influence of the peculiarities of the
phonetic or grammatical structure of one language, the formalized norm characteristic of the
phonetic or grammatical structure of another language is forgotten or not taken into account, or
rather, the phonetic or grammatical norm of the second language is not observed. For example, the
phonological system of each language is implemented in harmony with its phonetic system. Each
phoneme, regardless of whether it is a vowel or consonant, requires compliance with the orthoepic
norm of the literary language. Because each phoneme has a formal tone characteristic of literary
speech. When a person belonging to one language community reads a text written in another
language, he reads the phonemes of that language in the pronunciation characteristic of his own
language. As a result, the orthoepic norm of the second language is "broken" at the moment of
speech. This is one of the manifestations of interference characteristic of the language phoneme
level. For example, when a reader or student belonging to the Uzbek language community reads a
text written in Tajik or Russian, he reads under the influence of the orthoepic laws of the Uzbek
language phonemes, since he does not know the phonemes specific to these languages, their literary
language orthoepic norms: he pronounces Tajik or Russian phonemes with Uzbek sounds [2].
In fact, we witness that phonetic interference occurs more often than other types of interference.
That is, our level of language knowledge is a more obvious indicator of our competence in speaking,
that is, when we say that a foreign language expert is not someone who can write better or read a
foreign text better, but someone who can speak a foreign language better. For this reason, speech is
also a source of interference, especially phonetic interference.
The potential area of phonetic interference is determined by the typological differences of
phonological systems. When comparing the phonetic systems of English and German, it turns out
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that the sounds that are present in English are absent in German, for example: /θ/, /ð/, /w/, / «ɜ»:/,
/æ/, etc. However, there are other biological differences between the two languages, which are not
reduced to a simple mismatch of the set of phonemes. Even where there are similar phonemes in
both languages, there are significant differences between them due to the specific features of the
articulatory database of the languages. Thus, the English vowel /u:/ resembles the German /u:/, but
when pronouncing the English sound, the lips are not rounded and almost not protruded as when
pronouncing the corresponding German sound, and the tongue is pulled back so that the tip of the
tongue protrudes from the lower teeth. The phenomenon of interference is observed more often in
cases where there are corresponding sounds in the native language and the foreign language (and in
this case in both foreign languages); when there are none, the phenomenon of interference is less
observed [8].
So, if we proceed from this, despite the fact that there is one sound in two languages, the difference
in the articulatory part of this sound in both languages causes the phenomenon of
interference. The interference of speech sounds and their change under the influence of the
pronunciation of another language is called diaphonic change, and sounds "translated" to the
pronunciation of another language are called diaphonemes. In relation to the interference inherent in
the lexical-semantic level of the language, the terms diasemi or dialectic are used. These terms were
introduced by D. Jones to express other concepts in non-linguistic description. E.I. Haugen also
applied it to the science of linguistics as a sociolinguistic concept [2].
The most typical manifestations of phonemic interference in the speech of students learning German
as a first foreign language in English are: a) the acquisition of the phoneme / t / instead of / d / in
English words such as bad, sad, which is typical for German; b) the production of the phoneme / z /
instead of / s / before or between vowels in English words such as ulash, sofa, singular, isolation, i.e.
these words are pronunciation aids in accordance with the reading of the German language; c)
interference in words with a neutral vowel in the final unstressed syllable - or for vowels / o /, for
example, in English words doctor, actor, etc.; In this case, the English phoneme in the ne language,
for example, the English alveolar anterior-lingual sonant /r / German / r/, is pronounced at the
beginning of the word, i.e., it is pronounced in English, for example: winter, sister, etc. One type of
phonemic interference can be called allophonic interference, which is manifested in the control of
one allophone of a given phoneme by another. Thus, the English /l/ phoneme is more pronounced in
German /l/, as a result of which it often appears in the word in place of the higher hard /l/ version.
For example, English and German bell and hell [6].
Yuqoridagi misolda fonemik interferensiyaning ingliz va nemis tilidagi holati oydinlashtirilgan.
Bunda ayrim jarangli tovushlarning jarangsiz holda talaffuz qilinishi, o’qilmaydigan tovushlarning
talaffuz qilinishi, qattiqroq tovushlarning yumshoqroq talaffuz qilinishi kabi holatlar tahlil qilingan.
Ayrim tilshunoslar xususan San Francisco, Andrea Rollaning fikriga ko‘ra fonemik
muvofiqlashishda ikkinchi tilida ko‘proq bilimiga ega bo‘lgan so‘zlovchilar birinchi tilidan ko‘ra
ikkinchi tilini ko‘proq foydalanishlari mumkin bo‘ladi. Shuningdek ikkinchi tilidan kamroq bilimga
ega bo‘lgan til sohibi esa bilim nuqtai nazari kamroqligi uchun birinchi til qoidalarini ko‘proq
muomala jarayoniga olib kiradi [12].
Phonetic interference is also included in science under the name of accent, and the following ideas
are put forward in this regard: “The manifestation of elements of the phonetic system specific to the
dominant language in the process of using a second language creates phonetic interference. This is
expressed in linguistics by a special term - the term accent. One of the specific features of an accent
is that it is extremely difficult to get rid of it. Because the previous pronunciation skills are endlessly
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repeated in the native language, completely preventing the achievement of the adequacy of similar
articulation in the second language. As is known, the grammatical part of a language consists of
morphology and syntax sections.
Morphological interference can occur in word formation, in the rules (paradigms) of word change,
in the morpheme composition of a word, in the functional-semantic aspects and distribution of each
morpheme, in the morphological categories specific to each word class. The syntactic level of the
language structure embodies the laws and rules of the interconnection of word combinations and
parts of speech. At this level of the language, along with universal aspects of interlanguage, there
are also its own specific aspects. When the syntactic type of two languages is different,
syntactic interference is natural. In the Uzbek and Russian languages, which differ sharply in
syntactic type, the position (order) of parts of a word combination and a sentence, the differences in
the types of connection (coordination, control, adaptation) of subordinate and dominant parts
between the components of syntactic units, the position, distribution and means of connecting the
components of equal and subordinate compound sentences are different. All this leads to syntactic
interference at different subsyntactic levels of syntactic units. The unintentional transfer of the
features of the words and their semantic structure characteristic of the native language (under the
pressure of the semantic system) to another language is called lexical-semantic interference [9].
In conclusion, we can say that the most problematic type of interference is phonetic interference.
Also, the most noticeable interference in the foreign language speech of speakers of other languages
is phonetic interference. This is the main type of interference that is clearly visible in the
speech process. In this regard, phonetic interference and phonemic interference have different
aspects. Phonetic interference studies the interference phenomena that arise on the basis of
comparing and contrasting the typological differences between the phonological units of a foreign
language and the native language. Phonemic interference studies the interference phenomenon that
arises when speech sounds are used by speakers of other languages, and discusses the circumstances
of its occurrence.
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