Том 1 № 2 (2025): International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development

Chitosan is in nature the widest widespread organic from compounds one was polysaccharide natural polymer. It is made release for raw material chitin, crustaceans​ epidermis structural polysaccharide, insect’s cuticles and fungal cell walls is. Current restrictions on the use of this component are explained by the insufficiently developed production base for drying whey, ensuring its quality stability and production capacity. The following main directions of processing and use of whey can be distinguished: use of whey in its natural form, processing and application in the form of condensed concentrates, separation of its important components (protein, lactose) using membrane methods, biological purification of whey, processing and use in the form of dry concentrates.

In modern linguistics and international relations, knowledge of words of French origin facilitates practical communication. Knowledge of borrowed words increases the lexical richness of the language and helps to understand their origin, meaning, and scope of use. Borrowed words reflect the connections between the cultures of the two peoples. Studying them increases knowledge about historical, cultural, and linguistic relations. French words are widely used in scientific terminology. Studying them facilitates the acquisition of knowledge in scientific and technical fields. By studying borrowed words, one can observe the development process of the Uzbek language and understand the mechanism of adopting new words.

This article describes the applicability of the communicative method to teaching speaking in English as a foreign language. In addition to describing the principles of the communicative method in teaching a foreign language, the conditions necessary for the implementation of foreign language speaking are also presented, the most important of which is the presence of a speech situation serving as a potential stimulus for speaking. The communicative method implies that the process of teaching foreign language speaking is built as a model of the process of communication, which requires modeling the situation as a unit of communication and as a form of its functioning. The article also describes the functions of speech situations and their classification.

This article examines the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in preparing future speech therapists for professional practice. It explores the benefits of digital tools, including speech therapy software, virtual learning environments, and assistive communication technologies, in enhancing the training process. The study highlights how ICT improves the effectiveness of theoretical and practical education, facilitates interactive learning, and provides opportunities for real-time feedback. Additionally, the article discusses challenges associated with integrating ICT into speech therapy education and offers recommendations for optimizing digital resources. The findings contribute to the modernization of speech therapy training programs and the development of highly competent specialists.

This article examines the issue of determining the resource capacity of structures and buildings using statistical methods. Based on experimental data, mathematical modeling was used to study the durability of objects and their condition under the influence of internal and external forces. The assessment of the degree of damage to buildings and structures under the impact of explosive substances was carried out using the Gaussian normal distribution. Statistical parameters such as the coefficient of variation, arithmetic mean, variance, and standard deviation were determined. The calculation results showed that the mathematical and statistical analysis of random explosion processes corresponds to the experimental data.

Thіs artіcle provіdes detaіled іnformatіon on the іmportance of the use of syntactіc-stylіstіc tools іn speech studіed іn lіnguіstіcs, asyndeton and polysіndeton from theіr specіal syntactіc devіces that help to іncrease the emotіonalіty of speech.

The paper is about the teacher training materials that are indivisibly important component of quality education and teacher’s ongoing professional development.

In the modern world, learning foreign languages is becoming an integral part of human life. Due to globalization, as well as the advancement of science and technology, communication and cooperation between different nations are expanding. As a result, knowledge of foreign languages is not only essential for personal development but also plays a significant role in professional and cultural aspects. This article examines the key benefits of learning foreign languages, their importance in education and career development, and their impact on human cognition.

This article contains information about the composition genre of visual art. The purpose of researching composition and the fact that it is actually a broad concept, and certain conclusions about the science of visual arts and composition, the role of the artist's thinking in modern development is extremely necessary. There are many opinions about the need to study the competitiveness of the creative school formed in our country as a problem.

This article talks about the main tasks of the agenda, such as the correct understanding and interpretation of the fundamental nature of the reforms implemented in the cultural, economic, political and social humanitarian spheres, which are considered to be the most important factors of sustainable development. There were also comments on the positive solution of ethnic problems in our society.

 This article examines the role and significance of the family in society. The author considers the family to be the most important and sacred system of human relationships, emphasizing its impact on social stability and moral development. The article highlights the importance of love, respect, and mutual trust among family members in contributing to the well-being of society. It also explores the role of the family in child upbringing and parental responsibility, particularly in shaping moral values. The author stresses the necessity of patience, mutual understanding, and compromise in family relationships, arguing that a strong family leads to a stable society. The article also discusses the role of women in the family and society, their legal protection, and their social engagement. Additionally, it includes references to Plato’s views on the relationship between family and society. In conclusion, the article emphasizes that family stability is a key factor in societal development. It underlines the importance of the family environment, moral values, and child-rearing practices in maintaining social stability and fostering moral progress.

The article discusses the influence of Abdurahman's views on the formation of his 15th-century philosophical views based on the research of orientalist scholar Y.E. Bertels. At the same time, it reflects the views and opinions of his contemporaries about the thinker's views and works.

The article specifically addresses the main theories and methodologies of project management. In addition, the article also presents the general content of modern project methodology.

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, driving extensive research into natural bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic properties. Alhagi (Camelthorn) and Capsicum (Pepper) are two medicinal plants known for their significant pharmacological activities, including anticancer effects. Alhagi species contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to cancer prevention [1].

This review explores the molecular mechanisms through which Alhagi and Capsicum exert their anticancer effects. The impact of their bioactive compounds on different types of cancers, including colorectal, prostate, breast, and lung cancers, is discussed based on preclinical and clinical studies [2].  

Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) is a common biliary disorder affecting millions worldwide. Conventional treatments such as surgery and medication often come with risks and side effects, leading to increased interest in natural remedies. Corn silk (Zea mays L.) is a traditional herbal remedy widely used for its diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and choleretic properties [1]. This review explores the potential therapeutic effects of corn silk in gallstone disease, including its ability to improve bile secretion, reduce inflammation, and prevent gallstone formation [2].

Various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides, and alkaloids, contribute to corn silk’s medicinal properties. Scientific studies have demonstrated its hepatoprotective effects, bile flow stimulation, and antioxidant activity, which may help dissolve gallstones and prevent their recurrence [3]. However, more clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy in human subjects. This paper provides an overview of the mechanisms, experimental findings, and future directions for using corn silk in gallstone disease management [4].

The artісle examіnes the development of сommunісatіve lіnguіstісs and suсh areas as the theory of speeсh aсts, the theory of іnterсultural сommunісatіon and сontrastіve lіnguіstісs.

This article analyzes the influence of social networks on the hygiene behavior of adolescents and examines the prospects and challenges that this influence poses for educational programs. The authors conduct a systematic review of the literature, examining empirical data and theoretical models to identify the mechanisms by which social media influences adolescent hygiene behavior. The article discusses strategies for adapting educational programs to modern challenges presented by the digital environment and offers recommendations for developing more effective educational approaches in this area. The study calls for a greater understanding of the relationship between social media and health behaviors among adolescents, and for the development of strategies to improve digital literacy among youth in the context of health promotion.

This review article examines the biological basis of hygiene in children and adolescents, focusing on their adaptation to age-related changes. It analyzes physiological and neurobiological aspects, including changes in brain activity, hormonal balance and organ development. Further, the article examines the influence of these biological factors on hygienic behavior and health of children and adolescents. Based on current scientific evidence, researchers identify key areas for further research and development of innovative approaches to hygiene education and healthcare for various age groups.

This article details the reforms carried out in the field of Science and culture under the khanates of Central Asia in the first half of the 16th-19th centuries and the individuals who implemented them. During this period, there was a special break in the life and activities of famous personalities who created in the field of literature, which was active in the emirate of Bukhara, the Khanate of Khiva and the Kokand Khanate.

This article is devoted to the use of euphemisms in the dystopian novels of the famous contemporary writer Kazuo Ishiguro. The main purpose of the study is to analyze how the writer uses this artistic method and to study the role and artistic function of euphemisms in the works.

The article discusses the problems of biological damage and protection of synthetic polymer materials. The possibility of biodegradation of the main components of plastics is studied and substantiated. Methods of stabilizing polymers from biological damage processes are studied and the necessary proposals are made.

This scientific article analyzes issues related to the organization of youth vocal groups and their musical development. The main directions of musical development of adolescents are considered through methods of music education, vocal technique, and musical pedagogy. The article pays special attention to the musical education of young people, emphasizing the importance of their participation in vocal groups and experience in performing in various musical genres.

An analysis of literature was carried out, which reflects the peculiarities of the physical development of children depending on regional, climatic-geographical, some socio-economic factors, and nutrition.

In the article, the author analyzes the procedure for accepting soldiers into the army of the Bukhara Emirate during the reign of the Mangit dynasty based on documents from the I-126 collection of the National Archives of the Republic of Uzbekistan - the chancellery of the Koshbegs of the Bukhara Emirate.

The article talks about the importance of pedagogical approaches, methodical methods, materials and technical conditions in organizing a student club. It is important to organize a circle of students in secondary schools, to promote the educational aspects of the art of music and the ideas put forward in them, and the importance of the development of a person in the course of the club's activities, through the development of performance skills in students.

This article provides information about the purpose, principles, and Montessori environment of the famous researcher Maria Montessori. It also discusses the work of a Montessori teacher.

This study investigates the transformative influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on literature, focusing on its role in the writing process, literary analysis, and reader engagement. By employing a mixed-methods approach, including qualitative interviews, surveys, and content analysis, we explore the capabilities of AI-generated literature and the ethical considerations surrounding authorship and creativity. Findings reveal that while AI enhances creative possibilities and democratizes access to literary tools; it also raises significant questions about authenticity, emotional depth, and the future of human authorship in an increasingly automated world.

The article examines the reasons why insurance companies cannot apply the IFRS 15 standard for revenue recognition. It analyzes the features of insurance activities, including the long-term nature of liabilities, uncertainty of payments and the specifics of insurance premiums that do not comply with the principles of this standard.

Maxillary sinusitis (sinusitis) is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus, a large air cave in the bone of the upper jaw. This sinus performs a number of serious physiological functions: it warms and purifies the inhaled air, participates in the formation of pronounced sounds, and protects intracranial structures from injury.

This article provides detailed information about the development of economic minosabats in the Kokand Khanate in the XVIII-XIX centuries and the prosperity of market relations in its Natja. The Kokand Khanate talks about the development of various types of crafts, including textiles, jewelry, metalworking, paper making and other similar industries.

Ischemic diseases refer to conditions in which there is a reduction in blood supply to tissues, leading to oxygen and nutrient deprivation. These diseases are commonly associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems, manifesting as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. The pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemia include vasoconstriction, thrombosis, embolism, and atherosclerosis. Ischemic events lead to cellular damage, inflammation, and, in severe cases, irreversible tissue necrosis. Understanding the stages and mechanisms of ischemic diseases is crucial for early diagnosis and effective treatment strategies.

The studKhorezm region Urgench Technological Universityy of linguistic means of text stylistics and the challenges they present in translation between English and Uzbek provides a fascinating look into the intricacies of language use and its transformation across cultural and linguistic boundaries. Stylistics focuses on the use of language in literature, speech, and other forms of communication, highlighting the stylistic choices made by writers and speakers. The translation of stylistic elements poses a variety of challenges, especially when translating between languages with distinct linguistic and cultural structures, such as English and Uzbek. This paper examines the key linguistic means used in text stylistics, identifies common translation problems, and provides insights into effective strategies for overcoming these challenges in cross-linguistic contexts.

This article examines the role of mobile applications in the modern educational process and their importance in facilitating learning. With the rapid development of mobile technologies, the process of analyzing and using mobile applications that are convenient, interactive and educational for students is becoming increasingly important. The article provides examples of the role of mobile applications in accelerating the assimilation of additional educational materials in education, providing individual characteristics and monitoring students' knowledge. In general, it provides practical recommendations for the effective use of mobile applications in education and assesses the prospects for software development.

This article describes how to configure the Numpy library environment for working with arrays in the graphics mode of the Python programming language and plotting graphs of mathematical functions.

This article focuses on the importance of interdisciplinary integration in the formation of students' communicative competence in the context of digitization of education. Through the introduction of digital technologies and interactive platforms, subject integration develops students' communication skills and creative thinking. The article also shows that interdisciplinary integration allows students to learn and communicate about interactions within different disciplines, as well as to develop written and oral communication skills. Article in education digital and interactive of methods the importance and their communicative competence to shape the effect take It will go .

The material of the article is devoted to the modern methods of teaching foreign languages. The article carries material about the advantages and perspectives of using of described technologies in the process of learning in Higher Educational Institutes. These technologies may be considered as the alternative means of evaluation of students' results in their academic activities and personal development.

Stroke is a clinical syndrome represented by focal and/or general cerebral disorders, developing suddenly as a result of stroke. Transient ischemic attack - transient episodes of neurological dysfunction caused by regional ischemia of the tissues of the brain, spinal cord or retina, but not leading to the development of infarction of the ischemic area [according to X-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]

Complaints of recurrent abdominal pain in children are common in pediatric practice. It is known that about 50% of pains are of psychogenic nature, so such patients need specialized psychological or psychotherapeutic care. The purpose of this work was to study the relationship between recurrent abdominal pain in children and emotional disorders and the social environment in the occurrence of the disease. Children with recurrent abdominal pain (100 people) and without them (100 people) were examined.

Kidney diseases remain a significant concern in modern medicine due to their impact on homeostasis and overall organ function. Recent pathological studies have demonstrated distinct morphological changes in renal tissues associated with both acute and chronic renal failure. By analyzing histopathological samples and clinical data, researchers have identified specific structural alterations that correlate with disease progression and severity. Understanding these changes is essential for improving diagnostic accuracy and developing effective therapeutic approaches.

 This article provides an explanation of various theories about the science of phonology and the views on the occurrence of phonetic interference in language. The importance of phonetic interference in the process of language learning. Theories on the importance of phonetic knowledge and skills in the process of language learning are presented.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the education sector by providing personalized learning experiences, automating administrative tasks, and enhancing student engagement. AI-powered tools and algorithms assist students in learning new concepts, solving complex problems, improving language skills, and optimizing time management. These technologies support adaptive learning, virtual tutoring, automated grading, and intelligent feedback mechanisms, making education more efficient and accessible. This article explores the key AI tools and algorithms that assist students, analyzing their impact on learning outcomes, their integration in modern education, and future trends. The study also highlights the advantages and challenges of AI-powered educational solutions.

The patient's fate often depends on the doctor's ability to correctly interpret abdominal pain. The article provides a detailed analysis of the pathogenesis of abdominal pain and systematizes the main causes of "acute abdomen" in children. Particular attention is paid to the differential diagnosis of acute surgical diseases of the abdominal organs in children. The structure of the "acute abdomen" syndrome in children over 1 year old in the emergency surgery clinic is analyzed.

In the now-defunct Uzbek language program for schools with other languages of instruction [1] the selection of lexical and grammatical material is based on thematic and functional-semantic principles. However, these principles are not always suitable for determining the content of Uzbek language teaching in schools with closely related languages (Karakalpak, Kazakh, Turkmen, and others). the languages of instruction.

This article is devoted to highlighting the achievements and shortcomings of Uzbek language textbooks and using of interactive methods in the teaching process.

This article is devoted to one of the urgent socio-economic problems as the problem of poverty. Poverty has a negative impact on the economic development of countries. The article describes the social-darwinian, socially egalitarian or egalitarian, and statistical-sociological approaches to the study of poverty. Three stages of the evolution of solving the problem of poverty are highlighted. A comparative characteristic of the types of poverty is carried out: objective (absolute and relative) and subjective. The features of stable and floating poverty are highlighted. The characteristics of primary and secondary types of poverty are also given. The social, economic and regional types of poverty are considered. Methodological problems of poverty measurement are revealed. The issues of quantitative and qualitative assessment of poverty level are considered. The main criteria for determining the level of poverty have been studied. The economic characteristics of the scale, threshold and boundaries of poverty are given.

During the process of formation phraseological units in any language linguistic, cultural, and historical effects are shown. Understanding the origins of these phraseological elements and their development across many languages is the goal of this study. The study uses a paradoxical method to investigate the role proper names have in phraseological meaning as well as the degree to which historical and cultural factors influence these expressions. The results underscore the similarities and variations between languages in terms of their usage and interpretation, as well as the part mythical, historical, literary, and religious personalities play in phrase formation.       

This article discusses  about   translating works Heinrix Hayne .

The article theoretically presents the ideas on the importance of moral and educational issues in the works of Abu Ali ibn Sina for today. It analyzes the importance of educational work aimed at forming a new spiritual space and a new worldview based on the ideas of self-awareness and tolerance in the works of Ibn Sina, and educating in a spirit of respect for the religion and philosophy of Islam.

 This article analyzes the deep penetration of Khoja Abdullah Ansari into the spiritual world of man, the passionate thirst to give a divine spark to this spirituality, which is the basis of Sufi philosophy, poetry and ethics. The product of ancient scientific and philosophical thought, which is considered an integral part of the cultural and spiritual heritage of the peoples of the world, is the doctrine of Sufism, the philosophical and mystical heritage put forward in it, has served for centuries to form the social and spiritual image of all humanity, to educate in the spirit of high moral qualities, and to strengthen universal and national values.

Developed in the article going new weapons, take visited news about information The conference also discussed new innovative projects, as well as ideas for reforms and future updates.

During the hydrothermal treatment and roasting phase of cotton seed pulp, physical and chemical changes occur in the substances contained in the pulp. These changes are particularly evident in proteins and gossypol. The primary cause of these changes is the increasing moisture and temperature applied to the pulp.

The article describes modern educational technologies for improving the effective use of Information Technology in the process of teaching Natural Sciences in elementary grades, determining the possibilities of Information Technology in teaching Natural Sciences, increasing students ' interest in science, analyzing facts and continuity of knowledge in various educational disciplines that study problems related to natural sciences.

The problem of using gaming technologies for teaching schoolchildren to solve physical problems is discussed. The possibilities of a virtual environment for organizing gaming learning activities are considered. The analysis of the domestic and foreign gaming resources in physics presented in the open access is given. The necessity of replenishing the modern resource base of this type, including the section of computer games for training sessions on solving physical problems, is substantiated. The didactic game "Golf" developed by the authors of the article is presented. The game model of the resource is implemented in the 3D simulation mode in the Unity environment. The content of training tasks, dynamic game video sequence, the interactive nature of the interaction of participants with game objects and the competitive effect of the game are aimed at consolidating and developing the knowledge, skills and abilities previously acquired by the student in solving physical problems on the topic "Kinematics".

A retrospective study of 155 pediatric patients with ureterocele of a duplicated ureter was conducted. The age of the patients at the time of surgery ranged from 5 days to 17 years (median, 8.0 months). Intravesical ureterocele was detected in 108 children (69.8%), and extravesical ureterocele was detected in 47 patients (30.2%).

The ideas about Nowruz are closely related to the most ancient beliefs of the Turkic peoples. We can find several legends and stories about Navruz in folk folklore. Later, the term Navruz gradually influenced written literature. This article discusses the system of images in the epic poem "Flower and Navruz" and the description of concepts related to Navruz.

 This article discusses the interpretation of the image of the guest and hospitality etiquette in the novel "Love is Stronger than Death" by the famous Bukhara writer Amon Mukhtar, as well as its ethical and aesthetic essence.

Ischemic stroke, characterized by the obstruction of blood flow to the brain due to thrombotic or embolic events, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This article explores evidence-based strategies to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke by addressing modifiable risk factors and implementing preventative measures. Key risk factors include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle. Effective risk reduction strategies encompass blood pressure management, glycemic control, lipid-lowering therapies, anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation, smoking cessation, and regular physical activity. Recent studies highlight the role of dietary modifications, particularly the adoption of the Mediterranean diet, and the importance of maintaining optimal body mass index (BMI) in stroke prevention (Feigin et al., 2021; Kernan et al., 2014). Additionally, pharmacological interventions such as antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin) and statins play a crucial role in secondary prevention (Hackam & Spence, 2020). Public health initiatives focusing on awareness and early detection of risk factors are vital in reducing stroke incidence. This article emphasizes a comprehensive approach combining lifestyle modification, medical management, and community education to mitigate ischemic stroke risk effectively.

This article examines the current state of Uzbek diplomacy, its fundamental principles, main objectives, and shortcomings, along with the outcomes of the Samarkand Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). It emphasizes the significance of international cooperation in Uzbekistan’s foreign policy, the development of new diplomatic relations grounded in mutual interests, addressing economic and investment issues, labor migration, and demographic challenges. Additionally, the article analyzes the results of the SCO summit in Samarkand and its contribution to Uzbekistan’s diplomatic positioning. Moreover, it offers insights into Uzbekistan's progress and challenges in fostering relations with international organizations, as well as the role of the SCO in the region. By integrating diplomacy with linguistic studies, this article explores how language shapes international relations and facilitates the realization of diplomatic objectives, including positioning Uzbekistan in both global and regional contexts.

The article is one of today's urgent problems and is devoted to the issues of the formation of personal qualities such as behavior, will, character and worldview, which are important for the development of a person in the family, and the importance of family management in the formation of a person.it is also focused on the issues of paying special attention to the mental growth and intellectual development of the parents in the family along with the manners of the children. 

This article explores the themes of isolation and alienation in Jack London’s Martin Eden. It examines the protagonist's journey from a working-class sailor to an intellectual, highlighting the emotional and intellectual detachment he experiences due to societal pressures. The novel critiques both class structures and the empty pursuit of success.

This article analyzes the educational impact of Abdulla Avloni's work “Turkiy guliston yoxud axloq” on the development of oral and written speech among primary school students. It substantiates how each thematic part of the work not only instills moral values in students but also positively influences their speech development. Throughout the article, the role of the work in fostering communication culture, encouraging reflections on good and bad habits, and developing the ability to express written thoughts in an organized manner is explored.&nbsp

In the first year of education, five-year-olds with low general speech development are not able to fully assimilate the teaching material in frontal classes with the whole group. It affects not only the development of speech, but also attention and memory, rapid fatigue and exhaustion. Therefore, it is recommended to divide the group into two subgroups, taking into account the level of speech development, in order to conduct speech therapy sessions, as well as partial educational training.

The article studies the models of financing the higher education system in foreign countries, the problems of managing higher education institutions based on a comparative analysis. Proposals are made to improve the implementation of the higher education system in connection with the international education system.

This article analyzes the uniqueness of desert ecosystems and the issues of ecological balance within them. By highlighting environmental problems, the article aims to raise awareness about nature conservation. Additionally, it discusses the consequences of ecological imbalance, including desertification, biodiversity loss, and soil erosion.

 This article discusses the purpose and content of organizing extracurricular activities in primary school, as well as the promising ways, challenges, and solutions for using modern technologies and digital educational technologies in these activities. Relevant conclusions are also drawn.

This study aimed to investigate the adaptation of the Arecaceae family, Trachycarpus fortunei, Trachycarpus vagnerianus, Jubaea chilensis and Washingtonia robusta species to the harsh and continental climate conditions. The results of the study provided insight into the competition and germination rates of these palms in harsh climate conditions.

The cardiovascular system is essential for sustaining life, enabling the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. This article examines the structure of the heart and blood vessels, outlining their components, functions, and interrelatedness. The heart serves as the central pump that drives blood through the network of blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. Understanding the anatomy and physiology of these structures is crucial for diagnosing and treating various cardiovascular diseases. The article provides an in-depth look at the cardiovascular system's role in maintaining homeostasis, its functional components, and the impacts of dysfunction in the system.

The cardiovascular system is essential for sustaining life, enabling the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. This article examines the structure of the heart and blood vessels, outlining their components, functions, and interrelatedness. The heart serves as the central pump that drives blood through the network of blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. Understanding the anatomy and physiology of these structures is crucial for diagnosing and treating various cardiovascular diseases. The article provides an in-depth look at the cardiovascular system's role in maintaining homeostasis, its functional components, and the impacts of dysfunction in the system.

This paper explores contemporary methodologies for teaching Russian as a second language (L2), focusing on innovative techniques that enhance learners' engagement and proficiency. With the growing demand for multilingual competencies, educators are adopting modern approaches such as communicative language teaching, task-based learning, and the integration of digital tools. This study examines the effectiveness of these methods and provides recommendations for their implementation in language learning environments.

In modern energy systems, the combustion process of solid fuels in a highly dispersed state is considered one of the key technological challenges. This article discusses the development of a burner design that ensures efficient combustion of solid fuels in a finely dispersed state.

This article analyzes the procedure for the use of the Uzbekistan Accreditation Center (Uzbekistan AK) logo, the accreditation mark, and the ILAC MRA / IAF MLA combined marks, along with their legal, regulatory, and international significance. It provides an in-depth analysis of the accreditation process, its impact on the country's economy, trade, and cooperation, as well as Uzbekistan's integration into international systems.

The article discusses the issues of children's sports psychology, the main directions in this field: cognitive and emotional processes in sports, the psychology of sports success. Also, the role of sports psychology in children's sports. The issues related to the development of motivation of psychological coaches in the field of children's sports and youth sports schools are considered. As well as diversity, there is a motive for classifying the tendency of children based on different criteria. 

The article explores that Latin terms are integrated into the medical English language system in all linguistic levels (orthography, phonology, morphology, and semantics). It is revealed that among all types of linguistic adoptions the largest part is made up of Anatomy of human body. The inclusion of Latin terms in the morphology of nouns, first of all in the gender, in the formation of the plural and in the form of the object case, as well as in the pronunciation of phonemes is considered.

Examples of the transition of words from Latin into English at the level of phonetics, morphology and semantics are given. It is emphasized that Latin loans make an important contribution to the enrichment of medical English.

The author concludes that in English as a foreign language classes the teacher is faced with the task of finding the most effective and productive method of studying medical English language by recognizing and understanding of Latin borrowings.

In this article, the researches that are being carried out in the field of gender linguistics of linguistics are analyzed. Especially in Uzbek linguistics, it is thought that this direction needs analysis and research.

This paper explores the representation of ecofeminist ideas in selected English and Uzbek postmodern literary texts. Drawing on both theoretical foundations and textual analysis, the study examines how postmodern aesthetics intersect with ecofeminist concerns, including environmental degradation, gender inequality, and resistance to patriarchal norms. Through comparative analysis, the article reveals how ecofeminism manifests in distinct cultural contexts while sharing universal themes of nature-woman interconnection, empowerment, and ecological justice.

This article deals with the adaptation potential of personality and approaches to its study.

This article discusses the characteristics of the formation and development of resilience in adolescents.

 The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the influence of self-perception of an individual on the realization of human potential, including the factors that contribute to self-esteem and its impact on personal growth and development.

Nominative sentences are among the insufficiently developed issues and are still problematic. This article examines the structural and semantic features of nominative sentences and their types, taking into account the semantic and functional features.

This article considers the importance of marketing principles in modern management theory, revealing the content of the analytical function, determining the main directions and indicators of marketing analysis, developing ways to improve marketing analysis in manufacturing enterprises.

This article analyzes the importance,methods and effective approaches to teaching mathematical textual issues in primary education.Textual issues play an important role in the development of students ' logical thinking,logical thinking.The article discusses problematic education,the use of visual and interactive techniques, and approaches to the age characteristics of students. Also considered are the difficulties encountered in understanding textual issues and ways to overcome them.

 Based on the results obtained below, a method for assessing the condition of periodontal tissue in elderly and elderly patients from different social groups living in the Bukhara region is recommended. Among patients of gerontological age in different social groups, the intensity of dental cage, the increased intensity of paradontic diseases, and the high level of unsatisfactory status were identified.

 Based on the results obtained below, a method for assessing the condition of periodontal tissue in elderly and elderly patients from different social groups living in the Bukhara region is recommended. Among patients of gerontological age in different social groups, the intensity of dental cage, the increased intensity of paradontic diseases, and the high level of unsatisfactory status were identified.

Human aging, like the aging of other organisms, is a biological process - the gradual - gradual degradation of parts and systems of the body, and as a result of this process, for example, the loss of mental ability. The loss of competence is considered to be of great importance to the individual. In addition, psychological, socio-economic ethics play an important role.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the importance of sports for children and their impact on physical, mental, social and emotional development. The article examines in detail how sports have a positive impact on physical development, such as strengthening children's muscles and bones, improving the cardiovascular system, improving coordination, endurance and speed. The article also examines in detail how sports have a positive impact on the development of children's mental abilities, such as increasing concentration and attention, solving problems, making decisions and increasing self-confidence. In addition, the article shows how sports have a positive impact on social and emotional development, such as learning to work in a team, learning discipline and responsibility, increasing self-esteem and reducing stress. In conclusion, the article emphasizes that sports are very important for children's physical, mental, social and emotional development. Sports help children lead a healthy lifestyle, feel good about themselves, build self-confidence, and learn to work in a team.

This is a hot topic that is important for the development of sports in the modern world and their connection with fans. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the relationship between sports and social media, its positive and negative aspects, as well as how sports and social media may affect each other in the future. The article examines the positive aspects, such as the ability of athletes to communicate with their fans through social media, the popularization of sports and the increase in the number of fans, the advertising and marketing opportunities for athletes, the ability to quickly obtain information about sporting events, and the ability of athletes to present themselves and promote themselves. The article also discusses the negative aspects, such as pressure and criticism on social media, the violation of privacy, the decline in athletes' self-confidence, the spread of false information on social media, and the excessive attention of athletes to presenting themselves on social media. The article also discusses issues such as the future interaction of sports and social media, how social media can change sports, and the benefits and harms of social media for athletes and fans.

This in the article small business owners for social responsibility programs done increase financial restrictions discussion The article​ small business of the owners own their businesses develop with together social responsibility how balancing need about difficulties open gives . In the article small business of the owners financial restrictions , social responsibility programs done increase for time and of resources lack of , as well as social responsibility programs effective done increase difficulty how are you The article​ also social​ responsibility programs small business reputation , customers and to income how impact to do and small business of the owners social responsibility how balancing need about difficulties open gives .

This article discusses the development prospects of new trends in the field of tourism, namely eco-tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and gastronomic tourism. The article examines in detail the definition, specific features and development opportunities of each type of tourism. It is noted that eco-tourism is focused on nature conservation and supporting local communities, cultural tourism is based on interest in cultural heritage and historical sites, medical tourism is focused on obtaining quality and affordable medical services, and gastronomic tourism is based on interest in food and beverages. The article also discusses the development prospects of each type of tourism, namely eco-tourism, which is growing in popularity due to increased interest in climate change and environmental protection, cultural tourism, which is growing in popularity due to increased interest in cultural heritage, medical tourism, which is growing in popularity due to increased demand for quality and affordable medical services, and gastronomic tourism, which is growing in popularity due to increased interest in food and beverages . The article also discusses how these new types of tourism can help countries achieve economic development, create jobs , and support local communities.

This article discusses how the rapid development of the digital economy affects traditional tax systems. The article argues that new trends such as digital platforms, cryptocurrencies , and remote work have led to a need to rethink tax rules. The article discusses the global nature of digital platforms, the difficulty and unfairness of taxation, the difficulty of taxation of cryptocurrencies, their anonymity, and their international nature, as well as the fact that remote work eliminates border barriers, the difficulty and unfairness of taxation. The article also argues that these trends have led to a need to rethink tax systems , and that countries are being forced to develop new rules to tax the digital economy and strengthen international cooperation.

 This article analyzes the fact that ensuring the stability of society is an important factor affecting social consolidation. The answer to the fundamental socio-philosophical question of what is possible and what is not possible in society can be achieved by studying solidarity. Among the many social phenomena occurring in society, crime affects the development of society based on existing laws. It negatively affects the social relations of members of society to one degree or another, hindering the establishment of spiritual and moral values. From this point of view, "legal prevention", increasing "legal literacy", and raising "legal culture" are considered important in preventing crime.

This article aims to develop the construction and modeling competencies of future primary school teachers, and discusses the foundations of construction and types of modeling, as well as how this innovation can contribute to the development of our country's education system.

In the era of globalization, knowledge of foreign languages is considered an essential skill. For non-philology students, in particular, learning foreign languages not only enhances their knowledge but also ensures their competitiveness in professional activities. Modern educational technologies, especially teaching with the use of software tools, make the process more effective and engaging. This article examines the didactic foundations of using software tools in teaching foreign languages to non-philology students.

The integration of media into foreign language teaching has revolutionized traditional learning methods, significantly enhancing students’ language acquisition, comprehension, and communicative skills. Media resources such as videos, podcasts, social media, digital news, and interactive applications create an immersive and engaging learning environment, making language learning more accessible and effective. Through exposure to authentic language content, learners improve their listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills while simultaneously expanding their vocabulary and cultural awareness.

This paper explores the various ways media contributes to effective language learning, including the development of pronunciation and intonation through audiovisual materials, real-life conversation practice via social media and online platforms, and the enhancement of independent learning through digital resources. Moreover, the article examines the psychological and motivational benefits of media-assisted learning, emphasizing how interactive and visually engaging content boosts learners’ confidence and retention.

Despite its numerous advantages, the use of media in language education also presents challenges, such as the risk of distraction, the reliability of online sources, and the necessity of selecting appropriate content. This study discusses best practices for integrating media effectively into language instruction, ensuring a balance between traditional teaching methods and digital innovations. By evaluating case studies and recent research findings, this paper provides insights into how educators can optimize media usage to maximize learning outcomes and student engagement in foreign language education.

This article explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on English language acquisition, the development of communicative competence, and learning outcomes in the field of journalism. It examines how AI-powered tools, such as language learning applications, chatbots, and automated writing assistants, contribute to language proficiency among journalism students. The study highlights AI's role in enhancing grammar accuracy, vocabulary expansion, and fluency while also addressing challenges related to critical thinking, creativity, and ethical concerns in journalistic writing. Furthermore, the paper discusses AI's influence on communicative competence by improving real-time interaction, speech recognition, and content personalization. The research also evaluates how AI affects learning outcomes, engagement, and self-directed learning in journalism education. Ultimately, the article provides insights into the advantages and limitations of AI integration in language acquisition and journalism training, paving the way for future pedagogical advancements.

This article examines some innovative and effective approaches to adult education in the modern age, and modern adult education methods that prioritize individual learning experiences, active participation, and real-life application of concepts.

This in the article education in institutions human resources management modern methods about literature analysis and discussion will be done .

This paper though the long-running war between Iran and Iraq had ended in a United Nations-brokered ceasefire in August 1988, by mid 1990 the two states had yet to begin negotiating a permanent peace treaty. When their foreign ministers met in Geneva that July, prospects for peace seemed bright. Two weeks later, however, Saddam Hussein delivered a speech in which he accused neighboring Kuwait of siphoning crude oil from their common border, claiming that Kuwait and Saudi Arabia were conspiring to keep oil prices low in an effort to pander to Western oil-buying nations.

Literature plays a crucial role in multilingual classrooms by supporting language learning, fostering cultural awareness, and enhancing critical thinking skills. Through exposure to a variety of literary texts, students improve their language proficiency, comprehension, and creativity. Additionally, literature serves as a bridge for understanding different cultures, encouraging inclusivity and empathy among learners from diverse linguistic backgrounds. It also strengthens critical literacy by helping students analyze texts and articulate their thoughts effectively. This paper explores the significance of literature in multilingual education, emphasizing its influence on language development, identity shaping, and cross-cultural understanding. Furthermore, it discusses effective strategies for incorporating literature into multilingual classrooms to optimize learning outcomes for both language learners and native speakers.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that establishes lifelong latency in the human host. The intricate interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses is critical for controlling CMV infection and preventing viral reactivation. This study examines the mechanisms underlying both arms of the immune system in response to CMV infection. Through a combination of in vitro experiments, cytokine profiling, and immunophenotyping, we delineate the roles of natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes in viral clearance. Our results indicate that early innate responses, mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and type I interferons, set the stage for a robust adaptive response. The data presented herein—summarized in three comprehensive tables—underscore the dynamic regulation of cytokine production, cellular activation, and effector functions that collectively contribute to the host defense against CMV. These findings provide important insights that may inform the development of targeted immunotherapies for immunocompromised individuals.

Modern linguistics is changing under the influence of various factors and is enriched with new lexical units. Digital media and Internet communication are one of the most powerful factors that directly affect the language system. Social networks, forums, blogs, gaming platforms and messengers play an important role in the formation, popularization and use of modern slang and memes. These phenomena are studied in linguistics, sociolinguistics and is being studied from the point of view of semiotics. This article analyzes the linguistic features of slang and memes that have entered the digital media, their communicative significance, and the processes of their assimilation into the official language.

Modern linguistics requires a deep study of the process of formation and popularization of new lexical units. In particular, as a result of the development of the Internet and digital means of communication, memes, slang and abbreviations are rapidly becoming popular. This process is significant not only linguistically, but also sociolinguistically and culturally. The concept of meme, put forward by Richard Dawkins (1976), was initially interpreted as a cultural phenomenon, but today Internet memes have become an integral part of linguistic innovations. Slang represents a dynamic layer of informal communication and is widely used in the communicative process among young people and social groups. Abbreviations, on the other hand, are associated with the need for concise and fast communication and are widely used in social networks, SMS and official correspondence. This article aims to analyze the formation, popularization and linguistic status of memes, slang and abbreviations from a scientific point of view.

According to the data obtained from the field experiments, it was found out that the control of the growth point and the thickness of the seedling have a great influence on the cotton yield and its quantity.

On average, 75% of the cotton crop was harvested in the first harvest in the experimental field. From the lowest productivity control option, 140,000 bushels per hectare were left, and 28.5 s/ha of cotton was harvested in the option that was cut on July 20. The highest productivity in the experimental field was 140,000 bushels per hectare, and 34.1 s/ha of cotton was harvested from the variant that was weeded on August 10.

A comprehensive examination of 453 patients included clinical, functional and radiological methods. Evaluation of regional hemodynamics in the area of ​​the sockets of the first lower molars was performed before tooth extraction, after 4 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months using the method of ultrasound high-frequency Dopplerography.

Human anatomy remains a fundamental component of medical education. Despite its importance, the subject continues to face substantial pedagogical challenges. These include overreliance on traditional didactic lectures, inadequate integration of clinical relevance, and limited use of modern technological tools. This study, conducted at Central Asian Medical University, aimed to explore these challenges and evaluate the efficacy of integrative and technologically enhanced teaching methods. By analyzing student feedback and academic performance, the study found a significant preference and improved outcomes in modules employing active learning and digital tools such as 3D anatomy applications and virtual dissection platforms. The findings underscore the urgent need for curricular reform and investment in educational innovations.

This article explores effective techniques and strategies for enhancing intercultural communication competence (ICC) in speaking classes. Recognizing the growing importance of ICC in an increasingly globalized world, the study outlines practical approaches that educators can implement to foster students' ability to engage in meaningful intercultural interactions. The article discusses various pedagogical methods, including role-playing, simulations, and collaborative projects, which encourage students to navigate cultural differences and improve their communicative skills. Additionally, it highlights the significance of reflective practices and feedback mechanisms in promoting awareness of cultural nuances. By integrating these strategies into speaking curricula, educators can better prepare students to communicate effectively across cultures, ultimately contributing to their overall language proficiency and intercultural understanding. The findings advocate for a dynamic and inclusive approach to language education that prioritizes the development of ICC as a core competency.

This article analyzes the technological advancements, effectiveness, and socio-legal aspects of video surveillance systems at intersections. Research indicates that these systems play a crucial role in enhancing security and optimizing traffic flow. However, their implementation must consider human rights and privacy issues.  

This article examines various approaches to learning English and their significance in the language acquisition process. It analyzes key methods such as the communicative approach, cognitive approach, immersion learning, social learning approaches, and  interactive  methods,  discussing  their impact  on  how learners engage with the English language. The article highlights how each approach addresses different aspects of  language, including grammar, vocabulary, phonetics, and  pragmatics, and how these approaches help learners develop comprehensive language skills. Furthermore, the article  explores the  role  of  modern  technologies and  online  platforms in diversifying these approaches, making language learning more accessible and effective. Ultimately, it emphasizes the importance of choosing the right approach based on individual learning needs and  how  these methods  contribute  to a deeper understanding and more successful use of  English  in  various  contexts, both  personally  and  professionally.

Everyday vocabulary is words and expressions that are used in everyday life, in the context of household chores, communication in the family and at work. This article contains facts about the importance of everyday vocabulary. The article also provides examples of everyday vocabulary of the Uzbek and Russian languages and their analysis.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the problem of Internet addiction among university students and the psychological features of its prevention. It has been scientifically proven that excessive use of the Internet negatively affects students' mental health, social adaptation, and academic performance. During the study, empirical data were collected to identify the levels, causes, and consequences of Internet addiction. Furthermore, effective psychoprophylactic and psychocorrectional measures were developed, with recommendations for their practical application in higher education institutions.

The nuanced expressions of modality offered by modal verbs remain a notoriously persistent challenge for language learners, demanding a sophisticated understanding of both their semantic range and the intricacies of their pragmatic functions. In response to these challenges, Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL) has emerged as a powerful and versatile approach, presenting a suite of innovative solutions designed to provide language learners with engaging, highly interactive, and deeply personalized learning experiences. This article delves into the potential of TEL as a means of promoting effective modal verb usage within spoken communication, carefully examining the theoretical principles that underpin its effectiveness and showcasing a range of practical examples that demonstrate the real-world application of TEL tools and strategies. Furthermore, it offers a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and inherent challenges involved in the integration of TEL into modal verb instruction, ultimately providing actionable recommendations for educators who seek to maximize the impact of technology in their efforts to foster accurate, nuanced, and fluent modal verb production in second language (L2) learners.