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направляющим и поддерживающим детей в процессе обучения. Интеграция
лингвистических технологий в дошкольное образование является необходимой.
Список использованной литературы:
1. Михеева Е. В. Особенности изучения английского языка детьми дошкольного возраста
//Инновационная наука. - 2019. - №. 2. - С.132-134.
2. Матвиенко Л. М. Раннее обучение детей иностранному языку: теория и практика
//Концепт. - 2018. - №. 6. - С.346-350
3. Маштакова Л. Ю., Сулима И. А. Некоторые аспекты проблемы лингвистической
одаренности у детей дошкольного возраста //Современные проблемы науки и образования.
- 2015. - №. 4. - С. 186-186.
4. Баграмова Н. В., Костина Е. А. Индивидуальные психологические особенности
обучаемых, влияющие на эффективность овладения иностранным языком. - 2018. №. 12. -
С. 60-65.
5. Paolo E. Balboni "Le Sfide di Babele" pp.151-160. Ученый XXI века • 2016 • № 4-2 (17)
6. Буранова, Ш. А., & Пак, Д. А. (2023). Развитие компетенции у будущих педагогов ДОО
в области информационных технологий. Экономика и социум,(11 (114)-1), 628-631.
7. Буранова, Ш. А., & Пак, Д. А. (2023). Исследования знаний и навыков в области
компьютерных технологий у будущих педагогов ДОО. Экономика и социум, (11 (114)-1),
624-627.
8. Рафиев, Ф. А., & Пак, Д. А. (2022). Психологическая компетентность воспитателей
дошкольных образовательных организаций. Разработка и применение наукоемких
технологий в эпоху глобальных, 139.
9. Пак, Д. А. (2020). Креативность как способность к поиску новых подходов обучения
будущих воспитателей дошкольного учреждения. In Colloquium-journal (No. 34-3, pp. 47-
48). Голопристанський міськрайонний центр зайнятості= Голопристанский районный центр
занятости.
LEXICAL EXPRESSION OF NEGATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Genjemuratova Gulziba Bahadirovna,
Student of KSU
Annotation.
The present article deals with the lexical peculiarities of the category of Negation in
the English languages. The Negation in Modern English has been studied from the point of
different aspects of the language development. In the article the negation is viewed from the point
of different lexical expressions.
Key words
: negative meaning, word classes, parts of speech, simple words, derived words,
compound words, pronouns, negative affixes, lexical meaning.
The present study of role of the negative expressions in the comparative languages represents
a peculiar linguistic interest equally as the problem of changes of negation in the course of
development of a language. However, in scientific literature the problem of negation in a language
little has been worked out so far. The negation in the modern English and Karakalpak language
42
includes variety of meanings such as the meanings of deprivation, devoiding, absence, insolvency,
mistakes, incorrectness, failures and etc. [8; 16; 180-196, 32, 205]. This category is expressed
directly lexical, multiple words designating above mentioned negative phenomena, properties,
references and concepts. They can be expressed with simple, derivative and also with compound
words which cover almost all the parts of speech:
Simple words:
refuse (noun) – qaytis, to refuse (verb) – qaytis qiliw
short (adjective) – qisqa, kelte
bad (adjective) – jaman
no (pronoun) – hesh
not (particle) – joq
never (adverb) – heshqashan
mistaken (verb, participle 2) – qa’telesken
relapse (noun) – awiriwdin’ qayta qoziwi
error (noun) – qa’teshilik
Derived words:
Rejection (noun) – qaytis etiw
Illegal (adjective) – nizamsiz
Uneatable (adjective) – jewge bolmaytug’in
Unimportant (adjective) - a’hmiyetsiz
Foolish (adjective) – aqmaq
Ugly (adjective) – siqilsiz
Wicked – a’zzi, na’renjan
Stupid – nadan
Compound words:
Ill-bred – qopal, ta’rbiyasiz, ta’rbiya ko’rmegen
Ill-fated – baxti qara, baxitsiz
Ill-disposed – jawiz, zalim, reyimsiz
Evil-hearted – qara ju’rek
Evil-doer – jinayatker
Evil-minded – jawiz, o’shli, qas
If the negative words are classified by the word structure, they can be distinguished by
according to with: antonymic and synonymic features, Antonymicity and Synonymicity in
correlation with parts of Speech. In most cases negative is expressed by adjectives than other parts
of speech.
Antonymycity is one of the most productive types of expressions of negation in English and
Karakalpak languages. Antonyms are typical to words which comprise in its direct meaning
pointing quality, as it is noun (light - darkness), or verb (to freeze – to thaw), adjective (brave -
coward), adverb (ever - never), especially is rich in antonyms denoting negative quality [10; 13,
221]. Examples are:
beautiful – ugly
sweet – bitter
bold – bashful
bright – dim,
young – old
good – bad
Nouns denoting negation have following corresponding couples with the meaning of:
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1.
Denoting feeling, mood and state of a person (man): love-hatred, respect-scorn, joy-
sorrow, timed-arrogant.
2.
Denoting state and activity of a person: health-illness, life-death.
3.
Denoting color, time, action and etc: white-black, light-dark, day-night, to be born-to die,
to praise-to slander.
In English we can find a few synonymic antonyms correlating to one antonymic line which
expresses negation. For example, bright – dim, dull, sad according to different semantic varieties
of the word “bright”.
The Semantics of antonyms consist of two opposite meanings affirmativeness (positive) and
negativeness (negative). Therefore, the indication, with which the notions are in contradiction, can
be revealed in various degrees.
So, as in the example “tall-short” - the notion of height, “good-bad” – the notion of quality
(as in another example “life-death” – the negativity can be expressed) is expressed ultimately in
positive and negative degree, as in another example like “life-death” the negativity can be
expressed not only by the primary way in antonymous pairs, but by derivational way, about which
it was mentioned in the second chapter of the work. However, some lexicologists accept words
with different roots as antonyms, that’s to say they do not consider words with the same roots as
well as with the help of affixes, such as: Happy-unhappy, useful-useless, order-disorder.
Moreover, Eliseeva points out that antonymia, that’s to say contradiction by positiveness and
negativeness can be not only linguistic, but contextual as well.
Bright examples of such usage of contradiction can be noticed in belles-lettres work “A Tale
of Two Cities” of Ch. Dickens: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age
of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was epoch of incredulity, it
was the season of light, it was the season of darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter
of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us…”.
Negativity is also expressed with the help of various parts of speech, such as nouns,
adjectives, pronouns, verbs and also another parts of speech, such as prepositions, particles [29,
44; 31; 38, 138].
In regarding the category of nouns, the negativity is connected with abstract notions: belief-
disbelief, love-hate, truth-lie, friend-enemy, friendship-hostility, which are expressed in most
cases with the help of affixal method.
In regarding the category of pronouns, the negativity is expressed by negative pronouns,
such as:
No – hesh, heshqanday, dim
None – heshbir, heshna’rse, heshkim, heshqashan
No one – heshkim, heshkimnin’, heshbir adam
Nodiv – heshkim, hesh adam
Nothing – heshna’rse, heshqanday
Neither – heshbiri, heshbiri de, heshqaysisi.
The negative word
“
no
”
in the sentence carries out various lexical-grammatical and
syntactical functions. It can be:
a)
An introductory part of the sentence: Do you know him? – No, I don’t.
b)
A negative indicator with an auxiliary verb do/does together with the predicate, where the
whole meaning of the sentence is negative: He did not go there yesterday.
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c)
Controlling element of the noun, which negates the whole meaning of the sentence: No man
could complete with him.
d)
Nodiv, none, no one functioning as subject, negates the meaning of the whole sentence:
Nodiv would harm him.
e)
No when goes with gerund expresses prohibited action: No smoking, no talking.
Regarding the category of adjectives, only the antonymicy differentiates positivity and
negativity in binary opposition. For example: collocations like to be ill – to be well, to smell nice
– to smell bad, to taste sweet – to taste bitter and etc, lion-hearted – hare-hearted.
Regarding the category of adverbs; the adverbs of negativity, as it’s mentioned by L. G.
Alekseev in his book are barely, hardly, badly, lazely, hardly ever, least of all, little, never, never
again, not only, down nowhere, rarely, scarcely as others would be noticed in syntactical method
of expression of negativity.
Regarding the category of verbs as well, the antonymicy differentiates the meanings of
negativity. Examples are:
to break – to construct, to destroy – to mend
to fall – to stand, to forget – to remember,
to settle – to unsettle, to explicit – to implicit,
to appear – to disappear, to ripe – to unripe,
to do harm – to do good, to be for – to be against
to deny – to forget.
Some prepositions and particles express negativity in syntactical use with the other part of
speech, and in the structure of collocations and sentences. For example: unlike, in contrast with,
neither…nor and negative particles are no, not, never, without, against, unaware, etc. Examples
are:
You are
neither
a friend
nor
a servant.
Not
a man, not a sail upon the sea.
I was
unaware
of it.
References
1.
Bauer L. English Word Formation. – L.: Cambridge University Press, 2003. – 311 p.
2.
Muminov O. Lexicology of The English language. – Тошкент., “Мехридарё” 2008.
3.
Zandvoart R. W. A Handbook of English Grammar. London, Longman, 2007. p. 205-
208.
4.
Буранов Д. Ж. Қурбаназаров П. Англичан тилиниң грамматикасы. Морфология. Н-
М, 1974. 215-221-бет.
5.
Мешков О. Д. Словообразование современного английского языка. М., 1976.
INNOVATIONS IN MODERN LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE TEACHING
Hayitova Dilafruz Qilich qizi
Student of Chirchik State Pedagogical University
Scientific supervisor: Khazratkulova E’zoza
Abstract:
In a world frequently filled with stress, monotony, and obstacles, reading acts as both a
refuge and an adventure for countless individuals. Books have the power to transport readers to
