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Foydalangan adabiyotlar:
1. Abduqodirov, A. A. (2022). Maktabgacha ta’limda pedagogik innovatsiyalar. Toshkent:
O‘zbekiston Milliy Ensiklopediyasi nashriyoti.
2. Yo‘ldoshev, S. R. (2021). Ta'limda boshqaruv madaniyati: nazariya va amaliyot. Jizzax:
Jizzax davlat pedagogika universiteti nashriyoti.
3. Karimova, D. T. (2020). Maktabgacha ta’lim muassasalari rahbarlarining kasbiy
kompetensiyasi. Jizzax: Jizzax davlat pedagogika universiteti ilmiy jurnali.
4. Davronova, M. N. (2023). Ta’lim jarayonida rahbarlik ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirish.
Toshkent: Ilm va Ziyo nashriyoti.
5. Jo‘rabekova, S. K. (2019). Ta’lim muassasalarida kommunikatsiya madaniyatining o‘rni.
Jizzax: Jizzax davlat pedagogika universiteti ilmiy ishlari to‘plami.
6. Abdullaeva, G. M. (2021). Maktabgacha ta'limda innovatsion boshqaruv texnologiyalari.
Samarqand: Samarqand davlat universiteti nashriyoti.
7. Yoqubov, B. S. (2020). Raqamli texnologiyalar orqali ta'lim boshqaruvi samaradorligini
oshirish. Toshkent: Pedagogika va psixologiya instituti nashriyoti.
8. Islomova, F. N. (2022). Maktabgacha ta’lim rahbarlarining emotsional intellektini
rivojlantirish yo‘llari. Jizzax: Jizzax davlat pedagogika universiteti.
9. Axmedov, K. S. (2018). Ta'lim muassasalarida jamoa bilan ishlash usullari. Farg‘ona:
Farg‘ona davlat universiteti.
10. Norqulova, L.A. (2023). Pedagogik boshqaruvda innovatsion strategiyalar. Toshkent:
O‘zbekiston pedagogika instituti nashriyoti.
THE LANGUAGE CONTACT AND MULTILINGUALISM
Yusupova Maftunaxon Bobojon qizi, Student of KSU
Scientific advisor: Abdullayeva Sayyora Poʻlatovna
Abstract:
This research aims to analyze the impact of language contact on social interaction and
communication, focusing on linguistic phenomena such as word acquisition, code switching and
language dominance. It also examines the cognitive, social, and cultural effects of multilingualism
on individuals and communities. The research uses a mixed-methods approach, including a
literature review to build theoretical foundations, surveys and interviews to gather first-hand
experiences of multilingual individuals, and corpus analysis to observe real-life examples of
language communication. The findings are expected to reveal general patterns of language change
resulting from language contact and highlight the benefits and challenges of multilingualism. In
addition, the study provides practical recommendations for language maintenance and effective
communication strategies in multilingual societies.
Keywords
: language,multilingualism,bilingualism,trilingualism,language,contact.
In the simplest definition, language contact is the use of more than one language in the
same place at the same time. It isn't hard to imagine a situation in which this definition might be
too simple: for instance, if two groups of young travelers are speaking two different languages
while cooking their meals in the kitchen of a youth hostel, and if each group speaks only one
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language, and if there is no verbal interaction between the gro. this is language contact only in the
most trivial sense[3]. A person who can speak multiple languages is known as a polyglot or a
multilingual.The original language a person grows up speaking is known as their first language or
mother tongue. Someone who is raised speaking two first languages or mother tongues is called a
simultaneous bilingual. If they learn a second language later, they are called a sequential bilingual
[5].
Language contact occurs when speakers of different languages interact and their languages
influence one another. Drawing on the author's own first-hand observations of child and adult
bilingualism, this book combines his original research with an up-to-date introduction to key
concepts, to provide a holistic, original theory of contact linguistics. Going beyond a descriptive
outline of contact phenomena, it introduces a theory of contact-induced language change, linking
structural change to motivations in discourse and language processing. Since the first edition was
published, the field has rapidly grown, and this fully revised edition covers all of the most recent
developments, making it an invaluable resource for researchers and advanced students in
linguistics.[4]
"Language contact is a major factor in language change," notes Stephan Gramley, author
or multiple books on the English language. "Contact with other languages and other dialectal
varieties of one language is a source of alternative pronunciations, grammatical structures, and
vocabulary." Prolonged language contact generally leads to bilingualism or multilingualism.
Language contact often occurs along borders or as a result of migration. The transfer of
words of phrases can be one-way or two-way. Chinese has influenced Japanese, for instance,
though the reverse has not largely been true. Two-way influence is less common and is typically
restricted to specific regions.Pidgins are often developed for trade purposes. These are a few
hundred words that can be spoken between people of different languages. [1]
"What counts as language contact? The mere juxtaposition of two speakers of different
languages, or two texts in different languages, is too trivial to count: unless the speakers or the
texts interact in some way, there can be no transfer of linguistic features in either direction. Only
when there is some interaction does the possibility of a contact explanation for synchronic
variation or diachronic change arise. Throughout human history, most language contacts have been
face to face, and most often the people involved have a nontrivial degree of fluency in both
languages. There are other possibilities, especially in the modern world with novel means of
worldwide travel and mass communication: many contacts now occur through written language
only."Language contact is the norm, not the exception. We would have a right to be astonished if
we found any language whose speakers had successfully avoided contacts with all other languages
for periods longer than one or two hundred years." [1]
"Language contact is not, of course, a homogeneous phenomenon. Contact may occur
between languages which are genetically related or unrelated, speakers may have similar or vastly
different social structures, and patterns of multilingualism may also vary greatly. In some cases
the entire community speaks more than one variety, while inother cases only a subset of the
population is multilingual. Lingualism and lectalism may vary by age, by ethnicity, by gender, by
social class, by education level, or by one or more of a number of other factors. In some
communities there are few constraints on the situations in which more than one language can be
used, while in others there is heavy diglossia, and each language is confined to a particular type of
social interaction... "While there a great number of different language contact situations, a few
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come up frequently in areas where linguists do fieldwork. One is dialect contact, for example
between standard varieties of a language and regional varieties (e.g., in France or the Arab world).
... "A further type of language contact involves exogamous communities where more than one
language might be used within the community because its members come from different areas.
The converse of such communitie where exogamy leads to multilingualism is an endoterogenous
community which maintains its own language for the purpose of excluding outsiders. "Finally,
fieldworkers particularly often work in endangered language communities where language shift is
in progress."[1]
"Manifestations of language contact are found in a great variety of domains, including
language acquisition, language processing and production, conversation and discourse, social
functions of language and language policy, typology and language change, and more. "The study
of language contact is of value toward an understanding of the inner functions and the inner
structure of 'grammar' and the language faculty itself."[Yaron Matras, "Language Contact."
Cambridge University Press, 2009] "A very naive view of language contact would probably hold
that speakers take bundles of formal and functional properties, semiotic signs so to speak, from
the relevant contact language and insert them into their own language. To be sure, this view is
much too simplistic and not seriously maintained any longer. A probably more realistic view held
in language contact research is that whatever kind of material is transferred in a situation of
language contact, this material necessarily experiences some sort of modification through
contact."[1]
Multilingualism is the ability of an individual speaker or a community of speakers to
communicate effectively in three or more languages. Contrast with monolingualism, the ability to
use only one language.
Types of multilingualism include:
Bilingualism (2 languages)
Trilingualism (3 languages)
Multilingualism (4 or more languages)
Bilingualism means speaking two languages fluently. Generally, it also implies the ability
to read and write in two languages, although speech is considered the most important element of
bilingualism. It is common for a person to be bilingual when they move to a new country as a child
or when their parents are immigrants who speak a language at home that is not widely spoken in
the wider culture. Someone who can speak, read, and write both Spanish and English, for instance,
would be considered bilingual regardless of which of the two languages is their mother
tongue.Sometimes, people become bilingual when they move to a new country as an adult. Others
grow up in a country or region where two languages are commonly spoken by almost everyone,
leading to a kind of culturally integrated bilingualism. Some individuals who complete their
schooling in a language immersion program understand their second language enough to be
considered bilingual, but they typically benefit from spending time in a culture where they have to
use their second language all of the time to boost their understands [ 2]
Trilingualism a person who speaks three languages is called a trilingual. All people who
speak two or more languages also fall under the umbrella of multilingualism, but technically a
multilingual is someone who speaks four or more languages.
What is multilingualism? A simple multilingual definition is a person who is capable of
speaking different languages. Many people around the world can speak, read, and write in two or
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more languages, making them multilingual. According to most recent estimates, around 43% of
the world's population can speak two languages, while another 17% can speak three or more. This
means that monolingual people, or individuals who can only speak, read, and write in one
language, are actually a global minority. Currently, English is the most common second language
in the world: around 66% of English speakers learned English as a second or third language. [2]
Language contact and multilingualism play an important role in linguistic and social
development. When speakers of different languages interact, they influence each other through
processes such as borrowing, code switching, and language convergence. This interaction can lead
to the emergence of new languages such as pidgins and creoles, while contributing to linguistic
diversity.Multilingualism benefits people by enhancing cognitive skills such as problem solving,
memory, and mental flexibility. Societies with multilingual populations often experience greater
cultural understanding, social cohesion and economic growth. However, language contact can also
lead to language shift, where dominant languages overshadow minority languages and sometimes
lead to language loss.
In my opinion, language preservation efforts and support for multilingual education are
important to preserve linguistic diversity. Understanding the dynamics of language
communication and multilingualism can help create inclusive, culturally rich and globally
connected communities.
References
1.
Definition and Examples of Language Contact by Richard Nordquist published on January
20,2020 ThoughtCo.
2.
Explore what multilingualismis Learn what the different types of multilingualism are,the
definition,and
what
role
multilingualism
plays
in
education.Updated
11/21/2023,
Language Contact by Sarah G.Thomason University of Michigan http://www-
personal.umich.edu.
4.
Language Contact by Yaron Matras Cambridge University press,2020
5. What is Multilingualism by Richard Nordquist published on July 25,2019 ThoughtCo.
