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thinking and staying quiet. The next excellent example of Karakalpak proverbs is that «Jaqsılıq
jerde qalmas» [7; p 20]. This proverb encourages people to do charitable deeds as much as
possible. Because it says that every good action done by a person is their potential assistance in
the future. Owing to this fact, humans are commonly motivated to perform good actions and help
others more. One last illustration of Karakalpak proverbs is «Altın gúmis tas eken, Arpa, biyday
as eken» [7; p 20]. It is used in order to show the importance of crops, which is highly valued
among the Karakapak nationality. Given that the majority of Karakalpak people have been
peasants for many centuries, crops hold great significance for them. For this reason, people widely
use this proverb to educate their children to save the harvest instead of chasing unnecessary metals
like gold or silver. They believe that food is the source of survival, while metals cannot solve
catastrophic situations such as famine, drought, or flood. This is a unique characteristic of
Karakalpak proverbs, based on their usage and interpretation.
Conclusion
The practical value of using proverbs in both English and Karakalpak literature is of huge
importance. As a result of utilizing the educational, cultural, and more importantly, literary
proverbs, the writers and poets may educate people to live a proper life and do charitable deeds.
Ordinary readers, in turn, may develop a strong understanding of how to behave appropriately in
challenging situations. Every single proverb has its own moral message for humans and impacts
the psychology of readers. Through reading the literary works or folk tales, people can get positive
directions and summarize their mistakes in life. When a person knows a wide range of proverbs,
they are considered to be a knowledgeable person who could cope with difficult troubles. For this
reason, people should continue learning other proverbs in the works of English and Karakalpak
literature, as proverbs are appreciated as one of the fundamental and inseparable units of the
literature of mankind.
References
1. «Hamlet» by William Shakespeare (2012, The Folger Shakespeare library);
2. «Macbeth» by William Shakespeare (1993, Dover Publications, Inc.);
3. «King Lear» by William Shakespeare (2011, Broadview Press);
4. «The Canterbury tales» by Geoffrey Chaucer (2003, Penguin Publishing Group);
5. «Paradise Lost» by John Milton (2003, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.);
6. «An essay on criticism» by Alexander Pope (2010, The Floating Press);
7. « Ádebiyat» 5-klass ushın sabaqlıq-xrestomatiya (2015, Bilim, Nókis).
8. Konisov G.U. (2024). The role of observation in linguistic typology. Zenodo.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14270801
THE PECULIARITIES OF WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
Qoldosheva Shohinur Oral qizi, Student of KSU
Scientific adviser: Musaev Abish Abilkazievich
Abstract:
This article explores the peculiarities of word formation in English and Uzbek, two
languages from distinct linguistic families. The study highlights major word formation processes
such as affixation, compounding, blending, reduplication, and borrowing, using examples from
literature. By comparing these methods, the research provides insights into the similarities and
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differences between English and Uzbek, aiding linguists, translators, and language learners in
understanding the dynamic nature of vocabulary development.
Keywords:
Word formation, affixation, compounding, blending, reduplication, borrowing,
linguistic
comparison,
language
evolution,
vocabulary
development.
Language is a living, evolving system, and one of its most fascinating aspects is word
formation. Every language develops new words to adapt to changing realities, and the way words
are formed reflects a language's unique structure, history, and cultural influences. English and
Uzbek, though belonging to entirely different language families—Germanic and Turkic,
respectively—both have rich and diverse methods of word formation.
Word formation plays a crucial role in communication. It allows speakers to create new
words, express complex ideas, and adapt to linguistic changes. For language learners,
understanding these processes helps in vocabulary expansion and comprehension. In translation,
recognizing different word formation patterns can prevent misunderstandings and ensure accuracy.
Affixation
is one of the most common ways to form new words. In English, it involves
adding prefixes (e.g., un- in unhappy) or suffixes (e.g., -ness in kindness). Uzbek follows a similar
pattern, using suffixes extensively.
• English Example:
"It is not length of life, but depth of life."
– Ralph Waldo Emerson
- Word Formation: Depth (from deep +
-th
suffix)
• Uzbek Example:
“Baxtsizlik insonni sindirib qo‘ya oladi.”
– Abdulla Qodiriy
- Word Formation: Baxtsizlik (from baxt ‘happiness’ +
-siz
‘without’ +
-lik
noun-
forming suffix)
Compounding
occurs when two or more words are joined to create a new term. English
compounds often combine nouns and adjectives (toothbrush, bittersweet), while Uzbek
compounds frequently merge descriptive elements.
• English Example:
“I have loved the stars too fondly to be fearful of the night.”
– Sarah
Williams
- Word Formation: Fearful (from fear + -ful)
• Uzbek Example:
“Kitobdo‘kon har qanday odamga kerak.”
– Isajon Sulton
- Word Formation: Kitobdo‘kon (‘bookstore’ from
kitob
‘book’ +
do‘kon
‘store’)
Blending
is a creative process that combines parts of two words to form a new one.
English is particularly rich in blends, especially in modern vocabulary (brunch = breakfast +
lunch). Uzbek also uses blending, though less frequently.
• English Example:
“I’d rather stay home and have brunch.”
– F. Scott Fitzgerald
- Word Formation: Brunch (from breakfast +
lunch
)
• Uzbek Example:
“Talabalik yillarim eng yaxshi davrim edi.”
– O‘tkir Hoshimov
- Word Formation: Talabalik (from
talaba
‘student’ +
-lik
suffix meaning ‘state of
being’)
Reduplication
is a process in which a word or part of a word is repeated, often for
emphasis or rhythmic effect. While English uses this sparingly (zigzag, wishy-washy), Uzbek
frequently employs it for adjectives and adverbs.
• English Example:
“He was running zigzag, trying to escape.”
– Mark Twain
- Word Formation:
Zigzag
(reduplication of similar sounds)
• Uzbek Example:
“Mayda-chuyda gaplarga ahamiyat bermang.”
– Said Ahmad
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- Word Formation:
Mayda-chuyda
(‘small details’, full reduplication)
Both English and Uzbek have a long history of borrowing words. English has borrowed
extensively from Latin, French, and Germanic languages, while Uzbek has absorbed words from
Persian, Arabic, and Russian.
• English Example: “I’m playing the piano for you.” – Ernest Hemingway
- Word Formation: Piano (borrowed from Italian)
• Uzbek Example: “Telefon go‘shagini sekin ko‘tardi.” – Tog‘ay Murod
- Word Formation: Telefon (borrowed from French)
Why Study Word Formation?
Studying the peculiarities of word formation in English and Uzbek offers several benefits:
1. For Linguists: Understanding word formation helps in analyzing language
development and change.
2. For Translators: Recognizing different word formation patterns improves accuracy in
translation.
3. For Language Learners: Knowing how words are formed makes it easier to expand
vocabulary and understand new terms.
Conclusion
Although English and Uzbek originate from different linguistic backgrounds, they share
many word formation techniques. By studying these processes, we gain insight into how languages
evolve, adapt, and influence one another. Whether through affixation, compounding, or borrowing,
both languages demonstrate creativity and flexibility in word formation. Understanding these
mechanisms is essential not just for linguists but also for anyone who wishes to master English or
Uzbek at a deeper level.
References
1. Emerson R. W., Self-Reliance and Other Essays. Boston: James Munroe and Company. 1841.
2. Qodiriy A., O‘tkan Kunlar. Tashkent: O‘zbekiston Milliy Nashriyoti. 1926.
3. Williams S., The Old Astronomer. London: Macmillan & Co. 1868.
4. Sulton I., Boqiy dunyo. Tashkent: G‘afur G‘ulom Publishing House. 1990.
5. Fitzgerald F. S., The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1925.
6. Hoshimov O., Dunyoning ishlari. Tashkent: Sharq Publishing House. 1985.
7. Twain M., Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company. 1885.
8. Ahmad S., Ufq. Tashkent: Yangi Asr Avlodi. 1977.
9. Hemingway E., A Moveable Feast. New York: Scribner. 1964.
10. Murod T., Otamdan qolgan dalalar. Tashkent: Adabiyot Publishing House. 1994.
ARAB VA O‘ZBEK TILLARIDAGI KELISHIKLARNING QIYOSIY TAHLILI
Ravshanova Risolat,
Oriental universiteti arab tili yo‘nalishi talabasi
Ilmiy rahbar: dotsent, f.f.n.N.Ahmedova
Annotatsiya.
Maqolada arab va o‘zbek tillarida kelishiklar va ularning o‘zaro o‘xshash hamda
farqli xususiyatlari, ularga xos jihatlar misollar yordamida tahlil qilingan. Arab tili flektiv til
