International scientific journal
“Interpretation and researches”
Volume 1 issue 1 (47) | ISSN: 2181-4163 | Impact Factor: 8.2
295
TASHBIH BADIIY SAN’ATINING O‘ZBEK VA INGLIZ TILLARIDA
QIYOSIY TAHLILI: ALISHER NAVOIY G‘AZALLARI TARJIMASI
MISOLIDA
Toshxonova Muborak Sur’at qizi
ToshDO‘TAU Qiyosiy tilshunoslik, lingvistik tarjimashunoslik: ingliz tili
mutaxassisligi 1-kurs magistranti,
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu maqolada tashbih badiiy san'atining o‘zbek mumtoz
adabiyotida o‘rganilishi, uning turlari va qo‘llanilishi ingliz adabiyot nazariyasidagi
“simile” va “metaphor” badiiy san’atlari bilan qiyoslangan holda o‘rganilgan.
Tashbihning tarkibiy qismlariga ko‘ra turlarini taqqaoslash maqsadida Alisher
Navoiy g‘azallaridan baytlar ularning yetakchi tarjimonlar tomonidan qilingan ingliz
tilidagi tarjimalari bilan chog‘ishtirib tahlilga tortilgan. Tarjimada badiiy san' atlarni
saqlagan holda tarjima qilishda kerakli tavsiyalar keltirilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
tashbih, mushabbih, mushabbihun bih, vajhi shabah, vositai
tashbih, tashbihi mufassal, tashbihi mujmal, tashbihi muyaqqad, badiiy san’atlar,
simile, metafora, g‘azal, qiyosiy tahlil.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LITERARY DEVICE “TASHBIH” IN
UZBEK AND ENGLISH: IN THE EXAMPLES OF TRANSLATIONS OF
ALISHER NAVOI’S GHAZALS
Tashkhanova Muborak Sur’at qizi
TSUULL, 1
st
year master’s degree student of “Comparative linguistics, linguistic
translation studies: English”
Annotation:
This article explores the study of the literary device tashbih in
Uzbek classical literature, analyzing its types and applications in comparison with the
literary devices, “simile” and “metaphor”, in English literary theory. To compare the
types of tashbih based on their structural components, verses from Alisher Navoi’s
ghazals and their English translations by leading translators have been analyzed
comparatively. The article also provides recommendations on preserving stylistic
devices in translation maintaining the original literary essence.
Key words:
tashbih, mushabbih, mushabbihun bih, vajhi shabah, vositai
tashbih, tashbihi mufassal, tashbihi mujmal, tashbihi muyaqqad, simile, metaphor,
ghazal, comparative analysis.
International scientific journal
“Interpretation and researches”
Volume 1 issue 1 (47) | ISSN: 2181-4163 | Impact Factor: 8.2
296
Badiiy san’at she’riyat olamini bezab turgan chamanzor kabidir, alvon
gullarning jilvasidan ko‘zingiz zavqlanib, hididan bahri dilingiz qanday yayrasa,
she’rda mahorat bilan qo‘llanilgan san’atlardan ham shunday estetik zavq olasiz.
Tashbih (yoki tashbeh) esa mana shunday badiiy san’atlar orasida o‘ziga xos
xususiyati bilan ajralib turadi.
O‘zbek mumtoz adabiyotida adabiyot nazariyasiga oid ilk mukammal asar
Shayx Ahmad Taroziyning “Funun ul-balog‘a” risolasi bo‘lsa, badiiy san’atlarning
to‘liq ta’rifi Atoulloh Husayniynig “Badoye-us-sanoye” asarida o‘z ifodasini
topgan
. Aynan Taroziyning risolasida tashbehning 7 navi (xili) sanab o‘tilgan va uni
ma’naviy san’atlar sirasiga kiritgan.
Tashbih
“
biror predmet yoki hodisaning
xususiyatini shu xususiyati bor boshqa narsa yoki hodisa orqali tasvirlashga
asoslanadi
. Ingliz adabiyotida tashbih “simile” san’atiga to‘g‘ri keladi. Unga
Cambridge Dictionaryda shunday ta’rif beriladi:
har doim bir narsani boshqa
biror narsa bilan “kabi” yoki “-dek” vositalari orqali qiyoslash usuli
. Jahon
adabiyotida adabiyot nazariyasi haqida dastlabki asar Aristotel (“Ritorika”)
tomonidan yozilgan va uning ta’kidlashicha, “
Similes are useful in prose as well as in
verse; but not often, since they are of the nature of poetry”
(o‘zbekcha tarjimasi:
similelar (o‘xshatish) nasrda ham nazmda ham foydali, lekin har doim ham emas,
chunki ular ko‘proq she’riy xususiyatga ega)
. Anvar Hojiahmedovning ta’rificha:
“
Tashbih san’ati tasvirlanayotgan shaxs, buyum yoki tushunchani o‘quvchi ko‘z
o‘ngida aniqroq, jozibaliroq gavdalantirishga xizmat qilib, asar timsollari ma’naviy
qiyofasini yorqinroq ochish, binobarin, shoir g‘oyasini o‘quvchi ongiga to‘laroq
yetkazishga imkon beradi
. Ingliz tilida ham “simile” tadqiqotchilar tomonidan
o‘rganilganda uning turli sohalarda turli vazifa bajarishini ta’kidlab o‘tishgan va
aynan adabiyotdagi o‘rniga shunday izoh berilgan: “
In literary texts - be it fiction,
poetry or drama - similes fulfil an aesthetic function, and are usually creative, a way
of talking about something in a surprising way”
(tarjimasi: o‘xshatishlar badiiy
matnlarda, xoh u badiiy asar bo‘lsin, xoh she’r yoki drama bo‘lsin, ularning estetik
xususiyatini oshiradi, odatda ular ijodiy bo‘lib, biror narsa haqida hayratlanarli tarzda
ma’lumot berish usuli hisoblanadi
73
G. Nurullayeva, “‘Funun Ul-Balog’a’ Asarida Badiiy San‟atlar” (2014).
74
Shuhrat Sirojiddinov, Dilnavoz Yusupova, and Olimjon Davlatov,
Navoiyshunoslik
,
Tamaddun” Nashriyoti
, 2018.
472 b.
75
Tarjima bizniki.
76
Aristotle, “Rhetoric,” n.d., http://bocc.ufp.pt/pag/Aristotle-rhetoric.pdf. p.145
77
Tarjima bizniki.
78
Anvar Hojiahmedov, “Mumtoz Badiiyat Lug’ati,”
Yangi Asr Avlodi
, 2008. 140-141-b.
79
Patrizia Pierini, “Simile in English: From Description to Translation,”
CÍRCULO de Lingüística Aplicada a La
Comunicación
, no. 29 (2007): 2. p.25
80
Tarjima bizniki.
International scientific journal
“Interpretation and researches”
Volume 1 issue 1 (47) | ISSN: 2181-4163 | Impact Factor: 8.2
297
Yuqorida aytib o‘tilganidek, tashbihning tarkibiy qismlariga qarab bir nechta
turlari mavjud. Tashbihning tarkibiy qismlari esa quyidagilar:
-
Mushabbih – o‘xshayotgan narsa;
-
Mushabbihun bih – o‘xshatilinayotgan narsa;
-
Vajhi shabih – qiyoslash jihati, ya’ni mushabbih va mushabbihun bih orasidagi
munosabat;
-
Vositai tashbih – o‘xshatish uchun ishlatilgan vosita.
Lekin ingliz adabiyotida simile hech qanday tarkibiy qismlar yoki turlarga
bo‘linmaydi. Aksincha, tashbehning boshqa ko‘rinishlari similega o‘xshash umuman
boshqa bir badiiy san’at, ya’ni
“metaphor”
sifatida namoyon bo‘ladi. Aristotel bu
haqda shunday keltiradi: “
The Simile also is a metaphor; the difference is but
slight.”
(tarjimasi: Simile ham metaforadir, ularning faqat ozgina farqi bor, xolos)
Vositai tashbih
(
kabi, singari, yanglig‘, -dek, -day
) qatnashgan o‘xshatish turlari,
ya’ni
tashbihi mufassal
va
tashbihi mujmal
ingliz tilida aynan “simile” deb
nomlanadi. Ingliz tilida o‘xshatish vositalari quyidagilar:
as, like, as…as, so…as.
Misol sifatida Alisher Navoiyning “Sarvi ozodimni bog‘ ichra xiromon istaram” deb
boshlanuvchi g‘azalining quyidagi baytini keltirishimiz mumkin:
Naf’ etar bo‘lsa xino yanglig‘ kafi poyingg‘a qon,
Chok etib ko‘ksum ani bag‘rimda pinhon istaram.
(“Navodir ush-shabob”, 427-g‘azal)
Baytning nasriy bayoni:
Agar qon xino yanglig‘ tovoningga foyda yetkazadigan
bo‘lsa, ko‘ksimni chok etib, uni bag‘rim qoniga botirishingni istayman (D. Yusupova
sharhi)
Birinchi misrada
tashbihi mufassal
san’ati qo‘llanilgan: qon –
mushabbih
, xino
–
mushabbihun bih
, naf’ etar bo‘lsa –
vajhi shabih
, yanglig‘ –
vositai tashbih
.
Bayt Aidaxon Bumatova tomonidan quyidagicha tarjima qilingan:
Should your palm and heel benefit from the blood as from henna,
For my chest to fling open and your limbs there warm seeing I long.
So‘zma-so‘z tarjimasi:
Sening kafting va tovoningga xinodan foyda yetkandek
qonimdan ham foyda bo‘lsa, ko‘ksimni ochib (yorib) oyoq qo‘llaringni u yerda
isitishingni istayman.
Bu yerda: blood –
mushabbih
, henna –
mushabbihun bih
, benefit –
vajhi shabih
,
as –
vositai tashbih.
Ko‘rib turganimizdek, tarjimon mahorat bilan mazmun, shakl va tashbih badiiy
san’atini (“simile”ni) ingliz tilida hamohang ravishda to‘liq qayta yarata olgan.
81
Hojiahmedov, “Mumtoz Badiiyat Lug’ati.”,141 b.
82
Aristotle, “Rhetoric.”, p.145
83
Hojiahmedov, “Mumtoz Badiiyat Lug’ati.”, 141 b.
84
“A.NAVOIY. Sarvi Ozodimni Bog’ Ichra...,”
Jahon Adabiyoti
, no. 246 (n.d.): 6–9.
85
“A.NAVOIY. Sarvi Ozodimni Bog’ Ichra...”
International scientific journal
“Interpretation and researches”
Volume 1 issue 1 (47) | ISSN: 2181-4163 | Impact Factor: 8.2
298
Quyida Alisher Navoiyning “Mutribo, g‘am bazmida…” deb boshlanuvchi
g‘azalining bir baytini ko‘rib chiqamiz:
Chok etib el ko‘nglin, etting g‘unchadek ko‘nglum girih
Ochting el ko‘nglin agarchi bizni diltang aylading.
(“G‘aroyib us-sig‘ar”, 346-g‘azal)
Baytning nasriy bayoni:
El ko‘nglini chok etib, g‘unchadek ko‘nglimga tugun
solding, elning ko‘nglini ochding, ammo bizning qalbimizni qayg‘uga to‘ldirding. (D.
Yusupova sharhi)
Bu yerda:
ko‘nglum –
mushabbih
, g‘uncha –
mushabbihun bih
, -dek –
vositai
tashbih
, vajhi shabih qatnashmaganligi uchun bu
tashbihi mujmal
hisoblanadi. Endi
esa uning Qosimboy Ma’murov tomonidan qilingan tarjimasini ko;rib chiqamiz:
By breaking folks’ souls, tied my little soul like a bud,
Folks’ souls you opened though made our souls so sad.
So‘zma-so‘z tarjimasi:
X
alqning qalbini sindirib, mening g‘unchadek kichik
qalbimni tugding. Garchi xalqning ko‘nglini ochgan bo‘lsang ham bizning
ko‘nglimizga xafagarchilik solding.
Bu yerda:
soul -
mushabbih
, bud –
mushabbihun bih
, like –
vositai tashbih
.
Demak, bu tarjimada ham tashbih san’ati ingliz tilida to‘liq o‘z ifodasini topgan.
Keyingi misolimiz Alisher Navoiyning “Ey nasimi subh, ahvolim…” deb
boshlanuvchi g‘azalining matla’si:
Ey nasimi subh, ahvolim diloromimg‘a ayt,
Zulfi sunbul, yuzi gul, sarvi gulandonimg‘a ayt.
(“G‘aroyib us-sig‘ar”, 84-g‘azal)
Baytning nasriy bayoni
: Ey tong shamoli, mening g‘arib ahvolimni
diloromimga, zulfi sunbul bo‘lgan, gul yuzli, sarvi qomatli gulbadanimga borib ayt.
(sharh bizniki)
Bu yerda:
zulf, yuz–
mushabbih
, sunbul, gul –
mushabbihun bih
. Demak, ushbu
tashbihda vositai tashbih qo‘llanilmagani uchun
tashbihi muyaqqad
yuzaga kelgan.
Lekin tashbihi muyaqqad ingliz tilida “simile”ga emas “metaphor” badiiy san’atiga
to‘g‘ri keladi. Quyida tarjimon L. Kmetyuk ingliz tilida ushbu san’atni qay darajada
saqlagan holda tarjima qilganini ko‘ramiz:
O breeze of dawn, go and describe my state to the one who is joy of my heart,
Tell my beauty whose curls are black and whose face is tender as a flower.
So‘zma-so‘z tarjimasi:
Ey tonggi shabboda, borib mening holatimni
qalbimning huzuri bo‘lgan insonga ta’riflab ber. Jingalak sochlari qora va yuzi
guldek nafis go‘zalimga borib ayt.
86
“A.NAVOIY.
Mutribo,
g’am
Bazmida...,”
Jahon
Adabiyoti
,
no.
09/2018
(2018):
208,
https://n.ziyouz.com/kutubxona/category/44-jahon-adabiyoti?start=200.
87
Yo’ldosh Parda,
Ummondan Durlar
(Toshkent: “Sharq,” 2000).
International scientific journal
“Interpretation and researches”
Volume 1 issue 1 (47) | ISSN: 2181-4163 | Impact Factor: 8.2
299
Bu yerda: “curls are black” jumlasi
zulfi sunbul
tashbihiga mos emas, chunki
soch qora rangga o‘xshatilmaydi, u o‘zi qora bo‘lishi mumkin, demak bu yerda
metafora mavjud emas. Ikkinchi tashbihda face –
mushabbih
, flower –
mushabbihun
bih
, tender –
vajhi
shabah
, as –
vositai
tashbih
. Ko‘rinib turibdiki aslida
metaphor
bo‘lib tarjima qilinishi kerak bo‘lgan tashbihi muyaqqad tarjimada simile (tashbihi
mufassil) sifatida ko‘chirilgan. Demak, tarjimon tashbihi muyaqqad san’atini ingliz
tilida qayta yaratishda xatoga yo‘l qo‘ygan.
Tashbihi muyaqqad san’atini ingliz tilida to‘g‘ri yetkazib berish muhim
hisoblanadi, chunki “
tashbihi muyaqqad tashbihi mufassalga qaraganda o‘xshatish
belgisining kuchliligi bilan ajralib turadi”
Xuddi shunday ingliz tilida ham simile
va metaphor bir-biriga qiyoslanib o‘rganilar ekan, ular orasidagi farqli jihatlarga
e’tibor berish kerakligi tadqiqotchilar tomonidan ta’kidlangan. Yuqoridagi ta’rifga
o‘xshash fikr esa Aristotelning “Ritorika” asarida ham keltirilgan:
“The simile, as has
been said before, is a metaphor, differing from it only in the way it is put; and just
because it is longer it is less attractive. Besides, it does not say outright that ’this’ is
’that’, and therefore the hearer is less interested in the idea.”
Tarjimasi:
Simile avval aytilganidek, metafora bo‘lib uning qo‘llanilishida farq
qiladi, xolos. Va u kengaygan bo‘lganligi uchun unchalik ham jozibador emas.
Buning ustiga, unda aniq qilib “bu narsa mana bu narsadir” deb aytilmaydi va
shuning uchun ham tinglovchi g‘oyaga unchalik qiziqish bildirmaydi.
Bir so‘z bilan
aytganda, o‘zbek tilidagi kuchliroq tashbihi muyaqqad ingliz tilida ham similedan
ustunroq bo‘lgan metafora tarzida tarjima qilinishi muhim. Shularni inobatga olgan
holda biz yuqoridagi tashbihi muyaqqadni ingliz tilida quyidagicha berishni tavsiya
qilamiz:
O breeze of dawn, go and describe my state to the one who is joy of my heart,
Tell my beauty floral maiden whose curls are tendrils, and face is flower.
So‘zma-so‘z tarjimasi:
Ey tonggi shabboda, borib mening holatimni
qalbimning huzuri bo‘lgan insonga ta’riflab ber. Zulflari tok gajaklari, yuzi gul,
gulga burkangan go‘zalimga aytib ber.
Bu yerda: curls, face –
mushabbih
, tendrils, flower –
mushabbihun bih
.
Tarjimada tashihi muyaqqad saqlanib qolingan va ingliz tilida “metaphor” badiiy
san’atini yaratgan. Zulfning sunbulga qiyoslanishi yorning ikki chekkasidagi gajak
sochlari sunbul o‘simligining shunday qayrilgan shakliga o‘xshatilishi natijasida
kelib chiqqanligi uchun tarjimada “sunbul” so‘zi ingliz adabiyotida sunbul vazifasida
qo‘llaniluvchi boshqa bir o‘simlik, ya’ni “tendrils of grapevines” (uzum ko‘chatidagi
jingalak novdachalari)
ga alishtirildi. Chunki “sunbul” so‘zi transliteratsiya orqali
88
Hojiahmedov, “Mumtoz Badiiyat Lug’ati.” 142 b.
89
Aristotle, “Rhetoric.”, p.156
90
“Tendril,” Oxfrod English Dictionary, n.d., https://www.oed.com/dictionary/tendril_n?tl=true.
International scientific journal
“Interpretation and researches”
Volume 1 issue 1 (47) | ISSN: 2181-4163 | Impact Factor: 8.2
300
tarjima qilinsa unga izoh berishga to‘g‘ri keladi, bu esa tinglovchidan diqqatni
buzishni talab qiladi. Natijada she’rdan olinadigan estetik zavq va silliqlik yo‘qolishi
mumkin. Shuning uchun xorijlik o‘quvchiga tushunarli va tez assotsiatsiya hosil
qilish uchun “tendrils” so‘ziga ekvivalent sifatida olindi va zulfga qiyoslanib
metafora badiiy san’atini yaratdi.
Xulosa o‘rnida shuni aytish mumkinki, Alisher Navoiy g‘azallari o‘zbek
mumtoz adabiyotining eng yuksak namunalaridandir, undagi mazmun, shakl va
badiiy san’atlarni uyg‘un holda tarjima qilish esa juda murakkab jarayon. Ayniqsa,
badiiy san’atlar g‘azalning kulminatsiya qismini yasashda muhim rol o‘ynaydi.
Tarjimon esa mana shu kulminatsiya nuqtasini tarjimada uzatmasligi, ularning ingliz
tilidagi muqobili bo‘la turib o‘sha badiiy san’atni tushirib qoldirishi she’rning
ma’nosi susayishiga olib kelishi mumkin.
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Jahon Adabiyoti
, no. 09/2018
(2018): 208. https://n.ziyouz.com/kutubxona/category/44-jahon-adabiyoti?start=200.
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“A.NAVOIY. Sarvi Ozodimni Bog‘ Ichra...”
Jahon Adabiyoti
, no. 246
(n.d.): 6–9.
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Aristotle. “Rhetoric,” n.d. http://bocc.ufp.pt/pag/Aristotle-rhetoric.pdf.
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Hojiahmedov, Anvar. “Mumtoz Badiiyat Lug‘ati.”
Yangi Asr Avlodi
,
2008.
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Nurullayeva, G. “‘Funun Ul-Balog‘a’ Asarida Badiiy San‟atlar,” 2014.
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Oxfrod
English
Dictionary.
“Tendril,”
n.d.
https://www.oed.com/dictionary/tendril_n?tl=true.
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Ummondan Durlar
. Toshkent: “Sharq,” 2000.
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