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THE DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPONYMY OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE
WORK “HUDUD UL-OLAM”
Usmonaliev Isroiljon Ibrokhimjon ugli
Teacher of Namangan state university
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14642922
Annotation:
This article provides an analysis of the work "Hudud ul-olam"
and its sections, the scientific foundations of this work in the works of scientists,
and a detailed description of the geographical, ethnographic, economic and
toponomic names of the territory of Uzbekistan in the work.
Keywords:
work, historical - geographical work, nature, people, customs,
people, region, city, country, toponymy, sector, center, manuscript, valley.
Annotatsiya:
Mazkur maqolada
“Hudud ul-olam” asari va uning bo‘limlari
tahlili, olimlarning asarlarida mazkur asar haqidagi ilmiy asoslari, asarda
O‘zbekiston hududining geografik, etnografik, iqtisodiy hamda toponomik
nomlari haqita batafsil yoritilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
asar, tarixiy – geografik asar, tabiat, xalq, urf-odat, inson,
viloyat, shahar, mamlakat, toponomiya, tarmoq, markaz, qo‘lyozma, vodiy.
Аннотация:
В статье дается подробный анализ произведения “Худуд
ул-Олам” и его разделов, научных основ этого произведения в трудах
ученых, а также географических, этнографических, экономических и
топономических названий территории Узбекистана в работа.
Ключевые слова:
труд, историко-географический труд, природа,
народ, обычаи, человек, регион, город, страна, топонимика, сеть, центр,
рукопись, долина.
“Khudud ul-Olam” is a historical and geographical work written in 982-983
in the Persian-Tadjik language by an unknown author. The work provides
information about the climate, nature, peoples, customs, and occupations of the
countries in the inhabited (one-quarter) part of the Earth’s surface. The
manuscript was found in 1892 by the translator Abulfazl Gulpayogani in
Bukhara. In 1893, he gave it to the orientalist A. Tumansky. V. Bartol’d published
the text of “Khudud ul-Olam” with a preface and annotations in Russian, and in
1937, the Russian orientalist V. Minorsky published it in English.
Professor Kh. Khasanov wrote a large article about “Khudud ul-Olam” in his
book “Central Asian Geographer and Traveler” and provided an Uzbek
translation of many parts.[1] You can get an idea of the content of “Khudud ul-
Olam” and the names of its numbered sections: Introduction, the boundaries,
beauty and ruins of the earth, seas and bays, islands (peninsula), mountains and
their minerals, rivers, deserts and sands (deserts and marshes), world regions
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(regions of the world), characteristics of the Chinese region, Indian region, Tibet
region and its cities, Toguz-Guz region and its cities, yagmo region and its cities,
kyrgyz region, khalukh region and its cities, jikil region, tukhsi region and its
cities, kimok region and its cities, guz region, bayjonaki turk region, khipchak
region, majghari region, Khurasan region and its cities, Khurasan outskirts and
its cities, Mavoraunnakhr province and its cities, Mavoraunnakhr suburbs and
its cities, Sindh province and its cities, Kerman province and its cities, Bors
(Persia) province and its cities, Jibal province and its cities, Khuzestan province
and its cities, Daylamon province and its cities, Irak province and its cities, Jazira
province and its cities, Azerbaijan province and Armenia and Arran province,
Arab province and its cities, Shorn province and its cities, Egypt province and its
cities, Maghreb province and its cities, Andalusia province and its cities, Rum
region and its cities, Sakalob region, Rus region and its cities, Inner Bulgar
region, Mirvat region, Bajanoki Khazar region, Alan region and its cities, Sarir
region and its cities, Khazar region, Barados region, Burtos region, Vanandar
region, Southern developed lands and regions, Zangistan region and its cities,
Zobaj region and its cities, Habasha region and its cities, Buja region, Nuba
region, Sudan region and its cities, end of the book.[2]
As can be seen from the table of contents, “Khudud ul-Olam” is a
geographical, ethnographic and economic reference book that describes all the
countries of the world. The fact that the work was written in Persian indicates
that the local Persian-Tajik culture was quite high at that time (10th century).
Let us dwell on some geographical names in “Khudud ul-Olam”. The mountains
of Movaraunnakhr.
According to Kh. Khasanov, “Khudud ul-Olam” includes the mountains of
Bulur, Samarkand, Shiknon, that is, Khan Vakon in the south of Central Asia. The
Ustrushona, Khuttalon, Chaghaniyon mountains, which are located inside
Buttamon and spread to Movaraunnakhr, and their branches are described in
detail. [3] Then, many mountain branches in Movaraunnakhr are described by
name. From the table of contents, it can be seen that “Khudud ul-Olam” is a
geographical, ethnographic and economic reference book that describes all the
countries of the world.
The fact that the work was written in Persian indicates that the local
Persian-Tajik culture was quite high at that time (10th century). Let us dwell on
some geographical names in “Khudud ul-Olam”. Mountains of Movaraunnakhr.
According to Kh. Khasanov, “Khudud ul-Olam” describes the mountains of Bo'lur,
Samarkand, Shiknon, that is, Khan Vakon in the south of Central Asia. The
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mountains of Ustrushon, Khuttalon, Chaghaniyon, which are located inside
Buttamon and spread to Movarounnakhr, and their branches are described in
detail. Then many mountain branches in Movarounnakhr are described without
names. Rivers of Movarounnakhr.[4]
“The Jaykhun (Amu) River flows from the Vahon region and passes between
the Bomir (Pamir) region and Shignoni Vahon region, and flows into the
Khorezm Sea”. “...The Hamab (Panj) flows from the west of the Kasark mountain
and passes between Badakhshan and Porgar (Parkhor) and joins the Jaykhun”
another river.
It is called Vakhsheob, it rises from the Vakhsh mountains, flows into the
Jaykhun near the Vakhsh (city).” “The Chaghonrud (Surkhandarya), which flows
from Chaghaniyan and flows into the Jaykhun near Termez.” “...The other is the
Uzgand water, which starts from the (back) of the Hallukh mountain, passes by
the cities of Uzgand, Bab (Pop), Akhsikat, Khujand, Banokat and reaches the
lands of Chach, and then flows into the Khorezm Sea.” So, the author probably
means the Sirdaryo as the water of Uzgand and the Khalukh mountain is
probably the Tien Shan mountains (in the early Middle Ages there was a karluq
state in Yettisuv).
The current village of Akhsi (Namangan region, Turakurgan district) was a
large city in the Middle Ages and was considered the center of the Ferghana
valley. The center of the current Pop district is the city of Pop.[5] The city, which
Banokat Amir Temur rebuilt in 1392 and named after his eldest son, Shahrukh
Mirza, gradually became Sharkiya in the vernacular. One branch of the
Ahangaran river is still called Sharkiya.
The ruins of the city are located in the territory of the Akkurgan district of
the Tashkent region. “Another river (the current Kurshab river) is Khurshab,
from the outskirts of Buttamon. “begins in the northern mountains and flows
into the Uzgand (Syr Darya) near the city of Khurshab” . “Another is the Chach
River. It flows into the Uzgand”. “Another river is the Kuba (water), which flows
into the Uzgand (water) near the city of Kuba”. Kuba is the Kuva stream and the
city of Kuva in the Ferghana region. In “Khudud ul-Alam” the Naryn river is
called Khatlom after the city of Khatlom. Another is the Parak River. It passes
through the lands of Chach. It flows into the Uzgand.
After all these rivers are joined, the whole water is called the Chach River,
the Arabs (taziyon) call this river Saykhun. Parak is the Chirchik river. So, the
headwaters were Uzgand, and after Chirchik was drained, the Syrdarya was
called the Chach river. In the work “Khudud ul-Olam" Zarafshan is called the
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Bukhara River. From this information it can be seen that rivers were often
named after cities or regions. Vakhsh river - the city of Vakhsh. Chaghonrud
(Chaghoniyon). Uzgand water - the city of Uzgand, Khurshab river - the city of
Khurshab. Khatlom river - the city of Khatlom, Chach river - Chach (city, region),
Osh river - the city of Osh. The author of “Khudud ul-Olam” once called the
Syrdarya Hasart. Based on this, Kh. Khasanov draws the following conclusion: “It
turns out that in the 10th century the Syrdarya was called Uzgand and Hasart on
the territory of Uzbekistan. Thus, Hasart is one of the local names, and the form
of Yaksart written in the books of the ancient Greeks was probably taken from
then with some changes”. “Movaraunnakhr is a vast, prosperous and very
beautiful country.
It is the gate of Turkestan and a place of merchants”. The cities and some
regions of Uzbekistan are described in the work as follows: “ Bukhara is a great
city, the most prosperous city of Movarunnakhr”. “ Paykend is a small town with
about a hundred rabots (in Narshakhi’s “History of Bukhara” more than a
thousand rabots)”. (The ruins of the early medieval city known as Paykend,
Baykand, Poykand are located in the southwestern outskirts of Bukhara).[6]
“Karmina, Dabusi, Arbinjon are among the smaller cities of Sughd. Kushoniya is
one of the most prosperous cities of Sughd...” . “Samarkand is a great, prosperous
and very rich city. Merchants from all over the world come here...”. “Kesh is one
of the cities of the hot region. There is a lot of rainfall there...” . “Termez is one of
the prosperous cities on the banks of the Jaykhun. This city is the trading center
of Khatlon and Chaghaniyan...”. “Chaghaniyoli is a convenient and spacious place
for agriculture and cattle breeding, but its people are very few.” “The capital of
these regions is the city of Chaghaniyan, built at the foot of the mountain”. “Dizak
is a small city, on the water...” . “Ferghana is a great, prosperous and very
beautiful region. It has mountains, plains, many running waters and cities...” .
“Chatgal (Chatkol) is part of Ferghana.
It is located among the mountains. There are many small towns and
villages. Horses and sheep are grazed, there are also mines” . “Akhsikat is the
capital of Ferghana, the residence of the emir. This is a large city, on the banks of
the Hasart River (Syr Darya). “Sokh is between the mountains. A place on the
border of Buttamon and Ferghana, there are 60 villages” . “Kibo (Kuva) is the
most prosperous large city of Ferghana...” . “Shosh is a large and prosperous,
beautiful place. The capital of Shosh is Binkat”. “Kot is the capital of Khorezm...
This city is a trading center for Turks, Turkestan, Movaraunnakhr and Hazam. Its
ruler is called the Khorezm Shah”.
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In general, in the work “Khudud ul-Olam” you can get a lot of information
about Movaraunnakhr. In particular, the geography of Uzbekistan, especially its
ancient toponymy.
References:
1.Бегалиев Н. Б., Туробов А. М. Самарқанд топонимияси. – Самарқанд, 2015.
– Б105.
2.Горбунова Г. Кўҳна Фарғонада. – Тошкент: Ўзбекистон, 1972. –Б 26.
3.Mamadaliyev H. Fargʻona vodiysi shaharlari tarixi (XIX–XX asr boshlari). –
Toshkent: Fan ziyosi, 2022. –B 40.
4.Охунов Н. Жой номлари таъбири. – Тошкент: Ўзбекистон, 1994. –Б 65.
5.Турсунов С. Сурхондарё вилояти топонимлари. Алишер Навоий номидаги
Ўзбекистон Миллий кутубхонаси нашриёти, 2008. –Б 45.
6.Қаюмов А. Р. ХХ аср бошларида Ўзбекистон ҳудудида этник ҳолат. –
Тошкент: Adabiyot uchqunlari, 2015. – Б 110.
