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FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICITY OF PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS AND TERMS
Davlatova Mukhayyo Hasanovna
the head of uzbek language and literature,
russian and english language department PhD,
associate professor of
Bukhara satate medical instituteafter Abu Ali ibn Sina
email:
Resume:
This article is aimed at identifying the fundamental functions of philosophical terms and
concepts in the text, their historical formation and evolution through the prism of world, and in
particular, English philosophical literature of the Renaissance, as well as establishing and defining
the characteristic features of the functioning of philosophical concepts and terms based on lexical
materials of world literature.
Key words:
concept, term, terminological system, philosophical vocabulary, philosophical
terminology, lexical units, Renaissance, differentiation, presupposition, lexical-semantic variant
(LSV).
Аннотация:
Данная статья нацелена на выявление основополагающих функций
философских терминов и понятий в тексте, их исторического становления и эволюции
сквозь призму мировой, и в частности, английской философской литературы эпохи
Возрождения, а также на
установление и дефиницию характерных особенностей
функционирования философских понятий и терминов на основе лексических материалов
мировой литературы.
Ключевые слова:
понятие, термин, терминосистема, философская лексика,
философская терминология
, лексические единицы, эпоха Возрождения, дифференциация,
пресуппозиция, л
ексико-семантический вариант (ЛСВ).
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqola matndagi falsafiy atamalar va tushunchalarning asosiy
funktsiyalarini, ularning tarixiy shakllanishi va evolyutsiyasini dunyo prizmasida, xususan,
Uyg'onish davri ingliz falsafiy adabiyotini aniqlashga qaratilgan. jahon adabiyoti leksik
materiallari asosidagi falsafiy tushunchalar va atamalarning amal qilish xususiyatlari.
Kalit so‘zlar:
tushuncha, atama, terminologik tizim, falsafiy lug‘at, falsafiy terminologiya,
leksik birliklar, Renessans, differensiatsiya, presuppozitsiya, leksik-semantik variant (LSV).
Introduction
In order to determine the basic tendencies that characterize the main composition of the
philosophical vocabulary aimed at a specific topic in many aspects, it becomes necessary to trace
the transformations that are determined by the time factor. New layers of vocabulary, both
borrowed from Latin through the mediation of the French language, and previously used only in
everyday-colloquial style, are included in the written-literary language, through and with the help
of which new concepts are expressed, a new interpretation of the semantics of lexical units, in the
light of the affirmed materialistic system of F. Bacon, "the true ancestor of all experimental
science."
The enrichment of the language of the era with borrowed lexical units was due to powerful
shifts in the entire social and political life of England in the 16th-17th centuries. A large number of
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authors, speaking in various genres, each in their own way tried to explain the humana studia of the
era (poetry, prose, songs, verse dialogues, different types of drama, political and scientific treatises,
sermons, pamphlets, travel descriptions, historical chronicles ). A similar linguistic situation, when
Latin dominated in such areas as science, political life, education, upbringing and religion,
influenced the lexical composition and the totality of syntactic methods of organizing linguistic
material of a philosophical nature in various spheres and genres ...
The use of philosophical vocabulary in the overwhelming majority of genres is one of the
characteristic features of the literature of the era. At the same time, the acquisition by lexical units
of new meanings, shades characteristic of the expression of philosophical thought, testifies to the
fact that there is a process of gradual professional differentiation of the language of philosophy in
connection with the specialization of knowledge, its formalization into a separate science
(anticipation "anticipation", concurrence "coincidence", gradation "gradation", etc.): "anticipation
is when we prevent those wordes that another would saie" (T. Wilson. Rtet.100); "so shall my
anticipation prevent your discovery" (Shaks. Haml. 11.2.304).
Unambiguous lexical units differ in insignificant frequency, however they have a high degree
of semantic autonomy, independent of context (modesty "modesty", presupposition
"presupposition", ratiocination "reasoning"), "..is according to the light and pre¬ supposition of
that which is delivered "-" ... is in accordance with the clarity and presupposition of what is being
said "(F.Bacon. Adv.L. 11.126); "withot any discourse of reason, or ratiocination" - "... without
any discourse in reasons or reasoning" (Holland Plutarch, Mog. 1344); "..be pastime passing
excellent, if it be ... with modesty" - "... be great entertainment if it is connected ... with modesty"
(Shaks.lnd.1.66); "The that which maiden modestie doth warrant, bet all my sins look meray" -
"that female modesty ... justifies ... all my pains look insignificant ..." (Ado.IV. 181).
There is: 1) a significant increase in the nest of word combinations from 2 to 32 lexical units
while maintaining the main word as the nucleus of the combination and 2) an increase in the
number of LSV. These two conditions indicate a noticeable development of the semantic structure
of words of a philosophical nature. The complication of the semantic structure of the analyzed
words confirms the idea of their complete assimilation in the semantic sense. All interacting
meanings of words play the role of clarifying, concretizing components of the primary borrowed
meaning.
By its origin, the philosophical vocabulary is divided into: 1) words arising from the native
native vocabulary and 2) words borrowed from other languages.
Some features of the introduction of new borrowed units into everyday life are noted: a)
author's interpretations in dictionaries, where by their very nature simplicity and clarity of
presentation are inherent; b) periphrases - usually by descriptive translation or through the use of
synonyms, for example: ratiocination is, that cometh of logic of any Commodity, or to echeve any
discomodity, levity, lightnesse, inconstancie; - "an attempt to reasonably substantiate means to
proceed from the logic of any convenience or ... to achieve any inconvenience, frivolity, superficial
thinking, inconstancy."
In a significant number of cases, the author introduces a word without interpretation, counting
on the linguistic erudition of the reader, while the context helps to determine the meaning of the
lexical unit being introduced: In the mysteries of the Christes person, there is no transition of the
deitie into the humanite or humanite into the deitie - "In the mysteries of the person of Christ, there
is no transition of deity into human form or vice versa" (Gard. Explication of transub-stantiaton,
123).
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It is necessary to distinguish between words that relate to philosophical vocabulary and
express important, fundamental concepts of a given sphere (fact "fact", agent "agent", coherence
"consistency", modesty "modesty", levity "gullibility"), from words that are philosophical terms in
the analyzed period: ratiocination "reasoning", gradation "gradation", medium "medium", ubiquity
"omnipresence", reflex "reflection", materiality "materiality", prescupposition "assumption").
The manner of presentation in the first person was typical in the analyzed era (letters, sermons,
pamphlets, poetry), which is confirmed by the predominance of personal active forms of the verb,
which have a semantic shade of assessment, the author's "I", as well as a personalized form of
presentation (psalm, poetry, treatise), reflected in the selection of vocabulary, especially with the
verbs of physical action and with the verbs "evaluation, judgment, intention". These lexical units
belong not only to scientific philosophical literature, but are also widely used in works of a very
different genre: poetry, drama, treatises, sermons, correspondence, polemical articles, which allows
us to conclude that during the period under study in In general, philosophical vocabulary has not
yet been strictly limited within the framework of the terminology system, i.e. was not a "pure"
affiliation of philosophy, but manifested itself as a common vocabulary for expressing the
philosophical thought of authors whose works are characterized by different genre orientations.
This confirms the general historical tendency - the fact of the encyclopedic education of the
representatives of the Renaissance and, accordingly, the various fields of application of their
abilities.
Lexical units of a philosophical nature in the XVI-XVII centuries. used in various genres. This
especially applies to words from the field of ethics (modesty, levity, constancy, coherence),
expressing the moral and ethical qualities of a person and to words with broad semantics (fact,
gradation). The attraction of these groups is due to the fact that they are characterized by
abstraction, are used mainly in the style of written speech (F. Bacon, C. Marlo, Shakespeare, T.
Grafton, J. Milton, Stow, G. Fletcher, Cox).
A number of words from the very beginning belong to the philosophical scientific terminology:
reflex, ratiocination, anticipation, pressupposition). The scope of their distribution is very narrow -
they are present in works of a philosophical nature (treatises, essays): "... great progress ever be
made in science by means of anticipations" - "... progress in science is always achieved with the
help of anticipation ( foresight) "(NO262); "by means of anticipation, that is to say, of the
reasoning which is now in use" - "with the help of anticipation, that is, reasoning ..." (N.0.262);
"presuppositions must seak assistance from similitudes and comparisons" - "assumptions should be
based on similarities and comparisons" (F. Bacon. De Augm.V. 532).
In the analyzed texts, as the study has shown, usually microfield units are first attached to the
term, i.e. a set of special lexical units combined with a given word within the terminological
system, and later - words of the general literary language. For example, the compatibility of the
lexical unit of ratiocination in the first 100 years on English soil: process of-; discourse of-; to
evidence-, to evince-; reason or-. 15 words - innovations of the Latin character are conjugated with
words with similar (but not the same semantics): anticipation, coherence, correlation, elucidation,
education, gradation, identity, levity, modesty, materiallity, penalty, ratiocination, reflex, transition.
These words, as we believe, being an integral part of the commonly used vocabulary (178 words in
total), play the role of an intermediary in replenishing the reserves of a layer of philosophical
vocabulary.
A certain number of conjugating words that arose within the same (XVI) century stand out:
hardheartedness "hardness (thoughts)", falsity "fallibility", deceitfulness "deceit"; perspicuity
"clarity (of presentation)"; inclination "inclination"; reflection "reflection"; the vulgar "commoner";
forecast "foresight"; epitome "total". Observed in the English language of an older period and in
the Middle Ages, the polysemantic semantics of these conjugating words, expressing a particular
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concept, in the 16th century gives way to a clearer and more unambiguous expression of the
concept.
Conclusion
The results of comparing the semantic structure of the studied units in the analyzed period and
in modern English (based on the nouns of the literary-book style) confirm the working hypothesis
about the comparative simplicity of the structure of the semantic structure of words of an abstract-
philosophical nature.
English abstract philosophical vocabulary acts as a multidimensional system, characterized by
the presence of numerous transitional cases, thus reflecting the complexity of relationships and
interconnections of its constituent units.
Philosophical vocabulary is also subject to processes that are characteristic of all Latin
borrowings of the 16th century.
Thus, philosophical vocabulary appears before us as a single, integral system, subordinate to
certain objective laws of history and thinking, reflecting the really existing dialectical relationship
and further development of the most important philosophical concepts, worldview of
representatives of the late Renaissance. It is indicative that in the foreground is that part of the
vocabulary that is directly related to the central concepts of the philosophy of humanism (reflex,
modesty, levity, identity, coherence, antitipation, education, correlation).
The Renaissance epoch most decisively influenced not only the content, but also the
composition of the philosophical vocabulary, as evidenced by the appearance in the studied era
(XV-XVII centuries) of a large number of words to explain the new worldview and worldview in
the light of the revolutionary scientific discoveries of the era.
The presence of philosophically "targeted" words among playwrights, poets, theologians
suggests that their authors mastered a new worldview, and were also well acquainted with the main
works of a philosophical nature of the old and new times, with the vocabulary used in such works.
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